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Anim languages

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(Redirected from Fly River languages) Language family of New Guinea
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Anim
Fly River
Geographic
distribution
Fly River, central southern New Guinea
Linguistic classificationTrans-New Guinea?
  • Anim
Proto-languageProto-Anim
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottologanim1240
Map of the Anim languages in relation to other language families on New Guinea.   The Anim families   Other Trans–New Guinea families   Other Papuan languages   Austronesian languages   Uninhabited

The Anim or Fly River languages are a language family in south-central New Guinea established by Usher & Suter (2015). The names of the family derive from the Fly River and from the Proto-Anim word *anim 'people'.

Languages

The 17 Anim languages belong to the following four subfamilies:

The moribund Abom language, previously considered a member of the Tirio family, is of uncertain classification, possibly Trans–New Guinea, but does not appear to be Anim. The extinct Karami language, attested only in a short word list and previously assigned to the Inland Gulf family, defies classification (Usher and Suter 2015).

Anim languages and respective demographic information listed by Evans (2018) are provided below.

List of Anim languages
Language Subgroup Location Population Alternate names
Marind Nuclear Marind central Merauke Regency and southeast corner (Indonesia) 7,000
Bian Nuclear Marind northeast Merauke Regency (Indonesia) 2,900
Yaqay Yaqay eastern Mappi Regency (Indonesia) 10,000
Warkay-Bipim Yaqay south Asmat Regency (Indonesia) 300
Kuni-Boazi Lake Murray (Boazi) west Lake Murray (PNG) 4,500
Zimakani Lake Murray (Boazi) southwest Lake Murray across border (PNG) 1,500
Tirio Tirio (Lower Fly) south bank of lower Fly River (PNG) 1900 Makayam
Bitur Tirio (Lower Fly) south bank of lower Fly River (PNG) 860 Mutum, Paswam, Bituri
Adulu Tirio (Lower Fly) south Gogodala Rural LLG (PNG) 220 Aturu
Lewada-Dewara Tirio (Lower Fly) Gogodala Rural LLG (PNG) 700 Were
Baramu Tirio (Lower Fly) south bank of lower Fly River (PNG) 850
Ipiko Ipiko (Inland Gulf) West Kikori Rural LLG (PNG)

Reconstruction

Phonemes

Proto-Anim
Reconstruction ofAnim languages

Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:

*m *n
*p *t *k
*mb *nd *ŋg
*s
*w *r *j

Vowels are *a *e *i *o *u.

Pronouns

Proto-Anim pronouns (Usher and Suter 2015):

sg pl
1 *na- *ni-
2 *ŋga- *ja
3 *(u)a- *ja

By 2020, comparison with the neighboring TNG branch Awyu–Ok had led so some revision of the reconstructions. Here are the nominative and possessive/object forms:

sg pl
1 *no, *na- *ni, *na-/*ni-
2 *ŋgo, **ŋga- *o, *a-
3m *e, *e- *i, *i-
3f *u, *u-

The demonstrative third-person forms *e-, *u-, *i- are an innovation shared with proto-Awyu–Ok, which has the same vowel ablaut in the second person as well. They reflect a gender ablaut of msg *e, fsg *u, nsg *, and pl *i, as in *anem 'man', *anum 'woman', *anim 'people', or *we 'father', *wu 'mother', *wi 'parents'.

Lexicon

Proto-Anim lexical reconstructions by Usher & Suter (2015) are:

gloss Proto-Anim
‘house’ *aɸ(a,o)
‘younger sibling’ *am(o)=e/*am=u
‘laugh’ *awend(V)
‘thigh’ *mboɸo
‘breast’ *mbumb(V)
‘tree’ *nde
‘navel’ *ndekum(u)
‘sago’ *ndou
‘build a nest’ *ewes
‘bone’ *ɸia(u)
‘rain’ *ŋg(a,o)e
‘night’ *ŋgap(o)
‘eat, drink’ *ŋg(e,a)i
‘root’ *itit(i)
‘lip’ *itup(u)
‘cry’ *iwo
‘tooth’ *kam(V)
‘egg, seed’ *kan(a,e)
‘paddle’ *kawea
‘mouth, teeth’ *maŋg(a,o)t(o)
‘come’ *mano
‘speech, voice’ *mean(V)
‘two’ *measi
‘fruit, seed’ *moko(m)
‘heart’ *muki(k)
‘mosquito’ *naŋg(a,i)t(i)
‘banana’ *napet(o)
‘sleep’ *nu
‘forearm’ *piŋgi
‘stand’ *ratinV
‘hand’ *seŋga
‘tongue’ *sas(a)
‘meat, fish’ *sawa(i)
‘tail feathers’ *sum(V)
‘fire, tree’ *tae
‘wing’ *taɸ(u)
‘nape’ *temuk(u)
‘lie down’ *tenV

Below are selected reconstructions for Proto-Fly River (Proto-Anim) and branches by Usher (2020).

gloss Proto-
Fly River
Proto-
Inland Gulf
Proto-
Lower Fly River
Proto-
Lake Murray
Proto-
Marind-Yaqay
Proto-
Marind
Proto-
Yakhai-Warkay
Proto-
Yakhai
head *gia *pa *muku
hair *duɾumə; *duɾum
ear *tu; *jeja *towap *kambet *kembet, *kambet *kmbet
eye *kindV *kuɸino *baɾid *kind *kind *kind
nose *dasi *miw *aŋgi₂p *smaŋg
tooth *kam *ta; *bese *suwə; *kam; *su *kam *maŋgt *maŋgat *maŋgt
tongue *sas *koda; *sasa *jimə; *jim *naseam; *sas *inVm *inum *inm
leg *idini *tegu
louse *nmŋg *uani *oɾn *uŋg *nambun *nahun; *mba *nambun
dog *gaso *s; *diɾean *gaɣo *ŋgat
pig *mbasik *maɸa *mnawə *basik *basik *basik *basik
bird *ewesa *dawod *ujub *petɣau
egg *kanV *ɸutu; *usu *sVɣaɾə *mogaw; *kan *magaw *moa
blood *nauɾə *kouk *do
bone *mbaiŋg; *ɸia *ɸia *naɾak(ə); *baig *bajag *hia *haiau, *hiau *hia *ia
skin *nikopi; *koipo *ŋgusum *ugu
breast *jono *bub *toto *bub *abut
tree *nde *de *naukə *tae *de *de *de
man *anem *aneme *anem(ə) *anem *anem *anem
woman *anum *anumu *anum(ə) *anum *anum *anum *sau
sun *nowumu; *siwio *manom *kaia *katane
moon *bubei *manom *mandou *kam
water *ogo *mauə *neia, *naia *adika *adeka *adika *maⁱ
fire *tae *maɸi; *tae *jau *tae *tekaw *tekaw *teka
stone *didigə *seŋgV *ketaɾ; *seŋga *seŋgV *seŋgi
path *jigei *ewean *isas
name *jiga *gag *ij *gj *igij *
eat *tamu *ɣawi *bae
one *ija (?) *jaigio *ɣoɾa *koapo *ija *ijako; *ijakod
two *meas *measi *mis *inah *aiaɣamat

References

  1. ^ Timothy Usher and Edgar Suter (2015) "The Anim Languages of Southern New Guinea". Oceanic Linguistics 54:110–142
  2. ^ Timothy Usher & Edgar Suter. Proto–Fly River. New Guinea World.
  3. Evans, Nicholas (2018). "The languages of Southern New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 641–774. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.

External links

  • Timothy Usher & Edgar Suter, New Guinea World, Proto–Fly River (see also reconstructions of branches)
Anim languages
Tirio (Lower Fly)
Boazi (Lake Murray)
Marind–Yaqai
Inland Gulf
Trans–New Guinea languages
West Trans–New Guinea languages
Dani
Paniai Lakes
West Bomberai
Timor–Alor–Pantar
East Timor
Alor–Pantar
Others
Central and South New Guinea languages
Asmat–Kamoro
Asmat
Sabakor
Others
Greater Awyu
Awyu–Dumut
Becking–Dawi
Ok–Oksapmin
Western
Lowland
Mountain
Others
Bayono–Awbono
Komolom
Somahai
Kutubuan languages
East Kutubuan
West Kutubuan
Chimbu–Wahgi languages
Jimi
Wahgi
Chimbu
Hagen
Kainantu–Goroka languages
Goroka
Gahuku
Kamono–Yagaria
Others
Kainantu
Tairora
Gauwa
Other
Madang languages
Croisilles
(Adelbert Range)
Dimir-Malas
Kaukombar
Kowan
Kumil
Numugen
Omosan
Tiboran
other
Kalam
Mabuso
Kokan
Gum
Hanseman
other
Mindjim
Rai Coast
(South Madang)
Awung
Brahman
Evapia
Peka
Nuru
Kabenau
other
Southern Adelbert
Tomul (Josephstaal)
Sogeram (Wanang)
Yaganon
(unclear)
Finisterre–Huon languages
Finisterre
Erap
Gusap–Mot
Uruwa
Wantoat
Warup
Yupna
Huon
Eastern
Western
Southeast Papuan languages
Koiarian
Kwalean
Manubaran
Yareban
Mailuan
Dagan
Anim languages
Tirio (Lower Fly)
Boazi (Lake Murray)
Marind–Yaqai
Inland Gulf
Other families
Angan
Awin–Pa
Binanderean
Bosavi
Duna–Pogaya
East Strickland
Engan
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Goilalan
Kayagaric
Kiwaian
Kolopom
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isolates
Papuan language families
(Palmer 2018 classification)
Trans-New Guinea
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Central Papua, Indonesia
Southeast Papua, Indonesia
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Central Papua New Guinea
Papuan Peninsula
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families and isolates
Bird's Head Peninsula
families and isolates
Northern Western New Guinea
families and isolates
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families and isolates
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families and isolates
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Gulf of Papua and southern New Guinea
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Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands
families and isolates
Rossel Island
isolate
Proposed groupings
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