| George Washington Crile | |
|---|---|
 George Washington Crile | |
| Born | November 11, 1864 Chili, Ohio |
| Died | January 7, 1943(1943-01-07) (aged 78) Cleveland, Ohio |
| Resting place | Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Ohio Northern University; Wooster Medical College (now part of Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine |
| Known for | Co-founding the Cleveland Clinic |
| Children | George Crile, Jr. |
| Relatives | George Crile III (grandson), Rip Esselstyn (great-grandson) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Surgery |
George Washington Crile (November 11, 1864 – January 7, 1943) was an American surgeon. Crile is now formally recognized as the first surgeon to have succeeded in a direct blood transfusion. He contributed to other procedures, such as neck dissection. Crile designed a small hemostatic forceps which bears his name; the Crile mosquito clamp. He also described a technique for using opioids, regional anesthesia and general anesthesia which is a concept known as balanced anesthesia. He is also known for co-founding the Cleveland Clinic in 1921.
Early life
Crile was born in Chili, Ohio. He graduated from Ohio Northern University in 1885. In 1887, he received his M.D. from Wooster Medical College which merged to form modern day Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine. He did further study at Vienna, London and Paris.
Career
He taught at Wooster from 1889 to 1900. He was professor of clinical medicine at Western Reserve University from 1900 to 1911, and was then made professor of surgery. He was chair of surgery at Lakeside Hospital from 1910 to 1924. Crile was responsible for whole blood transfusion, in 1906, and he spurred the use of the new X-ray machines.
During the Spanish–American War, he was made a member of the Medical Reserve Corps and served in Puerto Rico (1898). He was made an honorable F.R.C.S. (London) in 1913. After America entered World War I, he became a major in the medical O.T.C., and professional director (1917–18). He served with the British Expeditionary Force (B.E.F.) in France and was senior consultant in surgical research (1918–19). He was made lieutenant-colonel in June 1918, and colonel later in the year.
He made important contributions to the study of blood pressure and of shock in operations. Realizing that any strong emotion, such as fear before operation, produced shock, he attempted to allay dread by psychic suggestion, also endeavouring to prevent the subjective shock which affects the patient, even when under general anaesthesia, by first anaesthetizing the operative region with cocaine for several days, if necessary, before operating. Thus nerve communication between the affected part and the brain was already obstructed when the general anaesthetic was administered. For his work in shockless surgery he received a gold medal from the National Institute of Social Sciences in 1917.
When he retired from the Medical School at age 65, Crile went into private practice and worked with those establishing the new Cleveland Clinic.
Publications
- Surgical Shock (1897)
- On the Blood Pressure in Surgery (1903)
- Hemorrhage and Transfusion (1909)
- Surgical Anemia and Resuscitation (1914)
- The Origin and Nature of the Emotions (1915)
- A Mechanistic View of War and Peace (1917).
- Man an Adaptive Mechanism (1916) The Fallacy of the German State Philosophy (1918)
- The Surgical Treatment of Hypertension (1938)
Honors
- Crile was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1912
- In World War II, the United States liberty ship SS George Crile was named in his honor.
- The U.S. Army's Crile General Hospital in Cleveland, Ohio was named in his honor on 21 April 1944.
- The lunar crater Crile is also named after him.
Personal life
He married Grace Elizabeth McBride (1876–1948), a sister of David Reed. His son, George Crile Jr., was also a surgeon. His grandson George Crile III was a journalist, author, and CBS producer.
He died on January 7, 1943, in Cleveland. He is buried in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio.
References
- Grunfeld GB, George Crile performs the first direct blood transfusion. In Great Events from History: Science and Technology II edited by Frank N. Magill (Pasadena, CA: Salem Press 1991, pp. 275-9).
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). "Crile, George Washington" . Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.
- "Cleveland Heights Historical Society - People". Chhistory.org. November 25, 1958. Archived from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved February 7, 2014.
- "Early Cleveland Medical Schools". Dittrick Medical History Center. Archived from the original on September 7, 2008.
- "Case Western Reserve University". Case.edu. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 7, 2014.
- ^ "Case Surgery Department History, Dr. George Washington Crile". Department of Surgery, Case Western Reserve University. Archived from the original on September 6, 2009.
His interest in shock from blood loss culminated in the first local transfusion of whole blood in 1906 and his interest in trauma spurred the use of the new Roentgen X-ray machines.
- Crile, George W. (1917). A Mechanistic View of War and Peace. Toronto, Canada: The MacMillan Company.
- "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2023-11-22.
- "Crile General Hospital, Army Service Forces, Fifth Service Command". US National Library of Medicine. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
- Vigil, Vicki Blum (2007). Cemeteries of Northeast Ohio: Stones, Symbols & Stories. Cleveland: Gray & Company Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59851-025-6.
Further reading
- Yentis SM, Hirsch NP, Smith GB editors, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care A-Z, Elsevier Ltd, London, 2000
- Kazi, R A (2003). "The life and times of George Washington Crile". Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 49 (3). India: 289–90. ISSN 0022-3859. PMID 14597804.
- Hermann, R E (May 1994). "George Washington Crile (1864-1943)". Journal of Medical Biography. 2 (2). ENGLAND: 78–83. doi:10.1177/096777209400200204. ISSN 0967-7720. PMID 11639241. S2CID 20045313.
External links
- "George Washington Crile". PBS. Archived from the original on 2010-04-13. Retrieved 19 April 2021. (Replacing dead PBS link)
- Works by George Washington Crile at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about George Washington Crile at the Internet Archive
- George Washington Crile on Lives of the First World War
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| People |
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- 1864 births
- 1943 deaths
- American surgeons
- Burials at Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine alumni
- Cleveland Clinic people
- Ohio Northern University alumni
- American expatriates in Austria
- American expatriates in France
- American expatriates in the United Kingdom
- Members of the American Philosophical Society