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Disinvestment of Public Sector Undertakings in India is a process of public asset sales done by the President of India on behalf of the Government of India. It can be directly offered for sale to the private sector or indirectly done through a bidding process.

The Public Enterprises Survey (2015–16), brought out by the Department of Public Enterprises, Ministry of Heavy Industries, Government of India on the performance of Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) was placed in both the Houses of Parliament on 21 March 2017. There were 331 CPSEs in 2017-18, out of which 257 were in operation. The remaining 74 of the CPSEs were being established.

Overview

Following the theories of Economic Liberalism and Infrastructure-based development as referenced in the Union Budget of India, the total expenditure of the Government of India increased from ₹1,13,422 crore in 1991–92 to ₹ 21,46,735 Crore in 2017–18. To help raise the necessary capital for these expenditures and also to minimise the nation's fiscal deficit, the Government of India started privatisation of all government establishments which includes Public sector undertakings. Conceding to the demands of privatisation, the Government of India slowly began the privatisation of government establishments such as PSU's despite stiff resistance from labour unions. The below table provides data regarding the disinvestment process which began in 1991 (barring two small units being CMC Limited and Patherele Concrete).

History

1999 - 2004

Major disinvestment steps were taken in the past by the BJP-led NDA government between 1999 and 2004. BJP privatised the central government establishments such as central public sector units which included Bharat Aluminium Company (BALCO), Hindustan Zinc (both to Sterlite Industries), Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited (to Reliance Industries) and VSNL (to the Tata group) and various state government establishments which included many state public sector units.

2014 - 2020

Between 2014 and 2018 the BJP-led NDA government divested a total of ₹1,94,646 crore, which included minority and majority stakes of the most profitable central government establishments such ONGC-HPCL deal which was worth ₹ 36,915 crore. In the budgetary announcements of the financial year 2017-18, the late Finance minister Arun Jaitley announced that the government will initiate privatisation of 24 CPSUs, including Air India Limited which has been converted from a profit making entity into a loss making entity by the INC-UPA government during the year 2007-2008 and this privatisation process has been further re-initiated by the BJP-NDA government during the year 2015-2019. It has resulted in privatisation and sale of a central government establishment to the private players. This would have been the first year in which the government was on track to hit the divestment target. However, this did not go through as planned since the Covid-19 crisis threw the entire world economy into disarray.

On 17 May 2020, as part of a package the Finance minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced that the government will privatise all government establishments which also includes Public sector enterprises in all the sectors. She also stated that in all the strategic sectors, the number of PSU's will be limited to 4. In strategic sectors with more than 4 PSU's, the government will privatise, merge or consolidate the PSU's under holding companies in order to reduce wasteful administrative costs. Nirmala Sitharaman stated that there is a need for a coherent policy where all sectors are open to private sector participation while PSU's play an important role in defined areas.

Since financial year 1991-92 to 2017-18 the Government of India sold public assets totalling ₹3,47,439 Crore. In recent years, certain public sector undertakings performed reasonably well and paid significant dividends to the government, whereas other PSU's such as Air India, BSNL, and MTNL made huge losses, costing the taxpayer massive amounts of money. Net Profit of all 257 operating CPSEs during 2016-17 stood at ₹ 1,27,602 crore compared to ₹ 1,14,239 crore during 2015-16 showing growth of 11.70%, while Loss of loss incurring CPSEs minimized to ₹ 25,045 crore in 2016-17 compared to ₹ 30,759 crore in 2015-16 showing a decrease in loss by 18.58%.

Table

Total Sum Till 2017-18 ₹ 3,47,439

See also

• Public sector undertakings in India
• List of public sector undertakings in India
• Public sector banks in India
• Banking in India
• Five-Year Plans of India

References

1. "Performance of Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) during 2015-16". pib.nic.in. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
2. "Analysis of Union Budget since 1947". Retrieved 22 April 2018.
3. "Union Budget 2018-19" (PDF).
4. "Hindustan Zinc Track Record Moneycontrol".
5. "IPCL Performance moneycontrol Old format".
6. "VSNL Track record Moneycontrol".
7. ^ "Summary | Department of Investment and Public Asset Management | Ministry of Finance | Government of India". dipam.gov.in. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
8. "Hindustan Times ONGC-HPCL Deal". The Economic Times. 27 March 2018.
9. "Disinvestment target for FY19 set at Rs 80,000 crore; to top Rs 1 lakh crore in FY18". The Economic Times. February 2018.
10. Aulakh, Gulveen (8 April 2020). "Covid-19 throws a wrench into India's disinvestment plans". The Economic Times. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
11. "Public sector enterprises in non-strategic sectors to be privatised". Livemint. 17 May 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
12. "Performance of Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) during 2015-16". pib.nic.in. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
13. "BSNL, Air India and MTNL highest loss-making PSUs in FY19: Survey". Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 10 February 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
14. "CPSE Conclave on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
15. "CPSE Conclave on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
16. "India Inflation calculator".
17. "India Inflation calculator".
18. "Dipam Website".

v t e Ministry of Finance (India)
Departments	Economic Affairs Economic Division: Economic Survey Budget Division: Union budget Expenditure Pay Commission 7th Central Pay Commission (CPC) and Defence Forces Sixth Central Pay Commission Revenue Income Tax Department Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs Financial Services Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana DIPAM Disinvestment in India Disinvestment of Public Sector Units in India DPE Efficient monitoring of the capital expenditure Asset monetisation and financial health of the Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs)
Secretaries	Economic Affairs Rajiv Mehrishi Shaktikanta Das Subhash Chandra Garg Atanu Chakraborty (incumbent) Revenue Shaktikanta Das Ajay Bhushan Pandey Hasmukh Adhia (incumbent) Finance Ratan P. Watal Ashok Lavasa Hasmukh Adhia Ajay Narayan Jha Rajiv Kumar (incumbent)
Finance ministers	R. K. Shanmukham Chetty John Mathai C. D. Deshmukh T. T. Krishnamachari Jawaharlal Nehru Morarji Desai Sachindra Chaudhuri Indira Gandhi Yashwantrao Chavan Chidambaram Subramaniam Hirubhai M. Patel Charan Singh Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna R. Venkataraman Pranab Mukherjee Vishwanath Pratap Singh Rajiv Gandhi N. D. Tiwari Shankarrao Chavan Madhu Dandavate Yashwant Sinha Manmohan Singh Jaswant Singh P. Chidambaram I. K. Gujral Arun Jaitley Piyush Goyal Nirmala Sitharaman (incumbent)
Ministers of state for finance	Nirmala Sitharaman Jayant Sinha Arjun Ram Meghwal Pon Radhakrishnan Anurag Thakur Bhagwat Karad (incumbent) Pankaj Chaudhary (incumbent)
Chief Economic Advisor	JJ Anjaria IG Patel IG Patel VK Ramaswamy Ashok Mitra Manmohan Singh RM Honavar Bimal Jalan Nitin Desai Deepak Nayyar Shankar Acharya Rakesh Mohan Ashok K Lahiri Arvind Virmani Kaushik Basu Raghuram Rajan Arvind Subramanian Krishnamurthy Subramanian V. Anantha Nageswaran (incumbent)
Finance commissions	1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th

• Government-owned companies of India
• Public sector in India
• Economic reforms
• Formerly government-owned companies of India