Below is list of Dutch language exonyms for places in non-Dutch-speaking areas.
Albania
Albania Albanië
English name
Dutch name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Tirana
Tirana
Tiranë
Albanian
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Austria Oostenrijk
English name
Dutch name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Carinthia
Karinthië
Kärnten
German
Styria
Stiermarken
Steiermark
German
Vienna
Wenen
Wien
German
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan Azerbeidzjan
English name
Dutch name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Baku
Bakoe
Bakı
Azeri
Belgium
Belgium België
English name
Dutch name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Amougies
Amengijs
Archennes
Eerken
Argenteau
Erkenteel, Erkentiel
Arlon
Aarlen
Arquennes
Arkene
Ath
Aat
Baelen
Balen
Bassenge
Bitsingen
Bassilly
Zullik
Bastogne
Bastenaken
Bas-Warneton
Neerwaasten
Beauvechain
Bevekom
Beclers
Beek-Laren
Belœil
Belle
Bergliers
Belliek
Berloz
Berlo
Berneau
Berne, Bernouw
Bettincourt
Bettenhoven
Bierges
Bierk
Bierghes
Bierk
Bois-de-Lessines
Lessenbos
Boirs
Beurs
Bombaye
Bolbeek
Bossut-Gottechain
Bossuit-Gruttekom
Braine-l'Alleud
Eigenbrakel
Braine-le-Château
Kasteelbrakel
Braine-le-Comte
's Gravenbrakel
Clabecq
Klabbeek
Clermont
Klaerment
Comines
Komen
Corbais
Korbeek
Corswarem
Korsworm
Crisnée
Gerstenhoven
Deux-Acren
Twee-Akren
Dottignies
Dottenijs
Eben-Emael
Eben-Emaal
Ellezelle
Elzele
Enghien
Edingen
Escanaffles
Schalafie
Estaimbourg
Steenburg
Estaimpuis
Steenput
Évregnies
Evernijs
Flobecq
Vloesberg
Froyennes
Fraaihem
Gembloux
Gembloers
Genappe
Genepiën
Ghislenghien
Gellingen
Gibecq
Gibeek
Glabais
Glabbeek
Glons
Glaaien
Goé
Gulke
Gondregnies
Gondergem
Grandville
Nederliek
Grez-Doiceau
Graven
Hallembaye
Hallebeek
Hannut
Hannuit
Haut-Ittre
Hoog-Itter
Hellebecq
Hellebeek
Henri-Chapelle
Hendrik-Kapelle
Hermalle-sous-Argenteau
Hermal
Herseaux
Herzeeuw
Heure-le-Romain
Romaans-Heur
Hombourg
Homburg
Houtaing
Houtem
Houtain-le-Val
Dalhoutem
Houtain-Saint-Siméon
Houtem
Houthem
Houtem
Hoves
Hove
Ittre
Itter
Jalhay
Gelhaag
Jauche
Geten
Jauchelette
Klein-Geten
Jodoigne
Geldenaken
Jodogine-Souveraine
Opgeldenaken
Jurbise
Jurbeke
La Clouse
Kluis
La Hulpe
Terhulpen
Lanaye
Ternaaien
Lathuy
Laatwijk
Leers-Nord
Leers-Noord
Lessines
Lessen
Liège
Luik
Limbourg
Limburg
Soignies
Zinnik
Lincent
Lijsem
Linsmeau
Linsmaal
Lixhe
Lieze
Luingne
Lowingen
Marbais
Marbeek
Marcq
Mark
Mélin
Malen
Molenbaix
Molenbeek
Mons
Bergen
Mont-Saint-André
Sint-Andriesberg
Montzen
Montsen
Mouscron
Moeskroen
Namur
Namen
Neerheylissem
Neerheilissem
Nivelles
Nijvel
Nodebais
Nodebeek
Noduwez
Nodevoorde
Odeur
Elderen
Œudeghien
Heidegem
Opheylissem
Opheilissem
Ogy
Oseke
Oisquercq
Oostkerk
Oleye
Liek
Ollignies
Woelingen
Opprebais
Opperbeek
Orbais
Oorbeek
Oreye
Oerle
Orp-le-Grand
Groot-Adorp
Othée
Elch
Otrange
Wouteringen
Paifve
Peen
Papignies
Papegem
Pellaines
Pellen
Perwez
Perwijs
Petit Enghien
Lettelingen
Piétrain
Petrem
Piétrebais
Neerbeek
Plombières
Bleiberg
Quenast
Kenast
Racour
Raatshoven
Rebecq-Rognon
Roosbeek
Roclenge-sur-Geer
Rukkelingen-aan-de-Jeker
Rosières
Rozieren
Rosoux-Crenwick
Roost-Krenwik
Russeignies
Rozenaken
Saint-André
Sint-Andries
Saintes
Sint-Genildis
Saint-Léger
Sint-Legiers
Saint-Jean-Geest
Sint-Jans-Geest
Saint-Jean-Sart
Sint-Jans-Rade
Saint-Rémy-Geest
Sint-Remigus-Geest
Silly
Opzullik
Sippenaeken
Sippenaken
Soignies
Zinnik, Zoningen
Steenkerque
Steenkerke
Thuin
Thuden
Tournai
Doornik
Tourinnes-la-Grosse
Deurne
Trognée
Truielingen
Tubize
Tubeke
Val-Dieu
Godsdal
Vieux-Genappe
Oud-Genepiën
Visé
Wezet
Waimes
Weismes
Wannebecq
Wannebeek
Waremme
Borgworm
Warneton
Waasten
Warcoing
Warkonje
Warsage
Weerst
Wauthier-Braine
Woutersbrakel
Wavre
Waver
Welkenraedt
Welkenraat
Wihogne
Nudorp
Wodecq
Wodeke
Wonck
Wonk
Zétrud-Lumay
Zittert-Lummen
Brazil
Brazil Brazilië
English name
Dutch name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Amazon River
Amazone
Rio Amazonas
Portuguese
Bay of All Saints
Allerheiligenbaai
Baía de Todos os Santos
Portuguese
Brasília
Brasilia
Brasília
Portuguese
Iguazu Falls
Iguaçuwatervallen
Cataratas do Iguaçu
Portuguese
Canada
Chile
Czechia
Denmark
Egypt
Egypt Egypte
English name
Dutch name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Alexandria
Alexandrië
Al-Iskandariyya
Standard Arabic
Cairo
Caïro
Al-Qāhirah
Standard Arabic
Finland
Finland Finland
English name
Dutch name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Helsinki
Elsenfors
Helsinki
Finnish
Obsolete
France
Main article: List of Dutch exonyms for places in France
France Frankrijk
English name
Dutch name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Acquin-Westbécourt
Akkin-Westboekhout
Affringues
Hafferdingen
Aire-sur-la-Lys
Ariën-aan-de-Leie
Alsace
Elzas
Armbouts-Cappel
Armboutskappel
Armentières
Armentiers
Arras
Atrecht
Audrehem
Ouderheem
Audricq
Ouderwijk
Avroult
Averhout
Bailleul
Belle
Bambecque
Bambeke
Bavinchove
Bavinkhove
Bayenghem
Baaiengem
Bécourt
Beukhout
Bergues
Sint Winoksbergen
Mainly Flemish
Berquin
Berkijk
Berthen
Berten
Bierne
Bieren
Bissezeele
Bissezele
Blaringhem
Blaringem
Blendecques
Blendeke
Boëseghem
Boezegem
Boisdinghem
Bodingem
Bollezeele
Bollezele
Booneghem
Boonegem
Boulogne-sur-mer
Bonen
Bourbourg
Broekburg
Bourthes
Boorten
Bousbecque
Boesbeke
Bouvelinghem
Bovelingem
Bray-Dunes
Bray Duinen
Brouckerque
Broekkerke
Broxeele
Broksele
Burgundy
Bourgondië
Buysscheure
Buisscheure
Caëster
Kaaster
Calais
Kales
Mainly Flemish
Cambrai
Kamerijk
Mainly Flemish
Cappelle-Brouck
Kappelebroek
Cappelle-la-Grande
Grootkappel
Clairmarais
Klaarmares
Clerques
Klarke
Comines
Komen
Coppenaxfort
Koppenaksvoort
Coudekerke-Branche
Nieuw Koudekerke
Coudekerke-Village
Koudekerke
Craywick
Kraaiwijk
Croix-du-Bac
Kruis van Bac
Dennebroeucq
Denebroek
Desvres
Deveren
Dohem
Dallem
Douai
Dowaai
Mainly Flemish
Drincham
Drinkam
Dunkirk
Duinkerke(n)
Dunkerque
Ebblinghem
Ebblingem
Ecques
Eske
Écuires
Schuren
Eecke
Eke
Elnes
Elne
Embry
Embreke
Enguinegatte
Ingwinegate
Enquin-les-Mines
Enken
Éperlecques
Sperleke
Eringhem
Eringem
Erquinghem-Lys
Erkegem an de Leie
Escalles
Skale
Escobecques
Schobeke
Escoeuilles
Skole
Escquelbecq
Ekelsbeke
Esquerdes
Zwerde
Estairs
Stegers
Estrée-Blanche
Strate
Étaples
Stapel
Faucquembergues
Valkenberg
Flêtres
Vleteren
Fort-Philippe
Filipsfort
Frelinghien
Verlegem
Frencq
Frenk
Fruges
Frusje
Ghyvelde
Gijvelde
Godewaersvelde
Godewaarsvelde
Gravelines
Gravelingen
Guarbecque
Gaverbeke
Haeghe-Meulen
Haage-Meulen
Haezepoel
Hazepoel
Hallines
Haneline
Halluin
Halewijn
Hameau-des-Neiges
Sneeuw Hamlet
Hardifort
Hardevoort
Haubourdin
Harbodem
Haut-Loquin
Hoog-Loken
Haverskercque
Haverskerke
Hazebrouck
Hazebroek
Helfaut
Helveld
Hesdin
Heusden
Heuringhem
Horingem
Herzeele
Herzele
Hézecques
Heseke
Holcque
Holke
Hondeghem
Hondegem
Houlle
Holne
Houtkercque
Houtkerke
Hoymille
Hooimille
Hucqueliers
Hukkelaar, Hukeliers
Humbert
Humberg
Inxent
Enessem
Isbergues
Iberge
Journy
Jorneke
Kromenhoek
Kroemen-Hoek
Kruysweg
Kruisweg
L'Erkelsbrugge
Erkelsbrugge
L'Hossenaere
Hossenaare
La Belle-Vue
Mooi-Zicht
La Brouckstraete
Broekstraat
La Gorgue
De Gorge
La Kruystraete
Kruisstraat
La Motte-au-Bois
De Walle
Le Cygne
De Swaan
Le Galghouck
Galghoek
Le Guindal
Guindaal
Le Kieken-Put
Kiekenput
Le Menegat
Menegat
Le Nieppe
Niepe
Le Peckel
Peckel
Le Riveld
Rieveld
Le Sprey
De Spreuk
Le Thieushoek
Thieushoek
Le Touque
Het Hoekske
Laires
Laren
Lebiez
Sint-Vaast
Lederzeele
Lederzele
Ledinghem
Ledingem
Ledringhem
Ledringem
Leffrinckoucke
Leffrinkhoeke
Les Ciseaux
Schaar
Les Moëres
De Moeren
Leulinghem
Loningem, Leulingem
Liettres
Liste
Lille
Rijsel
Linghem
Lingem
Linselles
Linzele
Loberghe
Loberge
Longuenesse
Langenesse
Loon-Plage
Loon
Lumbres
Lumeres
Lynck
Lijnk
Lynde
Linde
Malo-les-Bains
Malo
Maninghem
Maningem
Mardyck
Mardijk
Maresville
Mariadorp
Matringhem
Matringem
Mazinghem
Mazingem
Mentque-Nortbécourt
Menteke-Noordboekhout
Merckeghem
Merckegem
Merck-Saint-Liévin
Sint-Lievens-Merk
Merville
Meregem
Meulhouck
Meulhoek
Millebrugghe
Millebrugge
Montreuil
Monsterole, Monsterhole
Morbecque
Moerbeke
Moringhem
Moringem
Moulle
Monnie
Muncq-Nieurlet
Munk-Niewerleet
Nielles-lès-Bléquin
Nieles
Nieppe
Niepkerke
Nieurlet
Niewerleet
Nordausques
Noord-Elseke
Nordpeene
Nordpene
Normandy
Normandië
Norrent-Fontes
Norrem
Nortkerque
Noordkerke
Nort-Leulinghem
Noordleulingem
Nouvelle Église
Nieuwkerke
Ochtezeele
Ochtezele
Offekerque
Offekerke
Ostove
Oosthove
Oudezeele
Oudezele
Outtersteene
Oudersteene
Ouve-Wirquin
Ouve-Werchin
Oxelaëre
Okselare
Oye-Plage
Ooie
Pihem
Pittem, Putheem
Planques
Planken
Pont-d'Asquin
Askuin Brug
Pont-de-Spyker
Spijkerbrugge
Pont-L'Ablesse
Zwakte Brug
Pradelles
Pradeels
Quaëdypre
Kwaadieper
Quathove
Kwaadhove
Quelmes
Kelmes
Quercamps
Kerskamp
Quernes
Kernes
Quesnoy-les-Deule
Kiezenet
Quiestède
Kierestede
Paris
Parijs
Picardy
Picardië
Racquinghem
Rakingem
Radinghem
Radingem
Rebergues
Rosberge
Reclinghem
Reklingem
Recques
Rekke
Renescure
Ruisscheure
Renty
Renteke
Rexpoëde
Rekspoede
Roncq
Ronk
Roquetoire
Rokesdorn
Rosendaël
Rozendaal
Roubaix
Robaais, Robeke
Mainly Flemish
Rubrouck
Rubroek
Ruth
Rut
Sainte-Marie-Cappel
Sint Mariakappel
Sainte-Mildrède
Sint Mildred
Saint-Georges
Sint Joris
Saint-Jans-Cappel
Sint Janskappel
Saint-Josse
Sint-Joost
Saint-Laurent
Sint Lorens
Saint-Marie-Kerque
Sint Mariakerke
Saint-Martin-au-Laërt
Sint-Maartens-Aard
Saint-Martin-d'Hardinghem
Dardingem
Saint-Momelin
Sint Momelijn
Saint-Nicolas
Sint Niklaas
Saint-Omer
Sint Omaars
Saint-Omer-Plage
Sint Omaars-Strand
Saint-Pierre-Brouck
Sint Pietersbroek
Saint-Pol-sur-mer
Sint Pols
Salperwick
Salperwijk
Sangatte
Zandgat
Schoubrouck
Schouwbroek
Sec-Bois
Droogbos
Seninghem
Seningem
Sercus
Zerkel
Serques
Zegerke
Setques
Zetteke
Socx
Soks
Spycker
Spijker
Steenbecque
Steenbeke
Steene
Stene
Steenwerck
Steenwerk
Strasbourg
Straatsburg
Strazeele
Strazele
Surques
Zurke
Synthe
Sinten
Tatinghem
Tatingem
Terdeghem
Terdegem
Téteghem
Tetegem
Thérouanne
Terwaan
Thiembronne
Teenbronne
Thiennes
Tienen
Tilques
Tilleke
Tournehem-sur-la-Hem
Doornem
Uxem
Uksem
Vancauwenberghe
Vancauwenberge
Vaudringhem
Woudringem
Verchocq
Everkok
Verlinghem
Verlingem
Vielle Église
Oudekerke
Vieux-Hesdin
Oud-Heusden
Volckerinckhove
Volkerinkhove
Wallon-Cappel
Waalskappel
Wambrechies
Wemmersijs
Wardrecques
Werdrik
Warhem
Warrem
Watten
Waten
Wattendam
Watendam
Wavrans-sur-l'Aa
Waverant
Wemaers-Cappel
Wemaarskappel
Wervicq
Wervik
Widehem
Widem
Winnezeele
Winnezele
Wismes
Wijme
Wisques
Wizeke
Wissant
Witzand
Witternesse
Witernes
Wittes
Witteke
Wizernes
Wezerne
Wulverdinghe
Wulverdinge
Wylder
Wilder
Zoteux
Teralteren
Zouafques
Zwaveke
Zudausques
Zuid-Elseke
Zutkeque
Zuidkerke
Zuydcoote
Zuidkote
Zuytpeene
Zuidpene
Germany
Main article: List of Dutch exonyms for places in Germany
Germany Duitsland
English name
Dutch name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Aachen
Aken
Bad Bentheim
Bentem
Dated
Bavaria
Beieren
Bayern
Berlin
Berlijn
Braunschweig
Brunswijk, Brunswick
Dated
Brilon
Breylen, Brijlen
Cologne
Keulen
Köln
Düsseldorf
Dusseldorp
Dated
Emlichhein
Emmelkamp
Dated
Emmerich
Emmerik
Dated
Ems
Eems
Erzgebirge
Ertsgebergte
Fehmarn
Femeren
Frankfurt
Frankfort
Dated
Geilenkirchen
Geelkerken
Dated
Geldern
Gelderen, Gelre
Both dated
Goch
Gogh
Greetsiel
Grietjezijl
Greifswalde
Grijpswolde
Grevenbroich
Grevenbroek
Hamelin
Hamelen
Hameln
Herzogenrath
's-Hertogenrade
Itterbeck
Itterbeek
Jemgum
Jemmingen
Jülich
Gulik
Dated
Kaldenkirchen
Kaldenkerken, Koudenkerken
Kettwig
Ketwijk
Kleve
Kleef
Kniphausen
Kniphuizen
Magdeburg
Maagdenburg
Mainz
Mentz
Mörs
Meurs
Mosel
Moezel
Nuremberg
Neurenberg
Nürnberg
Neuenhaus
Nieuwenhuis
Dated
Nordhorn
Noordhoorn
Osnabrück
Osnabrugge
Dated
Palatinate
Palts
Pfalz
Pomerania
Pommeren
Pommern
Prussia
Pruisen
Preußen
Rhine
Rijn
Rhein
Saarbrücken
Saarbruggen
Dated
Saxony
Saksen
Sachsen
Schleswig
Sleeswijk
Schwalm
Swalm
Selfkant
Zelfkant
Dated
Silesia
Silezië
Speyer
Spiers
Stettin Bay
Oderhaf
Stralsund
Straalsond
Suderwick
Zuiderwijk
Swabia
Zwaben
Tübingen
Tubbingen
Tüddern
Tudderen
Uelsen
Ulsen
Dated
Veldhausen
Veldhuizen
Dated
Wesel
Wezel
Weser
Wezer
Westphalia
Westfalen
Westfalen
Wurm
Worm
Xanten
Santen
Zweibrücken
Tweebruggen
Zwilbrock
Zwilbroek
Greece
Hungary
Hungary Hongarije
English name
Dutch name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Budapest
Boedapest
Budapest
Hungarian
Pécs
Vijfkerken
Pécs
Hungarian
Israel
Israel Israël
English name
Dutch name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Acre
Akko
Ako (עכו)
Hebrew
Capernaum
Kafarnaüm
Kfar Nachum (כפר נחום)
Hebrew
Galilee
Galilea
HaGalil (הגליל)
Hebrew
Jerusalem
Jeruzalem
Yerushaláyim (ירושלים)
Hebrew
Nazareth
Nazareth
Natzrat (נצרת)
Hebrew
Italy
Lebanon
Lebanon Libanon
English name
Dutch name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Beirut
Beiroet
Bayrūt
Standard Arabic
Tyre
Tyrus
Ṣūr
Standard Arabic
New Zealand
New Zealand Nieuw-Zeeland
English name
Dutch name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Cook Strait
Straat Cook
Cook Strait
English
Te Moana-o-Raukawa
Māori
Foveaux Strait
Straat Foveaux
Foveaux Strait
English
Te Ara a Kiwa, Te Ara a Kewa
Māori
North Island
Noordereiland
North Island
English
Te Ika-a-Māui
Māori
South Island
Zuidereiland
South Island
English
Te Waipounamu
Māori
Southern Alps
Nieuw-Zeelandse Alpen, Zuidelijke Alpen
Southern Alps
English
Kā Tiritiri o te Moana
Māori
Stewart Island
Stewart, Stewarteiland
Stewart Island
English
Rakiura
Māori
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Portugal Portugal
English name
Dutch name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Azores
Azoren
Açores
Portuguese
Lisbon
Lissabon
Lisboa
Portuguese
Tagus
Taag
Tejo
Portuguese
Romania
Romania Roemenië
English name
Dutch name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Bucharest
Boekarest
București
Romanian
Transylvania
Transsylvanië, Zevenburgen
Transilvania
Romanian
Zevenburgen is rare
Russia
Serbia
Serbia Servië
English name
Dutch name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Belgrade
Belgrado
Beograd
Serbian
Spain
Sweden
Sweden Zweden
English name
Dutch name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Gothenburg
Gotenburg
Göteborg
Swedish
Skåneland
Schonenland
Skåneland
Swedish
Stockholm
Stokhom
Stockholm
Swedish
Obsolete
Switzerland
Switzerland Zwitserland
English name
Dutch name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Basel
Bazel
Basel
German
Lake Geneva
Meer van Genève
Genfersee
German
Lac Léman
French
Lake Lucerne
Vierwoudstrekenmeer
Vierwaldstädttersee
German
Turkey
Ukraine
Ukraine Oekraïne
English name
Dutch name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Crimea
Krim
Kharkiv
Charkov
Kiev
Kiev
Kyiv
Lviv
Lemberg
United Kingdom
United Kingdom Verenigd Koninkrijk
English name
Dutch name
Endonym
Notes
Name
Language
Aberdeen
Ab(b)erdaan
Aiberdeen
Scots
Obsolete
Obar Dheathain
Scottish Gaelic
Boston
Bolstoen
Boston
English
Obsolete
Canterbury
Kantelberg
Canterbury
English
Obsolete
Cornwall
Cornwall
Kernow
Cornish
Dartmouth
Dortmuiden
Dartmouth
English
Obsolete
Dover
Daveren
Dover
English
Obsolete
Dover Strait
Nauw van Kales/Calais
Dover Strait
English
Rare
Pas de Calais
French
Edinburgh
Edinburgh
Dùn Èideann
Dùn Èideann
Edinburgh
English, Scots
England
Engeland
England
English
English Channel
Het Kanaal
English Channel
English
La Manche
French
Mor Bretannek
Cornish
Falmouth
Vaalmuiden
Aberfala
Cornish
Obsolete
Hebrides
Hebriden
Innse Gall
Scottish Gaelic
London
Londen
London
English
Norwich
Noordwijk
Norwich
English
Obsolete
Orkney
Orkaden
Arcaibh
Scottish Gaelic
Obsolete
Oxford
Ossenvoorde
Oxford
English
Obsolete
Peterborough
Peterburg
Peterborough
English
Rare
Plymouth
Pleimuiden , Plijmuiden
Plymouth
English
Obsolete
Portland
Poortland
Portland
English
Obsolete
Portsmouth
Portsmuiden
Portsmouth
English
Obsolete
Sandwich
Zandwijds
Sandwich
English
Obsolete
Scarborough
Scharenburg
Scarborough
English
Obsolete
Scotland
Schotland
Alba
Scottish Gaelic
Scotland
English, Scots
Shetland
Hitland
Sealtainn
Scottish Gaelic
Obsolete
Thames
Theems
Thames
English
Tynemouth
Tijnmuiden
Tynemouth
English
Obsolete
Wales
Wallis
Cymru
English
Obsolete
Yarmouth
Jarmuiden
Yarmouth
English
Obsolete
United States
See also: Toponymy of New Netherland
Except for California and Hawaii, These Dutch-language place names were used during the Dutch colonial period and are now obsolete, and the Dutch spelling shown is in the modern Dutch spelling; at the time Dutch spelling varied.
See also
Categories :
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
**DISCLAIMER** We are not affiliated with Wikipedia, and Cloudflare.
The information presented on this site is for general informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice.
You should always have a personal consultation with a healthcare professional before making changes to your diet, medication, or exercise routine.
AI helps with the correspondence in our chat.
We participate in an affiliate program. If you buy something through a link, we may earn a commission 💕
↑