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Standard electrode potential (data page)

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(Redirected from Electrochemical series) Data values of standard electrode potential

Main article: Standard electrode potential

The data below tabulates standard electrode potentials (E°), in volts relative to the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), at:

Variations from these ideal conditions affect measured voltage via the Nernst equation.

Electrode potentials of successive elementary half-reactions cannot be directly added. However, the corresponding Gibbs free energy changes (∆G°) must satisfy

∆G° = –zFE°,

where z electrons are transferred, and the Faraday constant F is the conversion factor describing Coulombs transferred per mole electrons. Those Gibbs free energy changes can be added.

For example, from Fe + 2 e ⇌ Fe(s) (–0.44 V), the energy to form one neutral atom of Fe(s) from one Fe ion and two electrons is 2 × 0.44 eV = 0.88 eV, or 84 907 J/(mol  e). That value is also the standard formation energy (∆Gf°) for an Fe ion, since  e and Fe(s) both have zero formation energy.

Data from different sources may cause table inconsistencies. For example: Cu + + e − ⇌ Cu ( s ) E 1 = + 0.520  V Cu 2 + + 2 e − ⇌ Cu ( s ) E 2 = + 0.337  V Cu 2 + + e − ⇌ Cu + E 3 = + 0.159  V {\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{4}&{\ce {Cu+ + e-}}&{}\rightleftharpoons {}&{\ce {Cu(s)}}&\quad \quad E_{1}=+0.520{\text{ V}}\\&{\ce {Cu^2+ + 2e-}}&{}\rightleftharpoons {}&{\ce {Cu(s)}}&\quad \quad E_{2}=+0.337{\text{ V}}\\&{\ce {Cu^2+ + e-}}&{}\rightleftharpoons {}&{\ce {Cu+}}&\quad \quad E_{3}=+0.159{\text{ V}}\end{alignedat}}} From additivity of Gibbs energies, one must have 2 ⋅ E 2 = 1 ⋅ E 1 + 1 ⋅ E 3 {\displaystyle 2\cdot E_{2}=1\cdot E_{1}+1\cdot E_{3}} But that equation does not hold exactly with the cited values.

Table of standard electrode potentials

Legend: (s) – solid; (l) – liquid; (g) – gas; (aq) – aqueous (default for all charged species); (Hg) – amalgam; bold – water electrolysis equations.

Element Half-reaction E°
(volt) 		Electrons
transferred 		Reference
Oxidant ⇌ Reductant
Sr Sr
+  e 		⇌ Sr(s) -4.101 1
Ca Ca
+  e 		⇌ Ca(s) -3.8 1
Th Th
 +  e 		⇌ Th
 -3.6 1
Pr Pr
 +  e 		⇌ Pr
 -3.1 1 Estimated
N 3N
2(g) + 2 H + 2 e 		⇌ 2HN
3(aq) 		-3.09 2
Li Li
 +  e 		⇌ Li(s) -3.0401 1
N N
2(g) + 4H2O + 2 e 		⇌ 2NH
2OH(aq) + 2 OH 		-3.04 2
Cs Cs
 +  e 		⇌ Cs(s) -3.026 1
Ca Ca(OH)
2 + 2 e 		⇌ Ca(s) + 2 OH -3.02 2
Er Er
 +  e 		⇌ Er
 -3 1
Ba Ba(OH)
2 + 2 e 		⇌ Ba(s) + 2 OH -2.99 2
Rb Rb
 +  e 		⇌ Rb(s) -2.98 1
K K
 +  e 		⇌ K(s) -2.931 1
Ba Ba
 + 2 e 		⇌ Ba(s) -2.912 2
La La(OH)
3(s) + 3 e 		⇌ La(s) + 3 OH -2.9 3
Fr Fr
 +  e 		⇌ Fr(s) -2.9 1
Sr Sr
 + 2 e 		⇌ Sr(s) -2.899 2
Sr Sr(OH)
2 + 2 e 		⇌ Sr(s) + 2 OH -2.88 2
Ca Ca
 + 2 e 		⇌ Ca(s) -2.868 2
Li Li
+ C
6(s) +  e 		⇌ LiC
6(s) 		-2.84 1
Eu Eu
 + 2 e 		⇌ Eu(s) -2.812 2
Ra Ra
 + 2 e 		⇌ Ra(s) -2.8 2
Ho Ho
 +  e 		⇌ Ho -2.8 1
Bk Bk
 +  e 		⇌ Bk
 -2.8 1
Yb Yb
 + 2 e 		⇌ Yb(s) -2.76 2
Na Na
 +  e 		⇌ Na(s) -2.71 1
Mg Mg
 +  e 		⇌ Mg(s) -2.7 1
Nd Nd
 +  e 		⇌ Nd
 -2.7 1
Mg Mg(OH)
2 + 2 e 		⇌ Mg(s) + 2 OH -2.69 2
Sm Sm
 + 2 e 		⇌ Sm(s) -2.68 2
Be Be
2O
3 + 3H2O + 4 e 		⇌ 2Be(s) + 6 OH -2.63 4
Pm Pm
 +  e 		⇌ Pm
 -2.6 1
Dy Dy
 +  e 		⇌ Dy
 -2.6 1
No No
 + 2 e 		⇌ No -2.5 2
Hf HfO(OH)
2 + H2O + 4 e 		⇌ Hf(s) + 4 OH -2.5 4
Th Th(OH)
4 + 4 e 		⇌ Th(s) + 4 OH -2.48 4
Md Md
+ 2 e 		⇌ Md -2.4 2
Tm Tm
+ 2 e 		⇌ Tm(s) -2.4 2
La La
 + 3 e 		⇌ La(s) -2.379 3
Y Y
 + 3 e 		⇌ Y(s) -2.372 3
Mg Mg
+ 2 e 		⇌ Mg(s) -2.372 2
Sc ScF3(aq) + 3 H + 3 e ⇌ Sc(s) + 3HF(aq) -2.37 3
Zr ZrO(OH)
2(s) + H2O + 4 e 		⇌ Zr(s) + 4 OH -2.36 4
Pr Pr
 + 3 e 		⇌ Pr(s) -2.353 3
Ce Ce
 + 3 e 		⇌ Ce(s) -2.336 3
Er Er
 + 3 e 		⇌ Er(s) -2.331 3
Ho Ho
 + 3 e 		⇌ Ho(s) -2.33 3
Al H
2AlO
3 + H2O + 3 e 		⇌ Al(s) + 4 OH -2.33 3
Nd Nd
 + 3 e 		⇌ Nd(s) -2.323 3
Tm Tm
 + 3 e 		⇌ Tm(s) -2.319 3
Al Al(OH)
3(s) + 3 e 		⇌ Al(s) + 3 OH -2.31 3
Sm Sm
 + 3 e 		⇌ Sm(s) -2.304 3
Fm Fm + 2 e ⇌ Fm -2.3 2
Am Am
 +  e 		⇌ Am
 -2.3 1
Dy Dy
 + 3 e 		⇌ Dy(s) -2.295 3
Lu Lu
 + 3 e 		⇌ Lu(s) -2.28 3
Sc ScF
2 + 2 H + 3 e		 ⇌ Sc(s) + 2HF(l) -2.28 3
Tb Tb
 + 3 e 		⇌ Tb(s) -2.28 3
Gd Gd
 + 3 e 		⇌ Gd(s) -2.279 3
H H
2(g) + 2 e 		⇌ 2H
 -2.23 2
Es Es
+ 2 e 		⇌ Es(s) -2.23 2
Pm Pm
+ 2 e 		⇌ Pm(s) -2.2 2
Tm Tm
 +  e 		⇌ Tm -2.2 1
Dy Dy
+ 2 e 		⇌ Dy(s) -2.2 2
Ac Ac
 + 3 e 		⇌ Ac(s) -2.2 3
Yb Yb
 + 3 e 		⇌ Yb(s) -2.19 3
Cf Cf
+ 2 e 		⇌ Cf(s) -2.12 2
Nd Nd
+ 2 e 		⇌ Nd(s) -2.1 2
Ho Ho
+ 2 e 		⇌ Ho(s) -2.1 2
Sc Sc
 + 3 e 		⇌ Sc(s) -2.077 3
Al AlF
6 + 3 e 		⇌ Al(s) + 6F
 -2.069 3
Cm Cm
 + 3 e 		⇌ Cm(s) -2.04 3
Pu Pu
 + 3 e 		⇌ Pu(s) -2.031 3
Pr Pr
+ 2 e 		⇌ Pr(s) -2 2
Er Er
+ 2 e 		⇌ Er(s) -2 2
Eu Eu
 + 3 e 		⇌ Eu(s) -1.991 3
Lr Lr
 + 3 e 		⇌ Lr -1.96 3
Cf Cf
 + 3 e 		⇌ Cf(s) -1.94 3
Es Es
 + 3 e 		⇌ Es(s) -1.91 3
Pa Pa
+  e 		⇌ Pa
 -1.9 1
Am Am
+ 2 e 		⇌ Am(s) -1.9 2
Th Th
+ 4 e 		⇌ Th(s) -1.899 4
Fm Fm
 + 3 e 		⇌ Fm -1.89 3
N N2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4 H + 2 e ⇌ 2NH3OH -1.87 2
Np Np
 + 3 e 		⇌ Np(s) -1.856 3
Be Be
+ 2 e 		⇌ Be(s) -1.847 2
P H
2PO
2 +  e 		⇌ P(s) + 2 OH -1.82 1
U U
 + 3 e 		⇌ U(s) -1.798 3
Sr Sr
+ 2 e 		⇌ Sr(Hg) -1.793 2
B H
2BO
3 + H2O + 3 e 		⇌ B(s) + 4 OH -1.79 3
Th ThO
2 + 4 H + 4 e 		⇌ Th(s) + 2H2O -1.789 4
Hf HfO
+ 2 H + 4 e 		⇌ Hf(s) + H2O -1.724 4
P HPO
3 + 2H2O + 3 e 		⇌ P(s) + 5 OH -1.71 3
Si SiO
3 + 3H2O + 4 e 		⇌ Si(s) + 6 OH -1.697 4
Al Al
 + 3 e 		⇌ Al(s) -1.662 3
Ti Ti
+ 2 e 		⇌ Ti(s) -1.63 2
Zr ZrO
2(s) + 4 H + 4 e 		⇌ Zr(s) + 2H2O -1.553 4
Zr Zr
+ 4 e 		⇌ Zr(s) -1.45 4
Ti Ti
+ 3 e 		⇌ Ti(s) -1.37 3
Ti TiO(s) + 2 H + 2 e ⇌ Ti(s) + H2O -1.31 2
B B(OH)
4 + 4H2O(l) + 8 e		 ⇌ BH
4 + 8 OH		 -1.24 8
Ga GaO(OH)
2 + H2O(l) + 3 e		 ⇌ Ga(s) + 3 OH -1.22 3
Ti Ti
2O
3(s) + 2 H + 2 e 		⇌ 2TiO(s) + H2O -1.23 2
Zn Zn(OH)
4 + 2 e 		⇌ Zn(s) + 4 OH -1.199 2
Mn Mn
+ 2 e 		⇌ Mn(s) -1.185 2
Fe Fe(CN)
6 + 6 H + 2 e 		⇌ Fe(s) + 6HCN(aq) -1.16 2
C C(s) + 3H2O(l) + 2 e ⇌ CH3OH(l) + 2 OH -1.148 2
Cr Cr(CN)
6 +  e		 ⇌ Cr(CN)
6		 -1.143 1
Te Te(s) + 2 e ⇌ Te
 -1.143 2
V V
+ 2 e 		⇌ V(s) -1.13 2
Nb Nb
 + 3 e 		⇌ Nb(s) -1.099 3
Sn Sn(s) + 4 H + 4 e ⇌ SnH
4(g) 		-1.07 4
Po Po(s) + 2 e ⇌ Po
 -1.021 2
Cr +  e ⇌ -0.99 1
P 2H3PO4(aq) + 2 H + 2 e ⇌ (H2PO3)2(aq) + H2O(l) -0.933 2
C CO
3 + 3 H + 2 e		 ⇌ HCO
2 + H2O(l)		 -0.93 2
Ti TiO
+ 2 H + 4 e 		⇌ Ti(s) + H2O -0.93 4
Si SiO
2(quartz) + 4 H + 4 e 		⇌ Si(s) + 2H2O -0.909 4
Cr Cr
+ 2 e		 ⇌ Cr(s) -0.9 2
B B(OH)
3(aq) + 3 H + 3 e 		⇌ B(s) + 3H2O -0.89 3
Fe Fe(OH)
2(s) + 2 e 		⇌ Fe(s) + 2 OH -0.89 2
Fe Fe
2O
3(s) + 3H2O + 2 e 		⇌ 2Fe(OH)
2(s) + 2 OH 		-0.86 2
H 2H2O + 2 e ⇌ H
2(g) + 2 OH 		-0.8277 2
Bi Bi(s) + 3 H + 3 e ⇌ BiH
3 		-0.8 3
Zn Zn
+ 2 e 		⇌ Zn(Hg) -0.7628 2
Zn Zn
+ 2 e 		⇌ Zn(s) -0.7618 2
Ta Ta
2O
5(s) + 10 H + 10 e 		⇌ 2Ta(s) + 5H2O -0.75 10
Te 2Te(s) + 2 e ⇌ Te
2		 -0.74 2
Ni Ni(OH)
2(s) + 2 e 		⇌ Ni(s) + 2 OH -0.72 2
Nb Nb2O5(s) + 10 H + 10 e ⇌ 2Nb(s) + 5H2O(l) -0.7 10
Ag Ag
2S(s) + 2 e 		⇌ 2Ag(s) + S
(aq) 		-0.69 2
Te Te
2 + 4 H + 2 e		 ⇌ 2H2Te(g) -0.64 2
Sb Sb(OH)
4 + 3 e		 ⇌ Sb(s) + 4 OH -0.639 3
Au
+  e 		⇌ Au(s) + 2CN
 -0.6 1
Ta Ta
+ 3 e 		⇌ Ta(s) -0.6 3
Pb PbO(s) + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Pb(s) + 2 OH -0.580 2
Ti 2TiO
2(s) + 2 H + 2 e 		⇌ Ti
2O
3(s) + H2O 		-0.56 2
Ga Ga
 + 3 e 		⇌ Ga(s) -0.549 3
U U
+  e 		⇌ U
 -0.52 1
P H
3PO
2(aq) +  H +  e 		⇌ P(white) + 2H2O -0.508 1
P H
3PO
3(aq) + 2 H + 2 e 		⇌ H
3PO
2(aq) + H2O 		-0.499 2
Ni NiO
2(s) + 2H2O + 2 e 		⇌ Ni(OH)
2(s) + 2 OH 		-0.49 2
Sb Sb(OH)
6 + 2 e		 ⇌ Sb(OH)
4 + 2 OH		 -0.465 2
P H
3PO
3(aq) + 3 H + 3 e 		⇌ P(red) + 3H2O -0.454 3
Bi Bi2O3(s) + 3H2O(l) + 6 e ⇌ Bi(s) + 6 OH -0.452 6
Ta TaF
7 + 7 H + 5 e		 ⇌ Ta(s) + 7HF(l) -0.45 5
In In
+ 2 e		 ⇌ In -0.444 2
Cu Cu(CN)
2 +  e 		⇌ Cu(s) + 2CN
 -0.44 1
Fe Fe
+ 2 e 		⇌ Fe(s) -0.44 2
C 2CO
2(g) + 2 H + 2 e 		⇌ HOOCCOOH(aq) -0.43 2
Cr Cr
+  e 		⇌ Cr
 -0.407 1
Cd Cd
+ 2 e 		⇌ Cd(s) -0.4 2
Ti Ti
+  e		 ⇌ Ti
 -0.37 1
Cu Cu
2O(s) + H2O + 2 e 		⇌ 2Cu(s) + 2 OH -0.36 2
Pb PbSO
4(s) + 2 e 		⇌ Pb(s) + SO
4 		-0.3588 2
Pb PbSO
4(s) + 2 e 		⇌ Pb(Hg) + SO
4 		-0.3505 2
Eu Eu
+  e 		⇌ Eu
 -0.35 1
In In
 + 3 e 		⇌ In(s) -0.34 3
Tl Tl
+  e 		⇌ Tl(s) -0.34 1
Ge Ge(s) + 4 H + 4 e ⇌ GeH
4(g) 		-0.29 4
Co Co
+ 2 e 		⇌ Co(s) -0.28 2
P H
3PO
4(aq) + 2 H + 2 e 		⇌ H
3PO
3(aq) + H2O 		-0.276 2
N N2(g) + 8 H + 6 e ⇌ 2NH
4		 -0.27 6
V V
 +  e 		⇌ V
 -0.26 1
Ni Ni
 + 2 e 		⇌ Ni(s) -0.257 2
S 2HSO
4 + 2 H + 2 e		 ⇌ S2O
6 + 2H2O(l)		 -0.253 2
As As(s) + 3 H + 3 e ⇌ AsH
3(g) 		-0.23 3
N N2(g) + 5 H + 4 e ⇌ N2H
5		 -0.23 4
Ga Ga
 +  e 		⇌ Ga(s) -0.2 1
Ag AgI(s) +  e ⇌ Ag(s) + I
 -0.15224 1
Ge GeO2(s) + 4 H + 4 e ⇌ Ge(s) + 2H2O(l) -0.15 4
Mo MoO
2(s) + 4 H + 4 e 		⇌ Mo(s) + 2H2O -0.15 4
Si Si(s) + 4 H + 4 e ⇌ SiH
4(g) 		-0.14 4
Sn Sn
+ 2 e 		⇌ Sn(s) -0.13 2
O O
2(g) +  H +  e 		⇌ HO
2(aq) 		-0.13 1
In In +  e ⇌ In(s) -0.126 1
Pb Pb
 + 2 e 		⇌ Pb(s) -0.126 2
W WO
2(s) + 4 H + 4 e 		⇌ W(s) + 2H2O -0.12 4
Ge GeO
2(s) + 2 H + 2 e 		⇌ GeO(s) + H2O -0.118 2
P P(red) + 3 H + 3 e ⇌ PH
3(g) 		-0.111 3
C CO
2(g) + 2 H + 2 e 		⇌ HCOOH(aq) -0.11 2
Se Se(s) + 2 H + 2 e ⇌ H
2Se(g) 		-0.11 2
C CO
2(g) + 2 H + 2 e 		⇌ CO(g) + H2O -0.11 2
Sn α-SnO(s) + 2 H + 2 e ⇌ Sn(s) + H2O -0.104 2
Cu Cu(NH
3)
2 +  e 		⇌ Cu(s) + 2NH
3(aq) 		-0.1 1
Nb Nb2O5(s) + 10 H + 4 e ⇌ 2Nb
+ 5H2O(l)		 -0.1 4
W WO
3(aq) + 6 H + 6 e 		⇌ W(s) + 3H2O -0.09 6
Sn SnO
2(s) + 2 H + 2 e 		⇌ α-SnO(s) + H2O -0.088 2
Fe Fe
3O
4(s) + 8 H + 8 e 		⇌ 3Fe(s) + 4H2O -0.085 8
V VOH
+  H +  e		 ⇌ V
+ H2O(l)		 -0.082 1
P P(white) + 3 H + 3 e ⇌ PH
3(g) 		-0.063 3
N N2O(g) + H2O(l) + 6 H + 4 e ⇌ 2NH3OH -0.05 4
Fe Fe
+ 3 e 		⇌ Fe(s) -0.04 3
C HCOOH(aq) + 2 H + 2 e ⇌ HCHO(aq) + H2O -0.034 2
H 2 H + 2 e ⇌ H
2(g) 		0 2
Ag AgBr(s) +  e ⇌ Ag(s) + Br
 0.07133 1
S S
4O
6 + 2 e 		⇌ 2S
2O
3 		0.08 2
N N
2(g) + 2H2O + 6 H + 6 e 		⇌ 2NH
4OH(aq) 		0.092 6
Hg HgO(s) + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Hg(l) + 2 OH 0.0977 2
Cu Cu(NH
3)
4 +  e 		⇌ Cu(NH
3)
2 + 2NH
3(aq) 		0.1 1
Ru Ru(NH
3)
6 +  e 		⇌ Ru(NH
3)
6 		0.1 1
N N
2H
4(aq) + 4H2O + 2 e 		⇌ 2NH
4 + 4 OH 		0.11 2
Mo H
2MoO
4(aq) + 6 H + 6 e 		⇌ Mo(s) + 4H2O 0.11 6
Ge Ge
+ 4 e 		⇌ Ge(s) 0.12 4
C C(s) + 4 H + 4 e ⇌ CH
4(g) 		0.13 4
C HCHO(aq) + 2 H + 2 e ⇌ CH
3OH(aq) 		0.13 2
S S(s) + 2 H + 2 e ⇌ H
2S(g) 		0.144 2
Sb Sb2O3(s) + 6 H + 6 e ⇌ 2Sb(s) + 3H2O 0.15 6
Sn Sn
+ 2 e 		⇌ Sn
 0.151 2
S HSO
4 + 3 H + 2 e 		⇌ SO
2(aq) + 2H2O 		0.158 2
Cu Cu
 +  e 		⇌ Cu
 0.159 1
U UO
2 +  e 		⇌ UO
2 		0.163 1
S SO
4 + 4 H + 2 e 		⇌ SO
2(aq) + 2H2O 		0.17 2
Ti TiO
+ 2 H +  e 		⇌ Ti
+ H2O 		0.19 1
Sb SbO
+ 2 H + 3 e 		⇌ Sb(s) + H2O 0.2 3
Fe 3Fe
2O
3(s) + 2 H + 2 e 		⇌ 2Fe
3O
4(s) + H2O 		0.22 2
Ag AgCl(s) +  e ⇌ Ag(s) + Cl
 0.22233 1
As H
3AsO
3(aq) + 3 H + 3 e 		⇌ As(s) + 3H2O 0.24 3
Ru Ru
(aq) +  e 		⇌ Ru
(aq) 		0.249 1
Pb PbO2(s) + H2O + 2 e ⇌ α-PbO(s) + 2 OH 0.254 2
Ge GeO(s) + 2 H + 2 e ⇌ Ge(s) + H2O 0.26 2
Hg Hg2Cl2(s) + 2 e ⇌ 2Hg(l) + 2Cl 0.27 2
U UO
2 + 4 H +  e 		⇌ U
+ 2H2O 		0.273 1
Re Re
 + 3 e 		⇌ Re(s) 0.300 3
At At +  e ⇌ At 0.3 1
Bi Bi
+ 3 e 		⇌ Bi(s) 0.308 3
C 2HCNO + 2 H + 2 e ⇌ (CN)2 + 2H2O 0.330 2
Cu Cu
+ 2 e 		⇌ Cu(s) 0.337 2
V VO
+ 2 H +  e 		⇌ V
+ H2O 		0.337 1
Sb Sb2O4(s) + 2 H + 2 e ⇌ Sb2O3(s) + H2O(l) 0.342 2
At At + 2 e ⇌ At 0.36 2
Fe
+  e 		⇌
0.3704 1
C (CN)2 + 2 H + 2 e ⇌ 2HCN 0.373 2
P (H2PO3)2(aq) + 2 H + 2 e ⇌ 2H3PO3 0.38 2
S 2SO2(aq) + 2 H + 2 e ⇌ S2O
3 + H2O(l)		 0.4 2
O O
2(g) + 2H2O + 4 e 		⇌ 4 OH(aq) 0.401 4
Mo H
2MoO
4 + 6 H + 3 e 		⇌ Mo
+ 4H2O 		0.43 3
Ru Ru
(aq) + 2 e 		⇌ Ru 0.455 2
V VO(OH) + 2 H +  e ⇌ VOH
+ H2O(l)		 0.481 1
C CH
3OH(aq) + 2 H + 2 e 		⇌ CH
4(g) + H2O 		0.5 2
S SO
2(aq) + 4 H + 4 e 		⇌ S(s) + 2H2O 0.5 4
S 4SO
2(aq) + 4 H + 8 e		 ⇌ S4O
6 + 2H2O(l)		 0.51 8
Cu Cu
+  e 		⇌ Cu(s) 0.52 1
C CO(g) + 2 H + 2 e ⇌ C(s) + H2O 0.52 2
I I
3 + 2 e 		⇌ 3I
 0.53 2
Te TeO2(s) + 4 H + 4 e ⇌ Te(s) + 2H2O(l) 0.53 4
Cu Cu
+ Cl +  e		 ⇌ CuCl(s) 0.54 1
I I
2(s) + 2 e 		⇌ 2I
 0.54 2
Au
+ 3 e 		⇌ Au(s) + 4I
 0.56 3
As H
3AsO
4(aq) + 2 H + 2 e 		⇌ H
3AsO
3(aq) + H2O 		0.56 2
S S2O
6 + 4 H + 2 e		 ⇌ 2H2SO3 0.569 2
Au
+  e 		⇌ Au(s) + 2I
 0.58 1
Mn MnO
4 + 2H2O + 3 e 		⇌ MnO
2(s) + 4 OH 		0.595 3
S S
2O
3 + 6 H + 4 e 		⇌ 2S(s) + 3H2O 0.6 4
Fe Fc
 +  e		 ⇌ Fc(s) 0.63 1 Substantial literature variation
Mo H
2MoO
4(aq) + 2 H + 2 e 		⇌ MoO
2(s) + 2H2O 		0.65 2
N HN3(aq) + 11 H + 8 e ⇌ 3NH
4		 0.69 8
O O
2(g) + 2 H + 2 e 		⇌ H
2O
2(aq) 		0.695 2
Sb Sb2O5(s) + 4 H + 4 e ⇌ Sb2O3(s) + 2H2O 0.699 4
C + 2 H + 2 e ⇌ 0.6992 2
V H2V10O
28 + 24 H + 10 e		 ⇌ 10VO(OH) + 8H2O(l) 0.723 10
Pt PtCl
6 + 2 e 		⇌ PtCl
4 + 2Cl
 0.726 2
Fe Fe
2O
3(s) + 6 H + 2 e 		⇌ 2Fe
 + 3H2O 		0.728 2
Se H
2SeO
3(aq) + 4 H + 4 e 		⇌ Se(s) + 3H2O 0.74 4
At AtO + 2 H + 2 e ⇌ At + H2O 0.74 2
Tl Tl
+ 3 e 		⇌ Tl(s) 0.741 3
No No
+  e 		⇌ No
 0.75 1
Pt PtCl
4 + 2 e 		⇌ Pt(s) + 4Cl
 0.758 2
Br BrO + H2O(l) + 2 e ⇌ Br + 2 OH 0.76 2
Po Po + 4 e ⇌ Po 0.76 4
S (SCN)2 + 2 e ⇌ 2SCN 0.769 2
Fe Fe
+  e 		⇌ Fe
 0.771 1
Hg Hg
2 + 2 e 		⇌ 2Hg(l) 0.7973 2
Ag Ag
 +  e 		⇌ Ag(s) 0.7996 1
N 2NO
3(aq) + 4 H + 2 e 		⇌ N
2O
4(g) + 2H2O 		0.803 2
Fe 2FeO
4 + 5H2O + 6 e 		⇌ Fe
2O
3(s) + 10 OH 		0.81 6
Au
+ 3 e 		⇌ Au(s) + 4Br
 0.85 3
Hg Hg
+ 2 e 		⇌ Hg(l) 0.85 2
Ir
+  e 		⇌
0.87 1
Mn MnO
4 +  H +  e 		⇌ HMnO
4 		0.9 1
Po Po + 2 e ⇌ Po 0.9 2
Hg 2Hg
+ 2 e 		⇌ Hg
2 		0.91 2
Pd Pd
 + 2 e 		⇌ Pd(s) 0.915 2
Au
+ 3 e 		⇌ Au(s) + 4Cl
 0.93 3
N NO
3 + 3 H + 2 e		 ⇌ HNO2(aq) 0.94 2
Mn MnO
2(s) + 4 H +  e 		⇌ Mn
+ 2H2O 		0.95 1
N NO
3(aq) + 4 H + 3 e 		⇌ NO(g) + 2H2O(l) 0.958 3
Au
+  e 		⇌ Au(s) + 2Br
 0.96 1
Fe Fe
3O
4(s) + 8 H + 2 e 		⇌ 3Fe
 + 4H2O 		0.98 2
Xe
+ 2H2O + 2 e 		⇌
+ 4 OH 		0.99 2
N HNO2(aq) +  H +  e ⇌ NO(g) + H2O(l) 0.996 1
At HAtO +  H +  e ⇌ At + H2O 1.0 1
V
(aq) + 2 H +  e 		⇌
(aq) + H2O 		1 1
Te H
6TeO
6(aq) + 2 H + 2 e 		⇌ TeO
2(s) + 4H2O 		1.02 2
N NO2(g) + 2 H + 2 e ⇌ NO(g) + H2O(l) 1.03 2
Br Br
3 + 2 e		 ⇌ 3Br
 1.05 2
Sb Sb2O5(s) + 2 H + 2 e ⇌ Sb2O4(s) + H2O(l) 1.055 2
I ICl
2 +  e		 ⇌ 2Cl
+ I(s)		 1.06 1
Br Br
2(l) + 2 e 		⇌ 2Br
 1.066 2
N N2O4(g) + 2 H + 2 e ⇌ 2HNO2 1.07 2
Br Br
2(aq) + 2 e 		⇌ 2Br
 1.0873 2
Ru RuO
2 + 4 H + 2 e 		⇌ Ru
(aq) + 2H2O 		1.120 2
Cu Cu
+ 2CN
+  e 		⇌ Cu(CN)
2 		1.12 1
I IO
3 + 5 H + 4 e 		⇌ HIO(aq) + 2H2O 1.13 4
O H2O2(aq) +  H +  e ⇌ H2O(l) + HO• 1.14 1
Au
+  e 		⇌ Au(s) + 2Cl
 1.15 1
Se HSeO
4 + 3 H + 2 e 		⇌ H
2SeO
3(aq) + H2O 		1.15 2
Ag Ag
2O(s) + 2 H + 2 e 		⇌ 2Ag(s) + H2O 1.17 2
Cl ClO
3 + 2 H +  e 		⇌ ClO
2(g) + H2O 		1.175 1
Xe
+ 5H2O + 8 e 		⇌ Xe(g) + 11 OH 1.18 8
Pt Pt
 + 2 e 		⇌ Pt(s) 1.188 2
Cl ClO
2(g) +  H +  e 		⇌ HClO
2(aq) 		1.19 1
I 2IO
3 + 12 H + 10 e 		⇌ I
2(s) + 6H2O 		1.2 10
Mn MnO
2(s) + 4 H + 2 e 		⇌ Mn
+ 2H2O 		1.224 2
O O
2(g) + 4 H + 4 e 		⇌ 2H2O 1.229 4
N N2H
5 + 3 H + 2 e		 ⇌ 2NH
4		 1.28 2
Cl ClO
4 + 2 H + 2 e 		⇌ ClO
3 + H2O 		1.23 2
Ru
+  e 		⇌
1.24 1
Xe
+ 3H2O + 6 e 		⇌ Xe(g) + 7 OH 1.24 6
N 2NO
3 + 12 H + 10 e		 ⇌ N2(g) + 6H2O(l) 1.25 10
Tl Tl
+ 2 e 		⇌ Tl
 1.25 2
N 2HNO2(aq) + 4 H + 4 e ⇌ N2O(g) + 3H2O(l) 1.297 4
Cr Cr
2O
7 + 14 H + 6 e 		⇌ 2Cr
+ 7H2O 		1.33 6
N NH3OH + 2 H + 2 e ⇌ NH
4 + H2O(l)		 1.35 2
Cl Cl
2(g) + 2 e 		⇌ 2Cl
 1.36 2
Ru RuO
4(aq) + 8 H + 5 e 		⇌ Ru
(aq) + 4H2O 		1.368 5
Ru RuO
4 + 4 H + 4 e 		⇌ RuO
2 + 2H2O 		1.387 4
Co CoO
2(s) + 4 H +  e 		⇌ Co
+ 2H2O 		1.42 1
N 2NH
3OH
 +  H + 2 e 		⇌ N
2H
5 + 2H2O 		1.42 2
I 2HIO(aq) + 2 H + 2 e ⇌ I
2(s) + 2H2O 		1.44 2
Br BrO
3 + 5 H + 4 e 		⇌ HBrO(aq) + 2H2O 1.447 4
Pb β-PbO
2(s) + 4 H + 2 e 		⇌ Pb
+ 2H2O 		1.46 2
Pb α-PbO
2(s) + 4 H + 2 e 		⇌ Pb
+ 2H2O 		1.468 2
Br 2BrO
3 + 12 H + 10 e 		⇌ Br
2(l) + 6H2O 		1.48 10
At HAtO3 + 4 H + 4 e ⇌ HAtO + 2H2O 1.5 4
Mn MnO
4 + 8 H + 5 e 		⇌ Mn
+ 4H2O 		1.51 5
O HO
2 +  H +  e 		⇌ H
2O
2(aq) 		1.51 1
Au Au
+ 3 e 		⇌ Au(s) 1.52 3
Ru RuO
4(aq) + 8 H + 4 e 		⇌ Ru
(aq) + 4H2O 		1.563 4
N 2NO(g) + 2 H + 2 e ⇌ N2O(g) + H2O(l) 1.59 2
Ni NiO
2(s) + 2 H + 2 e 		⇌ Ni
+ 2 OH 		1.59 2
Ce Ce
+  e 		⇌ Ce
 1.61 1
Cl 2HClO(aq) + 2 H + 2 e ⇌ Cl
2(g) + 2H2O 		1.63 2
I IO
4 + 2 H + 2 e 		⇌ IO
3 + H2O 		1.64 2
Ag Ag
2O
3(s) + 6 H + 4 e 		⇌ 2Ag
+ 3H2O 		1.67 4
Cl HClO
2(aq) + 2 H + 2 e 		⇌ HClO(aq) + H2O 1.67 2
Pb Pb
+ 2 e 		⇌ Pb
 1.69 2
Mn MnO
4 + 4 H + 3 e 		⇌ MnO
2(s) + 2H2O 		1.7 3
Br BrO
4 + 2 H + 2 e 		⇌ BrO
3 + H2O 		1.74 2
Ag AgO(s) + 2 H +  e ⇌ Ag
+ H2O 		1.77 1
N N2O(g) + 2 H + 2 e ⇌ N2(g) + H2O(l) 1.77 2
O H
2O
2(aq) + 2 H + 2 e 		⇌ 2H2O 1.78 2
Au Au
+  e 		⇌ Au(s) 1.83 1
Co Co
+  e 		⇌ Co
 1.92 1
Ag Ag
+  e 		⇌ Ag
 1.98 1
O S
2O
8 + 2 e 		⇌ 2SO
4 		2.01 2
O O
3(g) + 2 H + 2 e 		⇌ O
2(g) + H2O 		2.075 2
Mn HMnO
4 + 3 H + 2 e 		⇌ MnO
2(s) + 2H2O 		2.09 2
Xe XeO
3(aq) + 6 H + 6 e 		⇌ Xe(g) + 3H2O 2.12 6
Xe H
4XeO
6(aq) + 8 H + 8 e 		⇌ Xe(g) + 6H2O 2.18 8
Fe FeO
4 + 8 H + 3 e 		⇌ Fe
+ 4H2O 		2.2 3
Xe XeF
2(aq) + 2 H + 2 e 		⇌ Xe(g) + 2HF(aq) 2.32 2
O HO• +  H +  e ⇌ H2O(l) 2.38 1
Xe H
4XeO
6(aq) + 2 H + 2 e 		⇌ XeO
3(aq) + 3H2O 		2.42 2
F F
2(g) + 2 e 		⇌ 2F
 2.87 2
Cm Cm + e ⇌ Cm 3.0 1 Estimated
F F
2(g) + 2 H + 2 e 		⇌ 2HF(aq) 3.077 2
Tb Tb + e ⇌ Tb 3.1 1 Estimated
Pr Pr + e ⇌ Pr 3.2 1 Estimated
Kr KrF
2(aq) + 2 e 		⇌ Kr(g) + 2F
(aq) 		3.27 2 Estimated

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Not specified in the indicated reference, but assumed due to the difference between the value −0.454 and that computed by (2×(−0.499) + (−0.508))/3 = −0.502, exactly matching the difference between the values for white (−0.063) and red (−0.111) phosphorus in equilibrium with PH3.

References

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