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In statistical mechanics, the Griffiths inequality, sometimes also called Griffiths–Kelly–Sherman inequality or GKS inequality, named after Robert B. Griffiths, is a correlation inequality for ferromagnetic spin systems. Informally, it says that in ferromagnetic spin systems, if the 'a-priori distribution' of the spin is invariant under spin flipping, the correlation of any monomial of the spins is non-negative; and the two point correlation of two monomial of the spins is non-negative.

The inequality was proved by Griffiths for Ising ferromagnets with two-body interactions, then generalised by Kelly and Sherman to interactions involving an arbitrary number of spins, and then by Griffiths to systems with arbitrary spins. A more general formulation was given by Ginibre, and is now called the Ginibre inequality.

Definitions

Let ${\displaystyle \textstyle \sigma =\{\sigma _{j}\}_{j\in \Lambda }}$ be a configuration of (continuous or discrete) spins on a lattice Λ. If A ⊂ Λ is a list of lattice sites, possibly with duplicates, let ${\displaystyle \textstyle \sigma _{A}=\prod _{j\in A}\sigma _{j}}$ be the product of the spins in A.

Assign an a-priori measure dμ(σ) on the spins; let H be an energy functional of the form

${\displaystyle H(\sigma )=-\sum _{A}J_{A}\sigma _{A}~,}$

where the sum is over lists of sites A, and let

${\displaystyle Z=\int d\mu (\sigma )e^{-H(\sigma )}}$

be the partition function. As usual,

${\displaystyle \langle f\rangle ={\frac {1}{Z}}\sum _{\sigma }f(\sigma )e^{-H(\sigma )}}$

stands for the ensemble average.

The system is called ferromagnetic if, for any list of sites A, J_A ≥ 0. The system is called invariant under spin flipping if, for any j in Λ, the measure μ is preserved under the sign flipping map σ → τ, where

${\displaystyle \tau _{k}={\begin{cases}\sigma _{k},&k\neq j,\\-\sigma _{k},&k=j.\end{cases}}}$

Statement of inequalities

First Griffiths inequality

In a ferromagnetic spin system which is invariant under spin flipping,

${\displaystyle \langle \sigma _{A}\rangle \geq 0}$

for any list of spins A.

Second Griffiths inequality

In a ferromagnetic spin system which is invariant under spin flipping,

${\displaystyle \langle \sigma _{A}\sigma _{B}\rangle \geq \langle \sigma _{A}\rangle \langle \sigma _{B}\rangle }$

for any lists of spins A and B.

The first inequality is a special case of the second one, corresponding to B = ∅.

Proof

Observe that the partition function is non-negative by definition.

Proof of first inequality: Expand

${\displaystyle e^{-H(\sigma )}=\prod _{B}\sum _{k\geq 0}{\frac {J_{B}^{k}\sigma _{B}^{k}}{k!}}=\sum _{\{k_{C}\}_{C}}\prod _{B}{\frac {J_{B}^{k_{B}}\sigma _{B}^{k_{B}}}{k_{B}!}}~,}$

then

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}Z\langle \sigma _{A}\rangle &=\int d\mu (\sigma )\sigma _{A}e^{-H(\sigma )}=\sum _{\{k_{C}\}_{C}}\prod _{B}{\frac {J_{B}^{k_{B}}}{k_{B}!}}\int d\mu (\sigma )\sigma _{A}\sigma _{B}^{k_{B}}\\&=\sum _{\{k_{C}\}_{C}}\prod _{B}{\frac {J_{B}^{k_{B}}}{k_{B}!}}\int d\mu (\sigma )\prod _{j\in \Lambda }\sigma _{j}^{n_{A}(j)+k_{B}n_{B}(j)}~,\end{aligned}}}$

where n_A(j) stands for the number of times that j appears in A. Now, by invariance under spin flipping,

${\displaystyle \int d\mu (\sigma )\prod _{j}\sigma _{j}^{n(j)}=0}$

if at least one n(j) is odd, and the same expression is obviously non-negative for even values of n. Therefore, Z<σ_A>≥0, hence also <σ_A>≥0.

Proof of second inequality. For the second Griffiths inequality, double the random variable, i.e. consider a second copy of the spin, ${\displaystyle \sigma '}$, with the same distribution of ${\displaystyle \sigma }$. Then

${\displaystyle \langle \sigma _{A}\sigma _{B}\rangle -\langle \sigma _{A}\rangle \langle \sigma _{B}\rangle =\langle \langle \sigma _{A}(\sigma _{B}-\sigma '_{B})\rangle \rangle ~.}$

Introduce the new variables

${\displaystyle \sigma _{j}=\tau _{j}+\tau _{j}'~,\qquad \sigma '_{j}=\tau _{j}-\tau _{j}'~.}$

The doubled system ${\displaystyle \langle \langle \;\cdot \;\rangle \rangle }$ is ferromagnetic in ${\displaystyle \tau ,\tau '}$ because ${\displaystyle -H(\sigma )-H(\sigma ')}$ is a polynomial in ${\displaystyle \tau ,\tau '}$ with positive coefficients

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sum _{A}J_{A}(\sigma _{A}+\sigma '_{A})&=\sum _{A}J_{A}\sum _{X\subset A}\left\tau _{A\setminus X}\tau '_{X}\end{aligned}}}$

Besides the measure on ${\displaystyle \tau ,\tau '}$ is invariant under spin flipping because ${\displaystyle d\mu (\sigma )d\mu (\sigma ')}$ is. Finally the monomials ${\displaystyle \sigma _{A}}$, ${\displaystyle \sigma _{B}-\sigma '_{B}}$ are polynomials in ${\displaystyle \tau ,\tau '}$ with positive coefficients

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sigma _{A}&=\sum _{X\subset A}\tau _{A\setminus X}\tau '_{X}~,\\\sigma _{B}-\sigma '_{B}&=\sum _{X\subset B}\left\tau _{B\setminus X}\tau '_{X}~.\end{aligned}}}$

The first Griffiths inequality applied to ${\displaystyle \langle \langle \sigma _{A}(\sigma _{B}-\sigma '_{B})\rangle \rangle }$ gives the result.

More details are in and.

Extension: Ginibre inequality

The Ginibre inequality is an extension, found by Jean Ginibre, of the Griffiths inequality.

Formulation

Let (Γ, μ) be a probability space. For functions f, h on Γ, denote

${\displaystyle \langle f\rangle _{h}=\int f(x)e^{-h(x)}\,d\mu (x){\Big /}\int e^{-h(x)}\,d\mu (x).}$

Let A be a set of real functions on Γ such that. for every f₁,f₂,...,f_n in A, and for any choice of signs ±,

${\displaystyle \iint d\mu (x)\,d\mu (y)\prod _{j=1}^{n}(f_{j}(x)\pm f_{j}(y))\geq 0.}$

Then, for any f,g,−h in the convex cone generated by A,

${\displaystyle \langle fg\rangle _{h}-\langle f\rangle _{h}\langle g\rangle _{h}\geq 0.}$

Proof

Let

${\displaystyle Z_{h}=\int e^{-h(x)}\,d\mu (x).}$

Then

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&Z_{h}^{2}\left(\langle fg\rangle _{h}-\langle f\rangle _{h}\langle g\rangle _{h}\right)\\&\qquad =\iint d\mu (x)\,d\mu (y)f(x)(g(x)-g(y))e^{-h(x)-h(y)}\\&\qquad =\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }\iint d\mu (x)\,d\mu (y)f(x)(g(x)-g(y)){\frac {(-h(x)-h(y))^{k}}{k!}}.\end{aligned}}}$

Now the inequality follows from the assumption and from the identity

${\displaystyle f(x)={\frac {1}{2}}(f(x)+f(y))+{\frac {1}{2}}(f(x)-f(y)).}$

Examples

• To recover the (second) Griffiths inequality, take Γ = {−1, +1}, where Λ is a lattice, and let μ be a measure on Γ that is invariant under sign flipping. The cone A of polynomials with positive coefficients satisfies the assumptions of the Ginibre inequality.
• (Γ, μ) is a commutative compact group with the Haar measure, A is the cone of real positive definite functions on Γ.
• Γ is a totally ordered set, A is the cone of real positive non-decreasing functions on Γ. This yields Chebyshev's sum inequality. For extension to partially ordered sets, see FKG inequality.

Applications

• The thermodynamic limit of the correlations of the ferromagnetic Ising model (with non-negative external field h and free boundary conditions) exists.

This is because increasing the volume is the same as switching on new couplings J_B for a certain subset B. By the second Griffiths inequality

${\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial J_{B}}}\langle \sigma _{A}\rangle =\langle \sigma _{A}\sigma _{B}\rangle -\langle \sigma _{A}\rangle \langle \sigma _{B}\rangle \geq 0}$

Hence ${\displaystyle \langle \sigma _{A}\rangle }$ is monotonically increasing with the volume; then it converges since it is bounded by 1.

• The one-dimensional, ferromagnetic Ising model with interactions ${\displaystyle J_{x,y}\sim |x-y|^{-\alpha }}$ displays a phase transition if ${\displaystyle 1<\alpha <2}$.

This property can be shown in a hierarchical approximation, that differs from the full model by the absence of some interactions: arguing as above with the second Griffiths inequality, the results carries over the full model.

• The Ginibre inequality provides the existence of the thermodynamic limit for the free energy and spin correlations for the two-dimensional classical XY model. Besides, through Ginibre inequality, Kunz and Pfister proved the presence of a phase transition for the ferromagnetic XY model with interaction ${\displaystyle J_{x,y}\sim |x-y|^{-\alpha }}$ if ${\displaystyle 2<\alpha <4}$.
• Aizenman and Simon used the Ginibre inequality to prove that the two point spin correlation of the ferromagnetic classical XY model in dimension ${\displaystyle D}$, coupling ${\displaystyle J>0}$ and inverse temperature ${\displaystyle \beta }$ is dominated by (i.e. has upper bound given by) the two point correlation of the ferromagnetic Ising model in dimension ${\displaystyle D}$, coupling ${\displaystyle J>0}$, and inverse temperature ${\displaystyle \beta /2}$

${\displaystyle \langle \mathbf {s} _{i}\cdot \mathbf {s} _{j}\rangle _{J,2\beta }\leq \langle \sigma _{i}\sigma _{j}\rangle _{J,\beta }}$

Hence the critical ${\displaystyle \beta }$ of the XY model cannot be smaller than the double of the critical ${\displaystyle \beta }$ of the Ising model

${\displaystyle \beta _{c}^{XY}\geq 2\beta _{c}^{\rm {Is}}~;}$

in dimension D = 2 and coupling J = 1, this gives

${\displaystyle \beta _{c}^{XY}\geq \ln(1+{\sqrt {2}})\approx 0.88~.}$

• There exists a version of the Ginibre inequality for the Coulomb gas that implies the existence of thermodynamic limit of correlations.
• Other applications (phase transitions in spin systems, XY model, XYZ quantum chain) are reviewed in.

References

1. Griffiths, R.B. (1967). "Correlations in Ising Ferromagnets. I". J. Math. Phys. 8 (3): 478–483. Bibcode:1967JMP.....8..478G. doi:10.1063/1.1705219.
2. Kelly, D.J.; Sherman, S. (1968). "General Griffiths' inequalities on correlations in Ising ferromagnets". J. Math. Phys. 9 (3): 466–484. Bibcode:1968JMP.....9..466K. doi:10.1063/1.1664600.
3. Griffiths, R.B. (1969). "Rigorous Results for Ising Ferromagnets of Arbitrary Spin". J. Math. Phys. 10 (9): 1559–1565. Bibcode:1969JMP....10.1559G. doi:10.1063/1.1665005.
4. ^ Ginibre, J. (1970). "General formulation of Griffiths' inequalities". Comm. Math. Phys. 16 (4): 310–328. Bibcode:1970CMaPh..16..310G. doi:10.1007/BF01646537. S2CID 120649586.
5. Glimm, J.; Jaffe, A. (1987). Quantum Physics. A functional integral point of view. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-96476-2.
6. Friedli, S.; Velenik, Y. (2017). Statistical Mechanics of Lattice Systems: a Concrete Mathematical Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107184824.
7. Dyson, F.J. (1969). "Existence of a phase-transition in a one-dimensional Ising ferromagnet". Comm. Math. Phys. 12 (2): 91–107. Bibcode:1969CMaPh..12...91D. doi:10.1007/BF01645907. S2CID 122117175.
8. Aizenman, M.; Simon, B. (1980). "A comparison of plane rotor and Ising models". Phys. Lett. A. 76 (3–4): 281–282. Bibcode:1980PhLA...76..281A. doi:10.1016/0375-9601(80)90493-4.
9. Fröhlich, J.; Park, Y.M. (1978). "Correlation inequalities and the thermodynamic limit for classical and quantum continuous systems". Comm. Math. Phys. 59 (3): 235–266. Bibcode:1978CMaPh..59..235F. doi:10.1007/BF01611505. S2CID 119758048.
10. Griffiths, R.B. (1972). "Rigorous results and theorems". In C. Domb and M.S.Green (ed.). Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena. Vol. 1. New York: Academic Press. p. 7.

• Inequalities
• Statistical mechanics