| Duncan M. Y. Sommerville | |
|---|---|
 Duncan Sommerville | |
| Born | 24 November 1879 Beawar, Rajputana, India |
| Died | 31 January 1934 Wellington, New Zealand |
| Nationality | Scottish |
| Citizenship | United Kingdom |
| Alma mater | St Andrews University |
| Known for | Textbooks on geometry Dehn-Sommerville relations |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Mathematics |
| Institutions | St Andrews University (1904–13) Wellington University (1913–34) |
Duncan MacLaren Young Sommerville FRSE FRAS (1879–1934) was a Scottish mathematician and astronomer. He compiled a bibliography on non-Euclidean geometry and also wrote a leading textbook in that field. He also wrote Introduction to the Geometry of N Dimensions, advancing the study of polytopes. He was a co-founder and the first secretary of the New Zealand Astronomical Society.
Sommerville was also an accomplished watercolourist, producing a series New Zealand landscapes.
The middle name 'MacLaren' is spelt using the old orthography M'Laren in some sources, for example the records of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
Early life
Sommerville was born on 24 November 1879 in Beawar in India, where his father the Rev Dr James Sommerville, was employed as a missionary by the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland. His father had been responsible for establishing the hospital at Jodhpur, Rajputana.
The family returned home to Perth, Scotland, where Duncan spent 4 years at a private school, before completing his education at Perth Academy. His father died in his youth. He lived with his mother at 12 Rose Terrace. Despite his father's death, he won a scholarship, allowing him to continue his studies to university level.
He then studied mathematics at the University of St Andrews in Fife, graduating MA in 1902. He then began as an assistant lecturer at the university. In 1905 he gained his doctorate (DSc) for his thesis, Networks of the Plane in Absolute Geometry and was promoted to lecturer. He continued teaching mathematics at St Andrews until 1915.
In projective geometry the method of Cayley–Klein metrics had been used in the 19th century to model non-euclidean geometry. In 1910 Duncan wrote "Classification of geometries with projective metrics". The classification is described by Daniel Corey as follows:
- He classifies them into 9 types of plane geometries, 27 in dimension 3, and more generally 3 in dimension n. A number of these geometries have found applications, for instance in physics.
In 1910 Sommerville reported to the British Association on the need for a bibliography on non-euclidean geometry, noting that the field had no International Association like the Quaternion Society to sponsor it.
In 1911 Sommerville published his compiled bibliography of works on non-euclidean geometry, and it received favorable reviews. In 1970 Chelsea Publishing issued a second edition which referred to collected works then available of some of the cited authors.
Sommerville was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1911. His proposers were Peter Redford Scott Lang, Robert Alexander Robertson, William Peddie and George Chrystal.
Family
In 1912 he married Louisa Agnes Beveridge.
Work in New Zealand
In 1915 Sommerville went to New Zealand to take up the Chair of Pure and Applied Mathematics at the Victoria College of Wellington.
Duncan became interested in honeycombs and wrote "Division of space by congruent triangles and tetrahedra" in 1923. The following year he extended results to n-dimensional space.
He also discovered the Dehn–Sommerville equations for the number of faces of convex polytopes.
Sommerville used geometry to describe the voting theory of a preferential ballot. He addressed Nanson's method where n candidates are ordered by voters into a sequence of preferences. Sommerville shows that the outcomes lie in n ! simplexes that cover the surface of an n − 2 dimensional spherical space.
When his Introduction to Geometry of N Dimensions appeared in 1929, it received a positive review from B. C. Wong in the American Mathematical Monthly.
Sommerville was co-founder and first secretary of the New Zealand Astronomical Society (1920). He was President of Section A of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science meeting, Adelaide (1924). In 1926 he became a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society.
He died in New Zealand on 31 January 1934.
Textbooks
- 1914: The Elements of Non-Euclidean Geometry. G. Bell & Sons.
- 1929: An Introduction to the Geometry of N Dimensions, Methuen & Co. (Dover Publications edition, 1958)
- 1933: Analytical Conics. G. Bell and Sons.
- 1934: Analytical Geometry of Three Dimensions. Cambridge University Press.
References
Citations
- Waterston, Charles D; Macmillan Shearer, A (July 2006). Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002: Biographical Index (PDF). Vol. II. Edinburgh: The Royal Society of Edinburgh. ISBN 978-0-902198-84-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
- Perth Post Office Directory 1895
- "Duncan Sommerville - Biography".
- Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
- Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society 28:25–41
- MR550670
- D. Sommerville (1910) On the Need of a Non-Euclidean Bibliography, Report of the British Association
- G. B. Halsted (1912) "Duncan M.Y. Sommerville", American Mathematical Monthly 19:1–4, includes portrait, MR1517626
- G. B. Mathews (1912) Bibliography of Non-Euclidean Geometry from Nature 89:266 (#2220)
- MR270890
- Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
- Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 43:85–116
- D. Sommerville (1924) "The regular divisions of space of n dimensions and their metrical constants", Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo 48:9–22
- D. Sommerville (1928) "Certain hyperspatial partitionings connected with preferential voting", Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 28(1):368 to 82
- B.C. Wong (1931) "Recent publications", American Mathematical Monthly 38(5):286–7
Sources
- H.W. Turnbull (1934) "Duncan M. Y. Sommerville", Journal of the London Mathematical Society 9(4):316–18.
- B. A. Rosenfeld (1979) "The Works on Geometry of Duncan Sommerville", Istoriko-Matematicheskie Issledovania, MR550670.
External links
- O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Duncan Sommerville", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- Obituary, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Vol. 95, pp. 330–331.
- C.J. Seelye (1974) Mathematics At Victoria In Retrospect, Notes for a talk to the Mathematics and Physics Society, from NZETC.
- 1879 births
- 1934 deaths
- People from Perth, Scotland
- People educated at Perth Academy
- Alumni of the University of St Andrews
- Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
- Geometers
- 20th-century New Zealand astronomers
- 20th-century New Zealand historians
- 20th-century Scottish historians
- 20th-century New Zealand mathematicians
- 20th-century Scottish mathematicians
- 20th-century New Zealand painters
- 20th-century New Zealand male artists
- Scottish watercolourists
- Academic staff of Victoria University of Wellington
- Scottish emigrants to New Zealand
- British historians of mathematics
- Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Academics of the University of St Andrews
- 20th-century Scottish painters
- Scottish male painters
- 20th-century Scottish male artists