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Empress Kōken / Empress Shōtoku 孝謙天皇 / 称徳天皇
Empress Kōken by Utagawa Kunisada III (cropped)
Empress of Japan (Kōken, first reign)
Reign	19 August 749 – 7 September 758
Enthronement	August 19, 749
Predecessor	Shōmu
Successor	Junnin
(Shōtoku, second reign)
Reign	6 November 764 – 28 August 770
Enthronement	January 26, 765
Predecessor	Junnin
Successor	Kōnin
Born	Abe (阿倍) c. 718
Died	28 August 770(770-08-28) (aged 51–52)
Burial	Takano no misasagi (高野陵) (Nara)
Posthumous name Chinese-style shigō: Empress Kōken (孝謙天皇) Empress Shōtoku (称徳天皇) Japanese-style shigō: Takano-no-hime no Sumeramikoto (高野姫天皇)
House	Imperial House of Japan
Father	Emperor Shōmu
Mother	Fujiwara no Asukabe-hime
Religion	Buddhism

Empress Kōken (孝謙天皇, Kōken-tennō, 718 – August 28, 770), known as Empress Shōtoku (称徳天皇, Shōtoku-tennō) after her second accession to the throne, was the 46th (with the name Empress Kōken) and the 48th monarch of Japan (with the name Empress Shōtoku), according to the traditional order of succession. Both her reigns occurred during the Nara period.

The daughter of Emperor Shōmu, Empress Kōken succeeded to the throne at the age of 31, following her father's renunciation. She first reigned from 749 to 758. During this period, the government was heavily influenced by her mother, the former empress consort Kōmyō, and the latter's nephew, Fujiwara no Nakamaro. She was eventually replaced on the throne by her relative, Emperor Junnin, whose rule was a continuation of Nakamaro's regime. During the intermediate period of her reigns, the retired empress Kōken is said to have become close to a monk without a noble background, named Dōkyō, by 762. Their precise relationship remains a mystery, although there is a common version that it was romantic. The retired empress had taken Buddhist oaths and became a nun, but retained a decisive role in politics.

After Kōmyō's death in July 760, the growing power struggle between Kōken's and Nakamaro's opposing factions became increasingly inevitable. Following the suppression of the Fujiwara no Nakamaro Rebellion and his murder, Kōken reascended the throne as Empress Shōtoku in 764 and ruled until her death in 770, concentrating the government into her own hands. Dōkyō was appointed Grand Minister within a year. In 766, he was promoted to Hōō (priestly emperor) and in around 769 tried to ascend the throne himself, which led to a scandal; this was one of few recorded instances when there was an attempt to end the imperial dynasty. The death of the empress, presumably from smallpox, and resistance from the aristocracy destroyed his plans. This incident was a reason for the later move of the Japanese capital from Nara (Heijō). Empress Kōken was one of the most politically powerful women in Japanese history: subsequent empresses were only ritual rulers, while the government was dominated by the shoguns (military dictators).

In the history of Japan, Kōken/Shōtoku was the sixth of eight women to take on the role of empress regnant. The five female monarchs before her were Suiko, Kōgyoku/Saimei, Jitō, Genmei and Genshō, and the two women sovereigns reigning after Kōken/Shōtoku were Meishō and Go-Sakuramachi.

Traditional narrative

Empress Kōken's personal name (imina) was Abe (阿倍). Her father was Emperor Shōmu, and her mother was Empress Kōmyō.

Kōken is traditionally venerated at her tomb; the Imperial Household Agency designates Takano no Misasagi (高野陵, Takano Imperial Mausoleum), in Nara, Nara, as the location of Kōken's mausoleum. The site is publicly accessible.

Events of Kōken's life

• August 19, 749 (Tenpyō-kanpō 1, 2nd day of the 7th month): In the 25th year of Shōmu-tennō's reign (聖武天皇二十五年), the emperor renounced his throne and the succession (senso) was received by his daughter. Shortly thereafter, Kōken is said to have acceded to the throne.
• 757: Conspiracy to overthrow Empress Kōken was not successful.
• 758: Kōken abdicated in favor of a cousin who would become known as Emperor Junnin. The Empress had reigned for about ten years.
• 764: In the sixth year of Junnin-tennō's reign, the emperor was deposed by his adoptive mother, and the succession was received by former-Empress Kōken.
• January 26, 765 (Tenpyō-hōji 9, 1st day of the 1st month): Kōken formally reascended the throne (sokui) as Empress Shōtoku.
• August 28, 770 (Jingo-keiun 4, 4th day of the 8th month: Empress Shōtoku died at age 57, leaving the throne vacant. She was succeeded by her first cousin twice removed, Emperor Kōnin. Empress Shōtoku had reigned for five years.

Eras of her reigns

The years of Kōken's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name.

• Tenpyō-kanpō (749)
• Tenpyō-shōhō (749–757)
• Tenpyō-hōji (757–765)

The years of Shōtoku's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name.

• Tenpyō-hōji (757–765)
• Tenpyō-jingo (765–767)
• Jingo-keiun (767–770)

Legacy

Koken's reign was turbulent, and she survived coup attempts by both Tachibana no Naramaro and Fujiwara no Nakamaro. Today, she is remembered chiefly for her alleged affair with a Buddhist monk named Dōkyō (道鏡), a man she honored with titles and power. An oracle from Usa Shrine, the shrine of the kami Hachiman (八幡) in Usa, is said to have proclaimed that the monk should be made emperor; but when the empress sent Wake no Kiyomaro (和気清麻呂) to verify the pronouncement, Hachiman decreed that only one of imperial blood should ascend to the throne.

As with the seven other reigning empresses whose successors were most often selected from amongst the males of the paternal imperial bloodline, she was followed on the throne by a male cousin, which is why some conservative scholars argue that the women's reigns were temporary and that male-only succession tradition must be maintained in the 21st century. Empress Genmei, who was followed on the throne by her daughter, Empress Genshō, remains the sole exception to this conventional argument.

She is also known for sponsoring the Hyakumantō Darani, one of the largest productions of printed works in early Japan.

Otagi Nenbutsu-ji, a Buddhist temple in the Arashiyama neighborhood of Kyoto, was founded by Shōtoku in the middle of the eighth century.

Kugyō

Kugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Kōken's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:

• Taihō, Emi no Oshikatsu (formerly Fujiwara no Nakamaro).
• Daijō-daijin
• Sadaijin, Tachibana no Moroe (formerly Katsuragi-ō, Prince Katsuragi) (half brother of Empress Kōmyō).
• Udaijin, Fujiwara no Toyonari (first son of Fujiwara no Muchimaro).
• Udaijin, Fujiwara no Nakamaro (second son of Fujiwara no Muchimaro).
• Naidaijin
• Dainagon

The kugyō during Shōtoku's reign included:

• Daijō-daiji, Dōkyō.
• Sadaijin
• Udaijin, Kibi Makibi.
• Nadaijin
• Dainagon, Fujiwara Matate.

Genealogy

Empress Kōken, known as Imperial Princess Abe (阿倍内親王), was the second daughter of Emperor Shōmu born by his empress consort, Fujiwara Asukabehime. She had a younger brother, but he didn't survive to adulthood.

Empress Kōken never married or had children.

Ancestry

See also

• Empress of Japan
• Emperor of Japan
  • List of emperors of Japan
• Hyakumantō Darani
• Virus Kingdom Shotokuvirae

Notes

1. ^ Emperor Kōnin, Takano Imperial Mausoleum, Imperial Household Agency
2. Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, pp. 58, 59.
3. Brown and Ishida, p. 274; Varley p. 149.
4. ^ Brown and Ishida, p. 274
5. "Shōtoku's misasagi – image". Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved January 7, 2008.
6. Shōtoku's misasagi – map (top left) Archived February 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
7. Julian dates derived from NengoCalc
8. 天平感宝一年七月二日
9. Brown and Ishida, pp. 274; Varley, p. 44; a distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami.
10. Bender, Ross. (2009). "The Suppression of the Tachibana Naramaro Conspiracy," Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 37/2:223–245; compare mirrored full-text Archived February 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 2012-10-23.
11. 天平宝字九年一月一日
12. Brown and Ishida, pp. 276; Varley, p. 44, 145.
13. Brown and Ishida, p. 276 has the year as 769, 4th day of the 8th month, instead of 770. Believe this to be a typo, because Brown-Ishida's own timeline gives 770, and the Japanese Misplaced Pages article on Empress Kōken is using the 4th day of the 8th month of 770.
14. 神護景雲四年八月四日
15. ^ Brown and Ishida, p. 276.
16. Bender, Ross. "The Hachiman Cult and the Dōkyō Incident," Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 34, No. 2 (1979). pp. 125–153.
17. Titsingh, p. 73.
18. Titsingh, p. 78.
19. Bender, Ross. (2009). "The Suppression of the Tachibana Naramaro Conspiracy", Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 37/2:223–245; compare mirrored full-text Archived February 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 2012-10-22.
20. Titsingh, pp. 78–81.
21. "Life in the Cloudy Imperial Fishbowl", Japan Times. March 27, 2007.
22. "Genealogy". Reichsarchiv (in Japanese). April 30, 2010. Retrieved January 27, 2018.

References

• Brown, Delmer M.; Ishida, Ichirō (1979). The Future and the Past (a translation and study of the Gukanshō, an interpretive history of Japan written in 1219). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0. OCLC 251325323.
• Imperial Household Agency (2004). 称徳天皇 高野陵 [Empress Shōtoku, Takano Imperial Mausoleum] (in Japanese). Retrieved February 4, 2011.
• Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
• Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
• Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5; OCLC 59145842

v t e Emperors of Japan (list)
Legendary	Jōmon 660 BC–291 BC Jimmu Suizei Annei Itoku Kōshō Kōan Yayoi 290 BC–269 AD Kōrei Kōgen Kaika Sujin Suinin Keikō Seimu Chūai Jingū
Yamato	Kofun 269–539 Ōjin Nintoku Richū Hanzei Ingyō Ankō Yūryaku Seinei Kenzō Ninken Buretsu Keitai Ankan Senka Asuka 539–710 Kinmei Bidatsu Yōmei Sushun Suiko Jomei Kōgyoku Kōtoku Saimei Tenji Kōbun Tenmu Jitō Monmu Genmei
Nara	710–794 Genmei Genshō Shōmu Kōken Junnin Shōtoku Kōnin Kanmu
Heian	794–1185 Kanmu Heizei Saga Junna Ninmyō Montoku Seiwa Yōzei Kōkō Uda Daigo Suzaku Murakami Reizei En'yū Kazan Ichijō Sanjō Go-Ichijō Go-Suzaku Go-Reizei Go-Sanjō Shirakawa Horikawa Toba Sutoku Konoe Go-Shirakawa Nijō Rokujō Takakura Antoku Go-Toba
Kamakura	1185–1333 Go-Toba Tsuchimikado Juntoku Chūkyō Go-Horikawa Shijō Go-Saga Go-Fukakusa Kameyama Go-Uda Fushimi Go-Fushimi Go-Nijō Hanazono Go-Daigo
Northern Court	1333–1392 Kōgon Kōmyō Sukō Go-Kōgon Go-En'yū Go-Komatsu
Muromachi	1333–1573 Go-Murakami Chōkei Go-Kameyama Go-Komatsu Shōkō Go-Hanazono Go-Tsuchimikado Go-Kashiwabara Go-Nara Ōgimachi
Azuchi-Momoyama	1573–1603 Ōgimachi Go-Yōzei
Edo	1603–1868 Go-Yōzei Go-Mizunoo Meishō Go-Kōmyō Go-Sai Reigen Higashiyama Nakamikado Sakuramachi Momozono Go-Sakuramachi Go-Momozono Kōkaku Ninkō Kōmei Meiji
Empire of Japan	1868–1947 Meiji Taishō Shōwa
Japan	1947–present Shōwa Akihito Naruhito
Unless otherwise noted (as BC), years are in CE / AD  Imperial Consort and Regent Empress Jingū is not traditionally listed. Imperial family tree Imperial House Order of succession Imperial tombs Category

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• People of Nara-period Japan
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