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Giant birefringence

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When values of birefingence are very high, the property is termed giant birefringence which more generically is called giant optical anisotropy. Values for giant birefringence exceed 0.3. Much bigger numbers (over 2.0) are termed "colossal birefringence". These are achieved using nanostructures.

Some oxides, for example borate or iodate can have high birefringence. Also compounds containing C=O bonds have higher levels. These include oxalates, squarates and cyanurates. One trade-off is with band gap. If the band gap is small, then the material is not transparent to visible light, but can be transparent for infrared. Chalgogenides may have high birefringence, but only in the infrared. Halide perovskites such as CsPbBrxCl3-x have fairly high birefringence that varies significantly in the optical spectrum.

Some transition metal oxyhalides: MoOCl4, WOCl4, have birefringence in the giant category and MoO2Br2, WOBr4, NbOBr2, and NbOI2 are predicted to have birefringence over 0.6 at 1065 nm.

List

substance formula birefringence band gap eV comment reference
guanidinium hydrogen squarate C(NH2)3(HC4O4) 0.313@546 nm
NbSe2I2 0.313
LiBF2C2O4 0.317@546 nm
barium cyanurate Ba3(C3N3O3)2 0.32@800 nm
pentazinc dicyanurate tetrahydroxide Zn5(OH)4(C3N3O3)2 0.32@400 nm
magnesium tetrazinc dicyanurate tetrahydroxide MgZn4(OH)4(C3N3O3)2 0.32@400 nm
pyridinium antimony oxalate difluoride hydrate Sb(C2O4)F2·H2O 0.323@546 nm
Cs2Sb2(C2O4)2-F4·H2O 0.325@546 nm
β-(C3H7N6)2Cl2·H2O 0.33–0.38@550 nm
(C3H7N6)F·H2O 0.33–0.38@550 nm
scandium diiodate nitrate Sc(IO3)2(NO3) 0.348 at 546 nm
potassium indium tetra(iso-cyamelurate) octadecahydrate K0.5In0.5(H2C6N7O3)2·9H2O 0.35@1064 nm 4.05 eV
calcium squarate CaC4O4 0.35@1064
tristrontium dicyanurate β-Sr3(C3N3O3) 0.35
cerium difluoride sulfate CeF2(SO4) 0.361
Na4Ba3(S2)4S3 0.37 at 1064 nm
guanidinium hydrogen oxalate hydrate HC2O4·H2O 0.371@532 nm
Cs2Pb4Br10 0.392 @ 550 nm
RbNH4(H2C3N3O3)2·2H2O 0.40 @ 1064 nm 5.24
dipotasium hydrogen trithiocyanate hemihydrate K4(HC3N3S3)2·H2O 0.402 @550 nm
K1.03(NH4)0.97(I5O12)(IO3) 0.405 @546 nm
LCHCY hydroisocyanurate Li2Ca(H2C3N3O3)4·6H2O 0.407@800 nm
guanidinium dihydrogen cyanurate C(NH2)3(H2C3N3O3) 0.419@400 nm UV cutoff 238 nm
(NH4)2(I5O12)(IO3) 0.431 @546 nm
tripotassium cyamelurate dihydrate K3C6N7O3·2H2O 0.446@1064 nm
Al4(P2S6)3 0.47 @ 2050 nm
sodium hydrogen squarate hydrate NaHC4O4·H2O 0.52 at 1064 nm
HgB2S4 0.52 at 1064 nm
tricaesium tricyanomelaminate hydrate Cs3C6N9•H2O 0.52@550 nm
CrSbSe3 0.56 at 650 nm
Cs2S6 0.58@1064 nm
trithiocyanurate Cs2Mg(H2C3N3S3)4·8H2O 0.58@800 nm UV cutoff 374 nm
ZrTe5 0.58 @ 942 nm
Ba2HgTe5 0.643@2090 nm 1.28
mercury hexathiodiphosphate Hg2P2S6 0.65@546 nm,

0.50 @ 1064 nm,

0.48 @2050 nm

Ba6Sb6O2S13 0.66 at 2050 nm black; thermal conductivity of 0.25 W m K at 700 K
Sn2PO4I 0.664@546 nm
Na2BP2 0.68
hexagonal boron nitride h-BN 0.7
BaTiSe3 0.7
BaTiS3 0.76
vanadium dioxide VO2 >0.9 in thin film
sodium rhodizonate Na2C6O6 1.35@2500 1.6 brown
molybdenum ditelluride MoTe2 1.54 mid IR
tungsten disulfide WS2 1.95 refractive indexes 4.96, 3.01
Sr9/8TiS3 2.1 in mid IR ne = 4.5 no = 2.4

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