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Flerovium (₁₁₄Fl) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was Fl in 1999 (or possibly 1998). Flerovium has six known isotopes, along with the unconfirmed Fl, and possibly two nuclear isomers. The longest-lived isotope is Fl with a half-life of 1.9 seconds, but Fl may have a longer half-life of 19 seconds.

List of isotopes

1. ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
2. # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
3. Modes of decay:

   EC:	Electron capture
   SF:	Spontaneous fission

4. # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
5. This isotope is unconfirmed

• It is theorized that Fl will have a relatively long half-life, as N = 184 is expected to correspond to a closed neutron shell.

Isotopes and nuclear properties

Nucleosynthesis

Target-projectile combinations leading to Z=114 compound nuclei

The below table contains various combinations of targets and projectiles which could be used to form compound nuclei with an atomic number of 114.

Cold fusion

This section deals with the synthesis of nuclei of flerovium by so-called "cold" fusion reactions. These are processes which create compound nuclei at low excitation energy (~10–20 MeV, hence "cold"), leading to a higher probability of survival from fission. The excited nucleus then decays to the ground state via the emission of one or two neutrons only.

Pb(Ge,xn)Fl

The first attempt to synthesise flerovium in cold fusion reactions was performed at Grand accélérateur national d'ions lourds (GANIL), France in 2003. No atoms were detected, providing a yield limit of 1.2 pb. The team at RIKEN have indicated plans to study this reaction.

Hot fusion

This section deals with the synthesis of nuclei of flerovium by so-called "hot" fusion reactions. These are processes which create compound nuclei at high excitation energy (~40–50 MeV, hence "hot"), leading to a reduced probability of survival from fission. The excited nucleus then decays to the ground state via the emission of 3–5 neutrons. Fusion reactions utilizing Ca nuclei usually produce compound nuclei with intermediate excitation energies (~30–35 MeV) and are sometimes referred to as "warm" fusion reactions. This leads, in part, to relatively high yields from these reactions.

Cm(Ar,xn)Fl

One of the first attempts at synthesis of superheavy elements was performed by Albert Ghiorso et al. and Stan Thompson et al. in 1968 at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory using this reaction. No events attributable to superheavy nuclei were identified; this was expected as the compound nucleus Fl (with N = 174) falls ten neutrons short of the closed shell predicted at N = 184. This first unsuccessful synthesis attempt provided early indications of cross-section and half-life limits for superheavy nuclei producible in hot fusion reactions.

Pu(Ca,xn)Fl (x=2?,3,4,5)

The first experiments on the synthesis of flerovium were performed by the team in Dubna in November 1998. They were able to detect a single, long decay chain, assigned to
Fl. The reaction was repeated in 1999 and a further two atoms of flerovium were detected. The products were assigned to
Fl. The team further studied the reaction in 2002. During the measurement of the 3n, 4n, and 5n neutron evaporation excitation functions they were able to detect three atoms of
Fl, twelve atoms of the new isotope
Fl, and one atom of the new isotope Fl. Based on these results, the first atom to be detected was tentatively reassigned to
Fl or Fl, whilst the two subsequent atoms were reassigned to
Fl and therefore belong to the unofficial discovery experiment. In an attempt to study the chemistry of copernicium as the isotope
Cn, this reaction was repeated in April 2007. Surprisingly, a PSI-FLNR directly detected two atoms of
Fl forming the basis for the first chemical studies of flerovium.

In June 2008, the experiment was repeated in order to further assess the chemistry of the element using the
Fl isotope. A single atom was detected seeming to confirm the noble-gas-like properties of the element.

During May–July 2009, the team at GSI studied this reaction for the first time, as a first step towards the synthesis of tennessine. The team were able to confirm the synthesis and decay data for
Fl and
Fl, producing nine atoms of the former isotope and four atoms of the latter.

Pu(Ca,xn)Fl (x=2,3,4,5)

The team at Dubna first studied this reaction in March–April 1999 and detected two atoms of flerovium, assigned to Fl. The reaction was repeated in September 2003 in order to attempt to confirm the decay data for Fl and Cn since conflicting data for Cn had been collected (see copernicium). The Russian scientists were able to measure decay data for Fl, Fl and the new isotope Fl from the measurement of the 2n, 3n, and 4n excitation functions.

In April 2006, a PSI-FLNR collaboration used the reaction to determine the first chemical properties of copernicium by producing Cn as an overshoot product. In a confirmatory experiment in April 2007, the team were able to detect Fl directly and therefore measure some initial data on the atomic chemical properties of flerovium.

The team at Berkeley, using the Berkeley gas-filled separator (BGS), continued their studies using newly acquired
Pu targets by attempting the synthesis of flerovium in January 2009 using the above reaction. In September 2009, they reported that they had succeeded in detecting two atoms of flerovium, as
Fl and
Fl, confirming the decay properties reported at the FLNR, although the measured cross sections were slightly lower; however the statistics were of lower quality.

In April 2009, the collaboration of Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) and Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (FLNR) of JINR carried out another study of the chemistry of flerovium using this reaction. A single atom of Cn was detected.

In December 2010, the team at the LBNL announced the synthesis of a single atom of the new isotope Fl with the consequent observation of 5 new isotopes of daughter elements.

Pu(Ca,xn)Fl (x=3 for Pu; x=3, 4 for Pu)

The FLNR had plans to study light isotopes of flerovium, formed in the reaction between Pu or Pu and Ca: in particular, the decay products of Fl and Fl were expected to fill in the gap between the isotopes of the lighter superheavy elements formed by cold fusion with Pb and Bi targets and those formed by hot fusion with Ca projectiles. These reactions were studied in 2015. One new isotope was found in both the Pu(Ca,4n) and Pu(Ca,3n) reactions, the rapidly spontaneously fissioning Fl, giving a clear demarcation of the neutron-poor edge of the island of stability. Three atoms of Fl were also produced. The Dubna team repeated their investigation of the Pu+Ca reaction in 2017, observing three new consistent decay chains of Fl, an additional decay chain from this nuclide that may pass through some isomeric states in its daughters, a chain that could be assigned to Fl (likely stemming from Pu impurities in the target), and some spontaneous fission events of which some could be from Fl, though other interpretations including side reactions involving the evaporation of charged particles are also possible.

As a decay product

Most of the isotopes of flerovium have also been observed in the decay chains of livermorium and oganesson.

Retracted isotopes

Fl

In the claimed synthesis of Og in 1999, the isotope Fl was identified as decaying by 11.35 MeV alpha emission with a half-life of 0.58 ms. The claim was retracted in 2001. This isotope was finally created in 2010 and its decay properties supported the fabrication of the previously published decay data.

Chronology of isotope discovery

Fission of compound nuclei with an atomic number of 114

Several experiments have been performed between 2000 and 2004 at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna studying the fission characteristics of the compound nucleus Fl. The nuclear reaction used is Pu+Ca. The results have revealed how nuclei such as this fission predominantly by expelling closed shell nuclei such as Sn (Z = 50, N = 82). It was also found that the yield for the fusion-fission pathway was similar between Ca and Fe projectiles, indicating a possible future use of Fe projectiles in superheavy element formation.

Nuclear isomerism

Fl

In the first claimed synthesis of flerovium, an isotope assigned as Fl decayed by emitting a 9.71 MeV alpha particle with a lifetime of 30 seconds. This activity was not observed in repetitions of the direct synthesis of this isotope. However, in a single case from the synthesis of Lv, a decay chain was measured starting with the emission of a 9.63 MeV alpha particle with a lifetime of 2.7 minutes. All subsequent decays were very similar to that observed from Fl, presuming that the parent decay was missed. This strongly suggests that the activity should be assigned to an isomeric level. The absence of the activity in recent experiments indicates that the yield of the isomer is ~20% compared to the supposed ground state and that the observation in the first experiment was a fortunate (or not as the case history indicates). Further research is required to resolve these issues.

It is possible that these decays are due to Fl, as the beam energies in these early experiments were set quite low, low enough to make the 2n channel plausible. This assignment necessitates the postulation of undetected electron capture to Nh, because it would otherwise be difficult to explain the long half-lives of the daughters of Fl to spontaneous fission if they are all even-even. This would suggest that the erstwhile isomeric Fl, Cn, Ds, and Hs are thus actually Nh (electron capture of Fl having been missed, as current detectors are not sensitive to this decay mode), Rg, Mt, and the spontaneously fissioning Bh, creating some of the most neutron-rich superheavy isotopes known to date: this fits well with the systematic trend of increasing half-life as neutrons are added to superheavy nuclei towards the beta-stability line, which this chain would then terminate very close to. The livermorium parent could then be assigned to Lv, which would have the highest neutron number (178) of all known nuclei, but all these assignments need further confirmation through experiments aimed at reaching the 2n channel in the Pu+Ca and Cm+Ca reactions.

Fl

In a manner similar to those for Fl, first experiments with a Pu target identified an isotope Fl decaying by emission of a 10.29 MeV alpha particle with a lifetime of 5.5 seconds. The daughter spontaneously fissioned with a lifetime in accord with the previous synthesis of Cn. Both these activities have not been observed since (see copernicium). However, the correlation suggests that the results are not random and are possible due to the formation of isomers whose yield is obviously dependent on production methods. Further research is required to unravel these discrepancies. It is also possible that this activity is due to the electron capture of a Fl residue and actually stems from Nh and its daughter Rg.

Yields of isotopes

The tables below provide cross-sections and excitation energies for fusion reactions producing flerovium isotopes directly. Data in bold represent maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel.

Cold fusion

Hot fusion

Theoretical calculations

Evaporation residue cross sections

The below table contains various targets-projectile combinations for which calculations have provided estimates for cross section yields from various neutron evaporation channels. The channel with the highest expected yield is given.

MD = multi-dimensional; DNS = Dinuclear system; σ = cross section

Decay characteristics

Theoretical estimation of the alpha decay half-lives of the isotopes of the flerovium supports the experimental data. The fission-survived isotope Fl is predicted to have alpha decay half-life around 17 days.

In search for the island of stability: Fl

According to macroscopic-microscopic (MM) theory, Z = 114 might be the next spherical magic number. In the region of Z = 114, MM theory indicates that N = 184 is the next spherical neutron magic number and puts forward the nucleus Fl as a strong candidate for the next spherical doubly magic nucleus, after Pb (Z = 82, N = 126). Fl is taken to be at the center of a hypothetical "island of stability" comprising longer-lived superheavy nuclei. However, other calculations using relativistic mean field (RMF) theory propose Z = 120, 122, and 126 as alternative proton magic numbers, depending upon the chosen set of parameters, and some entirely omit Z = 114 or N = 184. It is also possible that rather than a peak at a specific proton shell, there exists a plateau of proton shell effects from Z = 114–126.

The island of stability near Fl is predicted to enhance stability for its constituent nuclei, especially against spontaneous fission as a consequence of greater fission barrier heights near the shell closure. Due to the expected high fission barriers, any nucleus within this island of stability will exclusively decay by alpha emission, and as such, the nucleus with the longest half-life may be Fl; predictions for the half-life of this nucleus range from minutes to billions of years. It may be possible, however, that the longest-lived nuclide is not Fl, but instead Fl (with N = 183), with the unpaired neutron of the latter nuclide conferring additional stability. Other calculations suggest that stability instead peaks in beta-stable isotopes of darmstadtium or copernicium in the vicinity of N = 184 (with half-lives of several hundred years), with flerovium at the upper limit of the stability region.

Evidence for Z=114 closed proton shell

While evidence for closed neutron shells can be deemed directly from the systematic variation of Q_α values for ground-state to ground-state transitions, evidence for closed proton shells comes from (partial) spontaneous fission half-lives. Such data can sometimes be difficult to extract due to low production rates and weak SF branching. In the case of Z = 114, evidence for the effect of this proposed closed shell comes from the comparison between the nuclei pairings Cn (T_SF1/2 = 0.8 ms) and Fl (T_SF1/2 = 130 ms), and Cn (T_SF = 97 ms) and Fl (T_SF > 800 ms). Further evidence would come from the measurement of partial SF half-lives of nuclei with Z > 114, such as Lv and Og (both N = 174 isotones). The extraction of Z = 114 effects is complicated by the presence of a dominating N = 184 effect in this region.

Difficulty of synthesis of Fl

The direct synthesis of the nucleus Fl by a fusion-evaporation pathway is impossible with current technology, as no combination of available projectiles and targets may be used to populate nuclei with enough neutrons to be within the island of stability, and radioactive beams (such as S) cannot be produced with sufficient intensities to make an experiment feasible.

It has been suggested that such a neutron-rich isotope can be formed by the quasifission (partial fusion followed by fission) of a massive nucleus. Such nuclei tend to fission with the formation of isotopes close to the closed shells Z = 20/N = 20 (Ca), Z = 50/N = 82 (Sn) or Z = 82/N = 126 (Pb/Bi). The multi-nucleon transfer reactions in collisions of actinide nuclei (such as uranium and curium) might be used to synthesize the neutron-rich superheavy nuclei located at the island of stability, especially if there are strong shell effects in the region of Z = 114. If this is indeed possible, one such reaction might be:

₉₂U
+
₉₂U
→
₁₁₄Fl
+
₇₀Yb

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• Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
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v t e Isotopes of the chemical elements
Group 1 2   3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Period Hydrogen and alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Pnicto­gens Chal­co­gens Halo­gens Noble gases ① Isotopes § ListH1 Isotopes § ListHe2 ② Isotopes § ListLi3 Isotopes § ListBe4 Isotopes § ListB5 Isotopes § ListC6 Isotopes § ListN7 Isotopes § ListO8 Isotopes § ListF9 Isotopes § ListNe10 ③ Isotopes § ListNa11 Isotopes § ListMg12 Isotopes § ListAl13 Isotopes § ListSi14 Isotopes § ListP15 Isotopes § ListS16 Isotopes § ListCl17 Isotopes § ListAr18 ④ Isotopes § ListK19 Isotopes § ListCa20 Isotopes § ListSc21 Isotopes § ListTi22 Isotopes § ListV23 Isotopes § ListCr24 Isotopes § ListMn25 Isotopes § ListFe26 Isotopes § ListCo27 Isotopes § ListNi28 Isotopes § ListCu29 Isotopes § ListZn30 Isotopes § ListGa31 Isotopes § ListGe32 Isotopes § ListAs33 Isotopes § ListSe34 Isotopes § ListBr35 Isotopes § ListKr36 ⑤ Isotopes § ListRb37 Isotopes § ListSr38 Isotopes § ListY39 Isotopes § ListZr40 Isotopes § ListNb41 Isotopes § ListMo42 Isotopes § ListTc43 Isotopes § ListRu44 Isotopes § ListRh45 Isotopes § ListPd46 Isotopes § ListAg47 Isotopes § ListCd48 Isotopes § ListIn49 Isotopes § ListSn50 Isotopes § ListSb51 Isotopes § ListTe52 Isotopes § ListI53 Isotopes § ListXe54 ⑥ Isotopes § ListCs55 Isotopes § ListBa56 Isotopes § ListLu71 Isotopes § ListHf72 Isotopes § ListTa73 Isotopes § ListW74 Isotopes § ListRe75 Isotopes § ListOs76 Isotopes § ListIr77 Isotopes § ListPt78 Isotopes § ListAu79 Isotopes § ListHg80 Isotopes § ListTl81 Isotopes § ListPb82 Isotopes § ListBi83 Isotopes § ListPo84 Isotopes § ListAt85 Isotopes § ListRn86 ⑦ Isotopes § ListFr87 Isotopes § ListRa88 Isotopes § ListLr103 Isotopes § ListRf104 Isotopes § ListDb105 Isotopes § ListSg106 Isotopes § ListBh107 Isotopes § ListHs108 Isotopes § ListMt109 Isotopes § ListDs110 Isotopes § ListRg111 Isotopes § ListCn112 Isotopes § ListNh113 Isotopes § ListFl114 Isotopes § ListMc115 Isotopes § ListLv116 Isotopes § ListTs117 Isotopes § ListOg118 ⑧ Isotopes § ListUue119 Isotopes § ListUbn120 Isotopes § ListLa57 Isotopes § ListCe58 Isotopes § ListPr59 Isotopes § ListNd60 Isotopes § ListPm61 Isotopes § ListSm62 Isotopes § ListEu63 Isotopes § ListGd64 Isotopes § ListTb65 Isotopes § ListDy66 Isotopes § ListHo67 Isotopes § ListEr68 Isotopes § ListTm69 Isotopes § ListYb70   Isotopes § ListAc89 Isotopes § ListTh90 Isotopes § ListPa91 Isotopes § ListU92 Isotopes § ListNp93 Isotopes § ListPu94 Isotopes § ListAm95 Isotopes § ListCm96 Isotopes § ListBk97 Isotopes § ListCf98 Isotopes § ListEs99 Isotopes § ListFm100 Isotopes § ListMd101 Isotopes § ListNo102
Table of nuclides Categories: Isotopes Tables of nuclides Metastable isotopes Isotopes by element

• Isotopes of flerovium
• Flerovium
• Lists of isotopes by element