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Five Eyes
Members shown in blue
Working language	English
Type	Intelligence alliance
Members	Australia  Canada  New Zealand  United Kingdom  United States
Establishment
• Atlantic Charter	August 14, 1941; 83 years ago (1941-08-14)
• BRUSA Agreement	May 17, 1943; 81 years ago (1943-05-17)

The Five Eyes (FVEY) is an Anglosphere intelligence alliance comprising Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These countries are party to the multilateral UK-USA Agreement, a treaty for joint cooperation in signals intelligence. Informally, "Five Eyes" can refer to the group of intelligence agencies of these countries. The term "Five Eyes" originated as shorthand for a "AUS/CAN/NZ/UK/US Eyes Only" (AUSCANNZUKUS) releasability caveat.

The origins of the FVEY can be traced to informal, secret meetings during World War II between British and American code-breakers that took place before the US formally entered the war. The alliance was formalized in the post-war era by the UK-USA Agreement in 1946. As the Cold War deepened, the intelligence sharing arrangement was formalised under the ECHELON surveillance system in the 1960s. This system was developed by the FVEY to monitor the communications of the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc; it is now used to monitor communications worldwide. The FVEY expanded its surveillance capabilities during the course of the "war on terror", with much emphasis placed on monitoring the Internet. The alliance has grown into a robust global surveillance mechanism, adapting to new domains such as international terrorism, cyberattacks, and contemporary regional conflicts.

The alliance's activities, often shrouded in secrecy, have occasionally come under scrutiny for their implications on privacy and civil liberties, sparking debates and legal challenges. In the late 1990s, the existence of ECHELON was disclosed to the public, triggering a debate in the European Parliament and, to a lesser extent, the United States Congress and British Parliament. Former NSA contractor Edward Snowden described the Five Eyes as a "supra-national intelligence organisation that does not answer to the known laws of its own countries". 2010s global surveillance disclosures revealed FVEY was spying on one another's citizens and sharing the collected information with each other, although the FVEY nations maintain this was done legally.

Five Eyes is among the most comprehensive espionage alliances. Since processed intelligence is gathered from multiple sources, the information shared is not restricted to signals intelligence (SIGINT) and often involves military intelligence (MILINT), human intelligence (HUMINT), and geospatial intelligence (GEOINT). Five Eyes remains a key element in the intelligence and security landscape of each member country, providing them a strategic advantage in understanding and responding to global events.

Organisations

The following table provides an overview of most of the FVEY agencies that share data.

History

Origins (1941–1950s)

The informal origins of the Five Eyes alliance were secret meetings between British and US code-breakers at the British code-breaking establishment Bletchley Park in February 1941, before the US entry into the war. The first record of these meetings is a February 1941 diary entry from Alastair Denniston, head of Bletchley Park, reading "The Ys are coming!" with "Ys" referring to "Yanks". An entry from 10 February reads "Ys arrive". British and US intelligence shared extremely confidential information, including that the British had broken the German Enigma code and that the US had broken the Japanese Purple code. For the rest of the war, key figures like Denniston and code-breaking expert Alan Turing travelled back and forth across the Atlantic. The informal relationship established for wartime signals intelligence developed into a formal, signed agreement at the start of the Cold War.

The formal Five Eyes alliance can be traced back to the August 1941 Atlantic Charter, which laid out Allied goals for the post-war world. On 17 May 1943, the UK and US governments signed the British–US Communication Intelligence Agreement, also known as the BRUSA Agreement, to facilitate co-operation between the US War Department and the British Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS). On 5 March 1946, the two governments formalized their secret treaty as the UKUSA Agreement, the basis for all signal intelligence cooperation between the NSA and GCHQ up to the present.

UKUSA was extended to include Canada in 1948, followed by Norway in 1952, Denmark in 1954, West Germany in 1955, and Australia and New Zealand in 1956. These countries participated in the alliance as "third parties". By 1955, a newer version of the UKUSA Agreement officially acknowledged the formal status of the remaining Five Eyes countries with the following statement:

At this time only Canada, Australia and New Zealand will be regarded as UKUSA-collaborating Commonwealth countries.

Cold War

During the Cold War, GCHQ and the NSA shared intelligence on the Soviet Union, China, and several eastern European countries known as "Exotics". Over the course of several decades, the ECHELON surveillance network was developed to monitor the military and diplomatic communications of the Soviet Union and its Eastern Bloc allies.

In 1953, SIS and the CIA jointly orchestrated the overthrow of Iran's Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh.

From 1955 through 1975 during the Vietnam War, Australian and New Zealander operators in the Asia-Pacific region worked to directly support the United States while GCHQ operators stationed in British Hong Kong as part of GCHQ Hong Kong were tasked with monitoring North Vietnamese air defence networks.

In 1961, SIS and the CIA jointly orchestrated the assassination of the Congolese independence leader Patrice Lumumba, an operation authorized by out-going US President Dwight D. Eisenhower the year before in 1960.

In 1973, the ASIS and the CIA jointly orchestrated the overthrow of Chile's President Salvador Allende.

Over a period of at least five years in the 1970s, a senior officer named Ian George Peacock, who was in the counterespionage unit of Australia's ASIO, stole highly classified intelligence documents that had been shared with Australia and sold them to the Soviet Union. Peacock held the title of supervisor-E (espionage) and had top-secret security clearance. He retired from the ASIO in 1983 and died in 2006.

During the Falklands War in 1982, the United Kingdom received intelligence data from its FVEY allies as well as from third parties like Norway and France.

In 1989, during the Tiananmen Square protests, SIS and the CIA took part in Operation Yellowbird to exfiltrate dissidents from China.

In the aftermath of the Gulf War in 1991, an ASIS technician bugged Kuwaiti government offices for SIS.

ECHELON network disclosures (1972–2000)

By the end of the 20th century, the FVEY members had developed the ECHELON surveillance network into a global system capable of collecting massive amounts of private and commercial communications including telephone calls, fax, email, and other data traffic. The network's information comes from intercepted communication bearers such as satellite transmissions and public switched telephone networks.

Two of the FVEY information collection mechanisms are the PRISM program and the Upstream collection system. The PRISM program gathers user information from technology firms such as Google, Apple, and Microsoft; while the Upstream system gathers information directly from civilian communications as they travel through infrastructure like fiber cables. The program was first disclosed to the public in 1972 when a former NSA communications analyst reported to Ramparts magazine that the Agency had developed technology that "could crack all Soviet codes".

In a 1988 piece in the New Statesman called "Somebody's listening", Duncan Campbell revealed the existence of ECHELON, an extension of the UKUSA Agreement on global signals intelligence. The story detailed how eavesdropping operations were not only being employed in the interests of 'national security,' but were regularly abused for corporate espionage in the service of US business interests. The piece passed largely unnoticed outside of journalism circles.

In 1996, New Zealand journalist Nicky Hager provided a detailed description of ECHELON in a book titled Secret Power – New Zealand's Role in the International Spy Network. The European Parliament cited the book in a 1998 report titled "An Appraisal of the Technology of Political Control" (PE 168.184). On 16 March 2000, the Parliament called for a resolution on the Five Eyes and its ECHELON surveillance network which would have called for the "complete dismantling of ECHELON".

Three months later, the European Parliament established the Temporary Committee on ECHELON to investigate the ECHELON surveillance network. However, according to a number of European politicians such as Esko Seppänen of Finland, the European Commission hindered these investigations .

In the United States, congressional legislators warned that the ECHELON system could be used to monitor US citizens. On 14 May 2001, the US government cancelled all meetings with the Temporary Committee on ECHELON. According to a BBC report from May 2001, "The US Government still refuses to admit that Echelon even exists."

War on Terror (since 2001)

In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, Five Eyes members greatly increased their surveillance capabilities as part of the global war on terror.

During the run-up to the Iraq War, the communications of UN weapons inspector Hans Blix were monitored by the Five Eyes. Around the same time, British agents bugged the office of UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan. An NSA memo detailed Five Eyes plans to increase surveillance on the UN delegations of six countries as part of a "dirty tricks" campaign to pressure these six countries to vote in favour of using force against Iraq.

SIS and the CIA formed a surveillance partnership with Libya's leader Muammar Gaddafi to spy on Libyan dissidents in the West in exchange for permission to use Libya as a base for extraordinary renditions.

As of 2010, Five Eyes-affiliated agencies also have access to SIPRNet, the US government's classified version of the Internet.

In 2013, documents leaked by the former NSA contractor Edward Snowden revealed the existence of numerous surveillance programs jointly operated by the Five Eyes. The following list includes several notable examples reported in the media:

• PRISM – Operated by the NSA together with GCHQ and the ASD
• XKeyscore – Operated by the NSA with contributions from the ASD and the GCSB
• Tempora – Operated by GCHQ with contributions from the NSA
• MUSCULAR – Operated by GCHQ and the NSA
• STATEROOM – Operated by the ASD, CIA, CSE, GCHQ, and NSA

In March 2014, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ordered Australia to stop spying on East Timor. This marks the first such restrictions imposed on a member of the FVEY.

Competition with China (since 2018)

On 1 December 2018, Canadian authorities arrested Meng Wanzhou, a Huawei executive, at Vancouver International Airport to face charges of fraud and conspiracy in the United States. China responded by arresting two Canadian nationals. According to the South China Morning Post, analysts saw this conflict as the beginning of a direct clash between China's government and governments of the Five Eyes alliance. In the months that followed, the United States restricted technology exchanges with China. The newspaper reported that these events were seen by Beijing as a "fight ... waged with the world’s oldest intelligence alliance, the Five Eyes."

Starting in 2019, Australian parliamentarians as well as US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo prompted the United Kingdom not to use Huawei technology in its 5G network. In 2021, the UK Government announced it no longer planned to use Huawei's 5G technology.

In November 2020, the Five Eyes alliance criticised China's rules disqualifying elected legislators in Hong Kong.

In mid-April 2021, the New Zealand Foreign Minister Nanaia Mahuta issued a statement that New Zealand would not let the Five Eyes alliance dictate its bilateral relationship with China and that New Zealand was uncomfortable with expanding the remit of the intelligence grouping. In response, the Australian Government expressed concern that Wellington was undermining collective efforts to combat what it regarded as Chinese aggression. New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern echoed Mahuta's remarks and claimed that while New Zealand was still committed to the Five Eyes alliance, it would not use the network as its first point of communication for non-security matters. While The Telegraph's defence editor Con Coughlin and British Conservative Member of Parliament Bob Seely criticised New Zealand for undermining the Five Eyes' efforts to present a united front against Beijing, the Chinese Global Times praised New Zealand for putting its own national interests over the Five Eyes. Following the 2023 New Zealand general election, the new New Zealand Foreign Minister and Deputy Prime Minister Winston Peters promised closer cooperation with Five Eyes partners. According to The Economist and Foreign Policy magazine, New Zealand foreign policy under the new National-led coalition government had shifted away from China in favour of closer relations with its traditional Five Eyes partners. During an interview with The Economist, Prime Minister Christopher Luxon said that he was looking to "diversify New Zealand's diplomatic and trade relationships away from its reliance on China".

In late April 2021, the Global Times reported that China's Ministry of State Security will monitor employees of companies and organisations considered to be at risk of foreign infiltration while they travel to the Five Eyes countries. These employees will be required to report their travel destinations, agendas, and meetings with foreign personnel to Chinese authorities. Other security measures include undergoing "pre-departure spying education", and using different electronic devices while at home and while abroad.

In mid-December 2021, the United States Secretary of State; the Foreign Ministers of Australia, Canada, and New Zealand; and the UK Foreign Secretary issued a joint statement criticising the exclusion of opposition candidates by Hong Kong national security law and urging China to respect human rights and freedoms in Hong Kong in accordance with the Sino-British Joint Declaration. In response, the Chinese Government claimed the Hong Kong elections were fair and criticised the Five Eyes for interfering in Hong Kong's domestic affairs.

2023 meeting

The Five Eyes leaders held their first known public meeting at Stanford University's Hoover Institution in California in the US. They had been meeting privately nearby in Palo Alto. Present were:

• Australia's ASIO Director General Mike Burgess,
• Canada's CSIS head David Vigneault,
• New Zealand's NZSIS Director General Andrew Hampton,
• the UK's Director General of MI5 Ken McCallum, and
• the US's FBI Director Christopher Wray.

They made public statements on topics such as the death in Canada of Hardeep Singh Nijjar and Chinese state-backed hackers.

Domestic espionage sharing controversy

The Five Eyes alliance is sort of an artifact of the post World War II era where the Anglophone countries are the major powers banded together to sort of co-operate and share the costs of intelligence gathering infrastructure. ... The result of this was over decades and decades some sort of a supra-national intelligence organisation that doesn't answer to the laws of its own countries.

One of the Five Eyes' core principles is that members do not spy on other governments in the alliance. US Director of National Intelligence Admiral Dennis C. Blair said in 2013, "We do not spy on each other. We just ask."

However, in recent years, FVEY documents have shown that member agencies are intentionally spying on one another's private citizens and sharing the collected information with each other. Shami Chakrabarti, director of the advocacy group Liberty, claimed that the FVEY alliance increases the ability of member states to "subcontract their dirty work" to each other. FVEY countries maintain that all intelligence sharing is done legally, according to the domestic law of the respective nations.

As a result of Snowden's disclosures, the FVEY alliance has become the subject of a growing amount of controversy in parts of the world:

• In late 2013, Canadian federal judge Richard Mosley strongly rebuked the CSIS for outsourcing its surveillance of Canadians to overseas partner agencies. A 51-page court ruling asserts that the CSIS and other Canadian federal agencies have been illegally enlisting FVEY allies in global surveillance dragnets, while keeping domestic federal courts in the dark.
• In 2014, New Zealand's Parliament asked the NZSIS and the GCSB if they had received any monetary contributions from members of the FVEY alliance. Neither agency responded to these inquiries, instead stating that they do not collect metadata on New Zealanders. David Cunliffe, leader of the Labour Party, asserted that the public is entitled to be informed of foreign funding if the disclosure does not compromise the agencies' operations.
• In early 2014, the European Parliament's Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs released a report that confirmed that the intelligence agencies of New Zealand and Canada have cooperated with the NSA under the Five Eyes programme and may have been actively sharing the personal data of EU citizens. The EU report did not investigate if any international or domestic US laws were broken by the US and did not claim that any FVEY nation was illegally conducting intelligence collection on the EU. The NSA maintains that any intelligence collection done on the EU was in accordance with domestic US law and international law.
• In 2013, the British Parliament's Intelligence and Security Committee (ISC) conducted an investigation and concluded that the GCHQ had broken no domestic British laws in its use of data gathered through the NSA's PRISM. According to the ISC report, The GCHQ provided documents which "conformed with GCHQ's statutory duties" and authority as established by the Intelligence Services Act 1994. Requests made to the US corresponded with extant warrants for interception in accordance with the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000. The ISC also questioned whether the UK's legal framework was sufficient.
• As of April 2024, no court case has been brought against any US intelligence community member claiming that they went around US domestic law by soliciting foreign countries to spy on US citizens and give that intelligence to the US. This may change as attention is paid to the anticipated public releases regarding Operation Lobos 1, Operation Trojan Shield, and Project Habitance. These operations received information from foreign governments for spying on US citizens. The FBI did initiate Operation Trojan Shield, which was illegal in the US and so relied on the Australian government. 17 U.S. citizens have been charged in U.S. federal court between 2021 and 2024, but none of the cases as of April 2024 had proceeded past the initial pretrial stages.

Other international cooperatives

Beginning with its founding by the United States and United Kingdom in 1946, the alliance expanded twice, inducting Canada in 1948 and Australia and New Zealand in 1956, establishing the Five Eyes as it is today. Additionally, there are nations termed "Third Party Partners" that share their intelligence with the Five Eyes despite not being formal members. While the Five Eyes is rooted in a particular agreement with specific operations among the five nations, similar sharing agreements have been set up independently and for specific purposes; for example, according to Edward Snowden, the NSA has a "massive body" called the Foreign Affairs Directorate dedicated to partnering with foreign countries beyond the alliance.

Six Eyes (proposed) - Israel, Singapore, South Korea, Japan

Several countries have been prospective members of the Five Eyes including Israel, South Korea and Japan, that have collaborated with FYEY.

NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden leaked documents from the NSA that showed Singapore, one of the world's biggest digital telecommunications hubs, is a key “third party” working with the “Five Eyes” intelligence partners, and continue to collaborate intensively with the alliance, though Singapore, Israel, South Korea and Japan are formally non-members.

According to French news magazine L'Obs, in 2009, the United States propositioned France to join the treaty and form a subsequent "Six Eyes" alliance. The French President at the time, Nicolas Sarkozy, requested that France have the same status as the other members, including the signing of a "no-spy agreement". This proposal was approved by the director of the NSA, but rejected by the director of the CIA and by President Barack Obama, resulting in a refusal from France.

New York magazine reported in 2013 that Germany was interested in joining the Five Eyes alliance. At the time, several members of the United States Congress, including Tim Ryan and Charles Dent, were pushing for Germany's entry to the Five Eyes alliance.

Five Eyes Plus

As of 2018 through an initiative sometimes termed "Five Eyes Plus 3", Five Eyes has agreements with France, Germany, and Japan to introduce an information-sharing framework to counter China and Russia. Five Eyes plus France, Japan and South Korea share information about North Korea's military activities, including ballistic missiles, in an arrangement sometimes dubbed "Five Eyes Plus".

Nine Eyes

The Nine Eyes is a different group that consists of the Five Eyes members as well as Denmark, France, the Netherlands, and Norway.

Fourteen Eyes

According to a document leaked by Edward Snowden, there is another working agreement among 14 nations officially known as "SIGINT Seniors Europe", or "SSEUR". This "14 Eyes" group consists of the Nine Eyes members plus Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Sweden.

Further intelligence sharing collaborations

As Privacy International explains, there are a number of issue-specific intelligence agreements that include some or all of the above nations and numerous others, such as:

• An area-specific sharing agreement among 41 nations including the 14 Eyes and the international coalition in Afghanistan.
• A "focused cooperation" on computer network exploitation between the Five Eyes nations and Austria, Belgium, Czechia, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and Turkey.
• The Club de Berne with 17, primarily European members.
• The Counterterrorist Group, a wider membership than the 17 European states that make up the Club of Berne, including the United States.
• Maximator, an intelligence alliance between Denmark, Germany, France, the Netherlands, and Sweden.
• The NATO Special Committee made up of the heads of the security services of NATO's 32 member countries.

See also

• ABCANZ Armies
• Air and Space Interoperability Council (air forces)
• Allied technological cooperation during World War II
• Anglosphere
• ANZUS — Trilateral security pact between Australia, New Zealand, and the United States
• AUKUS — Trilateral security partnership between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States
• AUSCANNZUKUS (navies)
• Border Five
• CANZUK
• Combined Communications-Electronics Board (communication-electronics)
• Five Country Conference (immigration)
• Five Nations Passport Group
• Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) — Strategic dialogue among Australia, India, Japan and US
• The Technical Cooperation Program (technology and science)
• Tizard Mission

International relations

• Australia–Canada relations
• Australia–New Zealand relations
• Australia–United Kingdom relations
• Australia–United States relations
• Canada–New Zealand relations
• Canada–United Kingdom relations
• Canada–United States relations
• New Zealand–United Kingdom relations
• New Zealand–United States relations
• United Kingdom–United States relations

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65. Gellman, Barton; Soltani, Ashkan; Peterson, Andrea (4 November 2013). "How we know the NSA had access to internal Google and Yahoo cloud data". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
66. "Photo Gallery: Spies in the Embassy". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
67. Allard, Tom (4 March 2014). "Australia ordered to cease spying on East Timor by International Court of Justice". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
68. "Meng Wanzhou: Questions over Huawei executive's arrest as legal battle continues". BBC News. 31 October 2020. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
69. "China in brace position as Five Eyes form united front". South China Morning Post. 14 June 2020. Archived from the original on 4 January 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
70. Swanson, Ana (23 October 2019). "Trump Officials Battle Over Plan to Keep Technology Out of Chinese Hands (Published 2019)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
71. "Why is the Five Eyes intelligence alliance in China's cross hairs?". South China Morning Post. 20 June 2020. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
72. Bourke, Latika (7 February 2020). "Australian MP delivers stunning rebuke to UK's Dominic Raab on Huawei". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
73. Heather Stewart Political (21 July 2020). "Mike Pompeo praises UK decision to remove Huawei from 5G network". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
74. "Hong Kong: 'Five Eyes could be blinded,' China warns West". BBC News. 19 November 2020. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
75. "New Zealand says it will set China policy, not US-led Five Eyes". Al Jazeera. 19 April 2021. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
76. Galloway, Anthony (22 April 2021). "Australia was blindsided when Five Eyes ally New Zealand backed away from China criticism". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
77. Young, Audrey (21 April 2021). "NZ-China relations: Jacinda Ardern faces bitter attack by UK writer over Five Eyes commitment". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
78. Bourke, Latika (23 April 2021). "Jacinda Ardern savaged as British Parliament declares treatment of Uyghurs 'genocide'". Stuff. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
79. Ensor, Jamie (21 April 2021). "China heaps praise on Nanaia Mahuta's 'remarkable' Five Eyes comments". Newshub. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
80. "New Zealand foreign minister seeks closer ties with Five Eyes powers". Reuters. 11 December 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2024.
81. "Govt's foreign policy stance huge 'pivot' – international media". 1News. 23 October 2024. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
82. "New Zealand's biggest pivot since the 1980s". The Economist. 17 October 2024. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
83. "China announces measures to prevent foreign spying in companies". The Straits Times. 27 April 2021. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
84. Small, Zane (27 April 2021). "China imposes strict anti-espionage measures on staff visiting New Zealand, Five Eyes nations". Newshub. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
85. "Joint Statement on Hong Kong Legislative Council Elections". United States Department of State. 20 December 2021. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
86. "Hong Kong elections spark G7, EU, Five Eyes condemnation". South China Morning Post. 21 December 2021. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
87. "China accuses New Zealand and Five Eyes of interference over criticism of Hong Kong legislative elections". Radio New Zealand. 22 December 2021. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
88. Hurst, Daniel; Ni, Vincent (21 December 2021). "China accuses Australia of 'violent' interference in Five Eyes response to Hong Kong election". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
89. ^ China: Five Eyes Leaders Warn of China's Intellectual Property Theft Program Archived 20 October 2023 at the Wayback Machine, Stratfor, 2023-10-18
90. ^ ASIO chief says there's 'no reason to dispute' Canada's claims of Indian involvement in murder of Hardeep Singh Nijjar Archived 19 October 2023 at the Wayback Machine, Jade Macmillan, ABC News Online, 2023-10-19
91. FBI Hosts Five Eyes Summit to Launch Drive to Secure Innovation in Response to Intelligence Threats, FBI press release, 2023-10-16
92. Richard McGregor (12 January 2019). "We need the Five Eyes spy network, but with oversight". Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
93. MacAskill, Ewen (2 December 2013). "Revealed: Australian spy agency offered to share data about ordinary citizens". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
94. Beaumont, Peter (22 June 2013). "NSA leaks: US and Britain team up on mass surveillance". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
95. Watt, Nicholas (10 June 2013). "NSA 'offers intelligence to British counterparts to skirt UK law'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 December 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
96. Davidson, Helen (16 October 2013). "NSA files: Australian spies scooped up thousands of email accounts to help US". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
97. Colin Freeze (20 December 2013). "Canada's spy agencies chastised for duping courts". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 25 December 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
98. Ian MacLeod (20 December 2013). "CSIS asked foreign agencies to spy on Canadians, kept court in dark, judge says". Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on 22 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
99. Stewart Bell (25 November 2013). "Court rebukes CSIS for secretly asking international allies to spy on Canadian terror suspects travelling abroad". National Post. Archived from the original on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
100. "Spy agencies silent over funding". Radio New Zealand. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
101. MacLeod, Ian (9 January 2014). "European report calls for review of data sharing with Canada over spy concerns". Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
102. "REPORT on the US NSA surveillance programme, surveillance bodies in various Member States and their impact on EU citizens' fundamental rights and on transatlantic cooperation in Justice and Home Affairs". European Parliament. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 2 March 2024. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
103. "US PRISM: GCHQ's alleged interception of communications".
104. "Edward Snowden Interview: The NSA and Its Willing Helpers". Der Spiegel. 8 July 2013. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
105. ^ Kelion, Leo (27 January 2014). "NSA-GCHQ Snowden leaks: A glossary of the key terms". BBC. Archived from the original on 27 January 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
106. ^ Cremer, Justin. "Denmark is one of the NSA's '9-Eyes'". The Copenhagen Post. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
107. יוסי מלמן, קירבה יוצאת דופן: על שיתוף הפעולה המודיעיני בין ישראל לארצות הברית, מעריב השבוע, 11 בספטמבר 2013 (Google translates as "Yossi Melman, an unusual closeness: about the intelligence cooperation between Israel and the United States, Maariv this week, September 11, 2013")
108. Dorling, Philip (24 November 2013). "New Snowden leaks reveal US, Australia's Asian allies". Brisbane Times. Retrieved 17 November 2024.
109. Dorling, Philip. "Singapore, South Korea revealed as Five Eyes spying partners". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 31 January 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
110. "Japan lends its vision to 'Five Eyes' intelligence alliance". 10 January 2018. Archived from the original on 5 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
111. Jauvert, Vincent (1 July 2015). "EXCLUSIF. Comment la France écoute (aussi) le monde". L'Obs. Archived from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
112. Martin, Adam (2 November 2013). "NSA: Germany Was 'a Little Grumpy' About Being Left Out of Spying Club". New York. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
113. David Sanger and Mark Mazzetti (24 October 2013), Allegation of U.S. Spying on Merkel Puts Obama at Crossroads Archived 2017-02-05 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times
114. Passenheim, Antje (22 November 2013). "US lawmakers push for German entrance to Five Eyes spy alliance". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
115. "Five Eyes intel group ties up with Japan, Germany, France to counter China in cyberspace". Mainichi Daily News. 4 February 2019. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
116. "Exclusive: Five Eyes intelligence alliance builds coalition to counter China". Reuters. 12 October 2018. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
117. "'Five Eyes' Countries Eye Expanded Cooperation Amid North Korea Challenges". 28 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
118. Rensfeldt, Gunnar (11 December 2013). "Read the Snowden Documents From the NSA". Sveriges Television. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
119. "The Five Eyes Fact Sheet - Privacy International". Archived from the original on 16 October 2017.
120. "NSA asked Japan to tap regionwide fiber-optic cables in 2011". The Japan Times. 27 October 2013. Archived from the original on 20 April 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
121. "Maximator, a European spy pact to rival the Five Eyes, comes to light". The Economist. Retrieved 27 May 2020.

Further reading

• Kerbaj, Richard (2022). The secret history of the Five Eyes : the untold story of the international spy network. London: Blink. ISBN 978-1-78946-503-7. OCLC 1338655960.
• Smith, Michael (2022). The Real Special Relationship : The True Story of How The British and US Secret Services Work Together. London: Arcade. ISBN 978-1-4711-8679-0.
• Williams, Brad. "Why the Five Eyes? Power and Identity in the Formation of a Multilateral Intelligence Grouping." Journal of Cold War Studies 25, no. 1 (2023): 101-137.

External links

• UKUSA Agreement at The National Archives
• UKUSA Agreement at the National Security Agency
• From Insularity to Exteriority: How the Anglosphere is Shaping Global Governance – Centre for International Policy Studies

v t e Australia–New Zealand relations
Diplomatic posts	High Commission of Australia, Wellington High commissioners of Australia to New Zealand Consulate General of New Zealand, Melbourne Consulate General of New Zealand, Sydney High commissioners of New Zealand to Australia Consulate General of Australia, Auckland
Diplomacy	Trans-Tasman Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement Canberra Pact Nauru Island Agreement Pacific Islands Forum
Incidents	Underarm bowling incident of 1981 Carr–Peters scandal
Military relations	Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) Anzac Day Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS) N Force Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) New Zealand Memorial, Canberra Five Power Defence Arrangements Five Eyes UKUSA Agreement
Economic relations	Exclusive economic zone of Australia Exclusive economic zone of New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Pacific Union
Border	Tasman Sea Australia–New Zealand Maritime Treaty Special Category Visa Territorial claims in Antarctica
Related	Australia–New Zealand sports rivalries Trans-Tasman Trophy (Test cricket) Chappell–Hadlee Trophy (ODI/T20 cricket) Rose Bowl series (women's ODI crikcet) Laurie O'Reilly Cup (netball) Rugby league Anzac Test Rugby union (men's) Bledisloe Cup rugby union (women's) Constellation Cup Soccer Soccer Ashes 2015 Cricket World Cup final Australasia at the Olympics Crossing the Ditch 2015 Rugby World Cup final Rugby League World Cup finals 2000 2008 2013 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup Australian rules football in New Zealand Commonwealth Pacific Cable System Southern Cross Cable PacRimWest Tasman Global Access Patriot Brains Join Australia Movement Party Proposals for new Australian states Māori voting rights in Australia Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902
Category:Australia–New Zealand relations

v t e Australia–United Kingdom relations
Diplomatic posts	High Commission of Australia, London High Commissioners of Australia to the United Kingdom British High Commission, Canberra High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Australia
Diplomacy	Australia–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement Nauru Island Agreement Commonwealth of Nations 1981 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2002 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2011 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting Judicial Committee of the Privy Council Royal tours of Australia Royal visits to Rockhampton, Queensland
Incidents	Sue v Hill
Military relations	AUSCANNZUKUS ANZUK AUKUS Five Eyes UKUSA Agreement Five Power Defence Arrangements Southeast Asia Treaty Organization British Army in Australia British Army regiments in Australia between 1810 and 1870 RAAF Overseas Headquarters British Commonwealth Air Training Plan Second Australian Imperial Force in the United Kingdom
Legislation	New South Wales Act 1823 South Australia Act 1834 South Australia Act 1842 Australian Constitutions Act 1850 Papua Act 1905 Statute of Westminster 1931 Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 Australia Act 1986 Australian Constitution (Public Record Copy) Act 1990
Treaties	Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property Treaty of Bern Berne Convention (1906) International Agreement for the suppression of the White Slave Traffic Agreement for the Suppression of the Circulation of Obscene Publications International Opium Convention Paris Convention of 1919 Declaration recognising the Right to a Flag of States having no Sea-coast International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children Svalbard Treaty Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War (1929) Geneva Convention on the Wounded and Sick (1929)
Nuclear tests	British nuclear tests at Maralinga Operation Blowdown Operation Hurricane Operation Totem McClelland Royal Commission
Related	1919 England to Australia flight Australian Astronomical Observatory Anglo-Australian Telescope Australian State Coach Australian War Memorial, London Big Brother Movement Britain–Australia Society CANZUK Sports rivalries Monarchy of Australia Palace letters Ten Pound Poms A Bride from the Bush The Queen in Australia
Category:Australia–United Kingdom relations

v t e Australia–United States relations
Diplomatic posts	Embassy of Australia, Washington, D.C. Ambassadors of Australia to the United States Embassy of the United States, Canberra Ambassadors of the United States to Australia Consuls-General of Australia, New York Australian Consulate-General, Houston Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs
Diplomacy	AUSMIN Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement Friends of Australia Congressional Caucus United States presidential visits to Australia U.S./Australia Parliamentary Friendship Group
Incidents	Battle of Brisbane United States diplomatic cables leak Julian Assange David Hicks Death of Tina Watson Implications of U.S. gene patent invalidation on Australia Mamdouh Habib Melbourne–Evans collision Sydney anti-Islam film protests Killing of Justine Damond
Military relations	ANZUS AUKUS Exercise Talisman Saber Five Eyes UKUSA Agreement International Maritime Security Construct Joint Defense Facility Nurrungar Major non-NATO ally Marine Rotational Force – Darwin Operation Blowdown Pine Gap Quadrilateral Security Dialogue Southeast Asia Treaty Organization War Plan Red
Related	2018 FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup Final Australian–American Memorial Australia and the American Civil War Southern Cross Cable PacRimWest Pipe Pacific Cable Telstra Endeavour United States Studies Centre
Category:Australia–United States relations

v t e Canada–United Kingdom relations
Diplomatic posts	High Commission of Canada, London British High Commission, Ottawa High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Canada Canada House Macdonald House, London Earnscliffe
Diplomacy	Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Civil Government of Canada Carnarvon Terms British Empire Economic Conference Imperial Preference First Quebec Conference Quebec Agreement Montreal Laboratory Second Quebec Conference Agreement Concerning the Shipwrecked Vessel RMS Titanic Commonwealth of Nations Judicial Committee of the Privy Council Royal tours of Canada
Incidents	Epsom riot Chanak Crisis King–Byng affair Aldershot riot James Cross
Military relations	British Commonwealth Air Training Plan Operation Fish RCAF Overseas Headquarters British Army Training Unit Suffield Five Eyes UKUSA Agreement
Legislation	British North America Acts Clergy Reserves in Canada Act 1840 Canada Corn Act 1843 Constitution Act, 1867 Rupert's Land Act 1868 Constitution Act, 1871 Constitution Act, 1886 Naval Aid Bill Statute of Westminster 1931 Newfoundland Act Canada Act 1982
Treaties	Convention for the Protection of Submarine Telegraph Cables Treaty of Washington (1871) Treaty of Bern International Agreement for the suppression of the White Slave Traffic Berne Convention (1906) Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 Agreement for the Suppression of the Circulation of Obscene Publications Brussels Collision Convention North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 International Opium Convention Migratory Bird Treaty Paris Convention of 1919 Svalbard Treaty International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children Declaration recognising the Right to a Flag of States having no Sea-coast Brussels Agreement (1924)
Related	British Association of Canadian Studies British Coal Corp v R British Newfoundland Development Corporation British timber trade Canada Gate Canada Memorial CANTAT-1 CANTAT-2 TAT-1 Canadian cricket tours of England Canadian cricket team in Scotland in 2009 CANZUK Proposed Canadian annexation of the Turks and Caicos Islands Sir John Rose, 1st Baronet Tornrak
Category:Canada–United Kingdom relations

v t e Canada–United States relations
Diplomatic posts	Embassy of Canada, Washington, D.C. Ambassadors of Canada to the United States Former Residence of the Canadian Ambassador Embassy of the United States, Ottawa Ambassadors of the United States to Canada Lornado Consulate General of Canada, Boston Consulate General of Canada, Chicago Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs
Diplomacy	Treaty of New York (1796) Rush–Bagot Treaty Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 Migratory Bird Treaty Halibut Treaty International Pacific Halibut Commission First Quebec Conference Quebec Agreement Second Quebec Conference Columbia River Treaty The Merchant–Heeney Report Shakwak Agreement Great Lakes Charter Shamrock Summit U.S.–Canada Air Quality Agreement Agreement Concerning the Shipwrecked Vessel RMS Titanic Smart Border Declaration Canada–United States Safe Third Country Agreement Great Lakes–Saint Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement Boston–Halifax relations United States Senate Committee on Canadian Relations New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers' Annual Conference Climate Change Action Plan 2001 Canadian response to Hurricane Katrina Canadaville, Louisiana Arctic Ocean Conference Arctic Council Arctic Economic Council International Space Station
Incidents	Quebec Act Caroline affair Frères chasseurs Hunters' Lodges Battle of Windsor Fenian raids Cypress Hills Massacre Sitting Bull Louie Sam In re Ross Trail Smelter dispute Defence Scheme No. 1 1950 Douglas C-54D disappearance 1950 British Columbia B-36 crash 1950 Rivière-du-Loup B-50 nuclear weapon loss incident Symphony Six CIA activities in Canada Edmonton aircraft bombing Canuck letter Arctic Refuge drilling controversy Kidnapping of Sidney Jaffe Shootings of Alfred and Rosemary Podgis 1984 Montreal bombing Arrow Air Flight 1285R Reference Re Ng Extradition Pacific Salmon War United States v Burns Mitchell v MNR Korean Air Flight 085 Tarnak Farm incident Canadian Guantanamo Bay detainees Northeast blackout of 2003 Arar v. Ashcroft Keystone Pipeline Havana syndrome Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou Canada convoy protest Timeline 2023 Yukon high-altitude object 2023 Lake Huron high-altitude object
Military relations	2nd Canadian Regiment Canadian Caper Canadian peacekeeping Canada and the Iraq War Iraq War resisters in Canada Jeremy Hinzman Kimberly Rivera War Resisters Support Campaign Canada and the Vietnam War Vietnam War resisters in Canada CIA activities in Canada Defence Scheme No. 2 First Special Service Force Five Eyes UKUSA Agreement Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Canadian procurement Mid-Canada Line Montreal Laboratory North American Aerospace Defense Command Distant Early Warning Line North Warning System Continental NORAD Region Operation Noble Eagle Operation Yellow Ribbon Operation Inland Seas Permanent Joint Board on Defense Ogdensburg Agreement Pinetree Line Project HARP War Plan Red
Economic relations	Comparison of Canadian and American economies Exclusive economic zone of Canada Exclusive economic zone of the United States Branch plant economy Deep integration Foreign ownership of companies of Canada Reciprocity Canada–United States Automotive Products Agreement Third Option Macdonald Commission Canada–United States softwood lumber dispute Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement North American Free Trade Agreement Northwest Cattle Project Canada–United States Consultative Committee on Agriculture Mandatory country-of-origin labeling American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 Regulatory Cooperation Council FATCA agreement between Canada and the United States CSeries dumping petition by Boeing United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement Alaska-Alberta Railway Development Corporation International Fuel Tax Agreement North American SuperCorridor Coalition Pacific Northwest Economic Region
Border	Border crossings American entry into Canada by land Areas disputed by Canada and the United States 1985 Polar Sea controversy Alaska boundary dispute Beaufort Sea Bering Sea Arbitration Cape Muzon Battle of Caribou Dixon Entrance Republic of Indian Stream Machias Seal Island North Rock Northwest Passage Oregon boundary dispute Pearse Island Pig War (1859) Saint Croix Island, Maine Strait of Juan de Fuca Sugar Island (Michigan) Wales Island (British Columbia) Territorial claims in the Arctic
Related	Anti-Canadian sentiment American immigration to Canada Expulsion of the Loyalists Little Canada Snowbird Canada–United States sports rivalries Junior ice hockey rivalry Women's national ice hockey rivalry Comparison of healthcare systems Canada lunar sample displays Canadian Society of New York CANUSA Games Hollywood North Maple Match 51st state Movements for the annexation of Canada to the United States Montreal Annexation Manifesto Annexation Bill of 1866 Cascadia Doug flag Parti 51 Unionest Party Continentalism Fort Stikine Godfrey–Milliken Bill Invasion of Quebec Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec Letters to the inhabitants of Canada Indian barrier state Royal Proclamation of 1763 Indian Reserve Aroostook War Halifax Road Webster–Ashburton Treaty Great Lakes Fishery Commission Great Lakes Areas of Concern Halifax Fisheries Commission Pacific Salmon Commission Pugets Sound Agricultural Company Rum-running in Windsor, Ontario United States passport card Western Climate Initiative Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival Champlain Hudson Power Express Great Recycling and Northern Development Canal Lake Champlain Seaway International Control Dam North American Water and Power Alliance Northwest Area Water Supply St. Lawrence Seaway Sumas 2 Alaska gas pipeline Alberta Clipper pipeline Alliance Pipeline Brunswick Pipeline Gas Transmission Northwest Great Lakes Transmission Iroquois Pipeline Maritimes & Northeast Pipeline Northern Border Pipeline Northwest Pipeline Portland–Montreal pipeline Vector Pipeline Territorial claims in the Arctic Simultaneous substitution Canadian television stations available in the United States Foreign television channels available in Canada United States television stations available in Canada Talking to Americans Lament for a Nation The Fight for Canada
Category:Canada–United States relations

v t e New Zealand–United Kingdom relations
Diplomatic posts	High Commission of New Zealand, London High Commissioners of New Zealand to the United Kingdom British High Commission, Wellington High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to New Zealand
Diplomacy	Nauru Island Agreement New Zealand–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement Commonwealth of Nations 1995 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting Judicial Committee of the Privy Council Royal tours of New Zealand
Incidents	Tom Weal Hart v O'Connor Meridian Global Funds Management Asia Ltd v Securities Commission R v Attorney General for England and Wales Murder of Grace Millane
Military relations	AUSCANNZUKUS ANZUK AUKUS Five Eyes UKUSA Agreement Five Power Defence Arrangements Southeast Asia Treaty Organization British Commonwealth Air Training Plan Operation Midford
Legislation	New Zealand Constitution Act 1846 New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 Statute of Westminster 1931 Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947 New Zealand Constitution Amendment Act 1947 New Zealand Constitution Amendment (Request and Consent) Act 1947 British Nationality and New Zealand Citizenship Act 1948 Constitution Act 1986 Imperial Laws Application Act 1988
Treaties	Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property Treaty of Bern Berne Convention (1906) International Agreement for the suppression of the White Slave Traffic Agreement for the Suppression of the Circulation of Obscene Publications International Opium Convention Paris Convention of 1919 Declaration recognising the Right to a Flag of States having no Sea-coast International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children Svalbard Treaty Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War (1929) Geneva Convention on the Wounded and Sick (1929)
Related	CANZUK New Zealand War Memorial, London Monarchy of New Zealand Ten Pound Poms
Category:New Zealand–United Kingdom relations

v t e United Kingdom–United States relations
Diplomatic posts	Embassy of the United Kingdom, Washington, D.C. Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the United States British Ambassador's residence Embassy of the United States, London Macdonald House, London Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom Winfield House British Consulate-General, Boston Consulate of the United States, Liverpool Northern Ireland Bureau United States Special Envoy for Northern Ireland Texas Legation Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs
Diplomacy	Treaty of Paris (1783) Jay Treaty Monroe–Pinkney Treaty Treaty of Ghent Rush–Bagot Treaty Treaty of 1818 Webster–Ashburton Treaty Oregon Treaty Clayton–Bulwer Treaty Lyons–Seward Treaty of 1862 Shanghai International Settlement Treaty of Washington (1871) Halifax Fisheries Commission Treaty of Berlin (1889) Bering Sea Arbitration Great Rapprochement Olney–Pauncefote Treaty Tripartite Convention Hay–Pauncefote Treaty Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 Anglo-French Financial Commission Migratory Bird Treaty Balfour Mission Conference of Ambassadors Washington Naval Conference Four-Power Treaty Washington Naval Treaty Convention Between the United States and Great Britain (1930) Destroyers-for-bases deal U.S.–British Staff Conference (ABC–1) Lend-Lease Atlantic Charter Arcadia Conference Second Washington Conference Bermuda Conference Washington Conference (1943) First Quebec Conference Quebec Agreement Moscow Declarations Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement Second Quebec Conference Malta Conference (1945) Moscow Conference (1945) Bermuda Agreement Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry Anglo-American loan US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement United Nations Security Council Resolution 135 Nassau Agreement Polaris Sales Agreement Bermuda II Agreement Guadeloupe Conference 1993 United Kingdom–United States Maritime Boundary Treaties UK–US extradition treaty of 2003 Extradition Act 2003 Agreement Concerning the Shipwrecked Vessel RMS Titanic Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action New Atlantic Charter British-American Parliamentary Group Friends of Wales Caucus
Conflicts	American Revolution United States Declaration of Independence American Revolutionary War War of 1812 Origins Chesapeake–Leopard affair United States declaration of war upon the United Kingdom Aroostook War Pig War (1859)
Incidents	Embargo Act of 1807 Arbuthnot and Ambrister incident Caroline affair Oregon boundary dispute Hermosa Creole case Paulet affair Mosquito Coast Bombardment of Greytown Passenger Cases Trent Affair Chesapeake Affair Ellen Southard Alabama Claims Murchison letter Venezuelan crisis of 1895 Alaska boundary dispute Hindu–German Conspiracy Impact Pan Am Flight 103 Scottish Court in the Netherlands Trial JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd. British Guantanamo Bay detainees Dixie Chicks controversy 190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident Detention of U.S. and UK diplomats in Zimbabwe Release of Abdelbaset al-Megrahi Julian Assange Death of Linda Norgrove FTC v. Balls of Kryptonite The United States of America v Nolan Steele dossier Christopher Steele Trump Tower wiretapping allegations Death of Harry Dunn
Military relations	2024 missile strikes in Yemen AUKUS British Defence Staff – US CIA activities in the United Kingdom Diego Garcia Expulsion of the Chagossians Five Eyes ECHELON UKUSA Agreement International Maritime Security Construct Iraq War Bush–Blair 2003 Iraq memo Montreal Laboratory Operation Sky Shield Operation Vigilant Warrior Project E Project Emily RAF Ascension Island RNAD Coulport Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Strategic Air Command in the United Kingdom Tizard Mission Trident RNAD Coulport United States Naval Facility, Barbados War Plan Red World War I Supreme War Council World War II European theatre Diplomatic history of World War II United Kingdom–United States relations in World War II Allied technological cooperation during World War II Arnold Scheme British Security Co-ordination Alexander Halpern British contribution to the Manhattan Project British hydrogen bomb programme British nuclear testing in the United States British Purchasing Commission Combined Food Board Combined Munitions Assignments Board Combined Production and Resources Board Combined Raw Materials Board Combined Shipping Adjustment Board Eagle Squadrons Europe first Four-Power Authorities Four Power Naval Commission Operation Bolero Tripartite Naval Commission
Related	Special Relationship Resolute desk United Kingdom and the American Civil War Cotton diplomacy United States v England (1950 FIFA World Cup) American studies in the United Kingdom Bermuda–United States relations Cayman Islands–United States relations British Invasion Second British Invasion Fountain of Time The Ghost Shirt North Atlantic triangle USA House American Ambulance Great Britain The Atlantic Bridge British-American Project British International School of Boston British War Relief Society Cambridge–MIT Institute Friends of Ireland (U.S. Congress) Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission Marshall Scholarship Mont Tremblant Conference Royal Oak Foundation UK Fulbright Commission AC-2 Apollo (cable system) PTAT-1 TAT-3 TAT-7 TAT-8 TAT-11 TAT-12/13 TGN Atlantic Ariel programme Ariel 1 Ariel 2 Yo, Blair Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden Kingdom of Hanover–United States relations 18th-century American piracy of British literature Albion's Seed The Evil Empire: 101 Ways That England Ruined the World Drunk Enough to Say I Love You? Letter from America President Trump – The Piers Morgan Interview
Category:United Kingdom–United States relations

v t e English-speaking world
Further links Articles English-speaking world History of the English language British Empire English in the Commonwealth of Nations Anglosphere Lists List of countries by English-speaking population List of countries where English is an official language   Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Africa Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Europe Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands   Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language Africa Botswana Cameroon Eswatini The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Puerto Rico Asia Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Europe Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia Malta Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu Dependencies shown in italics.

• Anglosphere
• Global surveillance
• Espionage
• Intelligence operations
• National security
• Espionage scandals and incidents
• Australia–United Kingdom relations
• Australia–United States relations
• Australia–New Zealand relations
• Australia–Canada relations
• Canada–United Kingdom relations
• Canada–United States relations
• Canada–New Zealand relations
• New Zealand–United Kingdom relations
• New Zealand–United States relations
• United Kingdom–United States relations