| Transliteration of Chinese |
|---|
| Mandarin |
| Modern Standard Mandarin |
| Late imperial Mandarin |
| Sichuanese |
| Wu |
| General Wu |
| Wenzhounese |
| Yue |
| Cantonese |
| Min |
| Hokkien |
| Teochew |
| Fuzhounese |
| Northern Min |
| Pu-Xian Min |
| Hainanese |
| Shao–Jiang Min |
| Gan |
| Chang-Du |
| Hakka |
| Meixian |
| Sixian |
| Xiang |
| Chang–Yi |
| Polylectal |
| General Chinese |
| See also |
| Other transliterations |
| By place |
Daī-ghî tōng-iōng pīng-im (abbr: DT; Chinese: 臺語通用拼音; lit. 'Taiwanese phonetic transcription system') is an orthography in the Latin alphabet for Taiwanese Hokkien based upon Tongyong Pinyin. It is able to use the Latin alphabet to indicate the proper variation of pitch with nine diacritic symbols.
Phonology
| Dental | Alveolo-palatal | Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | unaspiration | b | d | g | -h/ ' ([ʔ]) | ||
| aspiration | p | t | k | |||||
| voiced | unaspiration | bh | gh | |||||
| Affricate | voiceless | unaspiration | z | zi | ||||
| aspiration | c | ci | ||||||
| voiced | unaspiration | r | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | unaspiration | s | si | ||||
| aspiration | h | |||||||
| Nasal | voiced | unaspiration | m | n | ng | |||
| Lateral | voiced | unaspiration | l | |||||
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Close-mid | e | or(2) | |
| Mid | or(1) | ||
| Open-mid | o | ||
| Open | a |
DT in its present form has 17 initials, 18 finals and 8 tones.
Tone number
Taiwanese is a tonal language, so the pitch (tone) of a spoken word affects its meaning, same as the written words. However, in non-tonal languages, a word's pitch constantly conveys emotion but often does not influence its meaning. In Taiwanese, which has nine tones and two extra tones, neutral tone and nasal vowel.
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th | Neutral | Nasal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | à | a̱ | ā(p/t/k/h) | ă | à | ā | a(p/t/k/h) | á | å | aⁿ/ann |
Tone definition
Tone marks
Tones are expressed by diacritics; checked syllables (i.e. those ending with glottal stops) are followed by the letter h. Where diacritics are not technically available, e.g. on some parts of the internet, tone alphabet may be used instead.
- a (1st tone; yinping)
- à (2nd tone; yingshang)
- a̠ (3rd tone; yinqu)
- ā (ptkh) (4th tone; yinru)
- ă (5th tone; yangping)
- ä (6th tone; yangshang)
- ā (7th tone; yangqu)
- a (ptkh) (8th tone; yangru)
- á (9th tone; high rising)
- å (neutral tone)
- aⁿ (ann) (nasal vowel)
Examples for these tones: ciūⁿ (elephant), bâ (leopard), bhè (horse), di (pig), zŭa (snake), āh (duck), lok (deer). And, a neutral tone, sometimes indicated by å(aj) in DT, has no specific contour; its pitch always depends on the tones of the preceding syllables. Taiwanese speakers refer to this tone as the "neutral tone" (Chinese: 輕聲).
Tone sandhi
Tone sandhi or chain shift by circulation, as the tones are encoded by appending and modifying spellings with attention to the rules of the DT system. The basic tone has no modification and tone mark. Generally speaking, the basic tone means the 7th tone (mid even tone; yangqu).
Morphology
A DT word, like an English word, can be formed by only one syllable or several syllables, with the two syllables being the general typicality. Each syllable in DT follows one of the six underlying patterns:
Alphabet
The DT alphabet adopts the Latin alphabet of 19 letters, 4 digraphs, and 6 diacritics to express the basic sounds of Taiwanese:
| dt capital letter | A | B | Bh | C | D | E | G | Gh | H | I | K | L | M | N | Ng | O | Or | P | R | S | T | U | Z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dt lower case | a | b | bh | c | d | e | g | gh | h | i | k | l | m | n | ng | o | or | p | r | s | t | u | z |
Initials
bh, z, c, gh, h, r, g, k, l, m, n, ng, b, p, s, d, t
Note that unlike their typical interpretation in modern English language, bh and gh are voiced and unaspirated, whereas b, g, and d are plain unvoiced as in Hanyu Pinyin. p, k, and t are unvoiced and aspirated, corresponding closer to p, t, and k in English. It is inconsistent with the use of h's in the Legge romanization and the use of the diacritic in the International Phonetic Alphabet to signal consonantal aspiration.
Finals
- Vowels: a, i, u, e, or, o
- Diphthongs: ai, au, ia, iu, io, ui, ua, ue
- Triphthongs: iau, uai
- Nasals: m, n, ng
The nasals m, n, and ng can be appended to any of the vowels and some of the diphthongs. In addition, m and ng can function as independent syllables by themselves.
The stops h, g, b and d can appear as the last letter in a syllable, in which case they are pronounced with no audible release. (The final h in DT stands for a glottal stop.)
Delimiting symbols
All syllables in each word are normally separated by the dash (-) mark. Generally, syllables before the dash which must undergo tone sandhi.
DT examples
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
| DT | English |
|---|---|
| Lēn-hâ-gōk sê-gāi rīn-kūan sūan-ghĕn
Dê 1 diău Lāng-lăng seⁿ-låi zû-iŭ, zāi zūn-ghiăm gāh kuăn-lī siòng it-lip bīng-dìng. In hù-iù li-sîng gāh liōng-sim, lî-ciaⁿ ìng-gai i hiānn-dī gūan-hē ē zīng-sĭn hō-siōng dùi-dāi. |
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Article 1 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |
Greeting of Voyager Golden Record
| DT | English | Audio file: Voyager Golden Record |
|---|---|---|
| Tài-kong bīng-iù, lin hòr! Lin ziâ-bà bhē! Û-ĭng, dôr-lăi ghun-zia zē òr. | Friends of space, how are you all! Have you eaten yet? Drop in on us if you have time. | Taiwanese(Amoy; Min nan; Formosan) sound record of voyager 1 |
Notes
- Wells,J.C.,"Orthographic diacritics and multilingual computing",Dept. of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London,UK,2001..
- IPA: Pulmonic Archived 2009-03-16 at the Wayback Machine
- IPA: Vowels Archived 2009-03-13 at the Wayback Machine
- Charles Q. Choi,"Speaking in Tones", Scientific American Magazine,September 2007,2 Page(s).
- Li, Hen-zng(李獻璋),"Introduction to Ho-gen hue(福建語法序說)",Minami-kaze Bookstore(南風書局), Tokyo, Japan, Dec. 1950. (in Taiwanese Hokkien and Japanese)
- ^ Dan, Hue-liong(陳輝龍),"Taiwanese(臺灣語法(全));Appendum: the Taiwanese auxiliary(附臺灣語助數詞)",Anonymous association publ.(無名會出版部), Taipei, Taiwan,July 1934. (in Taiwanese Hokkien and Japanese)