Governorate of the Río de la Plata

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The Governorate of the Río de la Plata (1549−1776) (Spanish: Gobernación del Río de la Plata, pronounced [ɡoβeɾnaˈsjon del ˈri.o ðe la ˈplata]) was one of the governorates of the Spanish Empire. It was created in 1549 by Spain in the area around the Río de la Plata.

It was at first simply a renaming of the New Andalusia Governorate and included all of the land between 470 and 670 leagues south of the mouth of the Río Santiago along the Pacific coast. After 1617, Paraguay was separated under a separate administration (Asunción had been the capital of the governorate since Juan de Ayolas.)

After the founding of the Viceroyalty of Peru in 1542, the governorate was since its birth under its authority until the formation of the independent Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata in 1776. Similarly, it was under the jurisdiction of the Royal Audience of Charcas until the formation of the independent Royal Audience of Buenos Aires from 1661 to 1671 and after 1783.

Governors of New Andalusia

Adelantado Governor, Captain General, and Chief justice Pedro de Mendoza (1534–1537). First founding of Buenos Aires; Fort Corpus Christi founded by Juan de Ayolas. Retires and dies mad en route home.
Governor Juan de Ayolas (1537–1539). Resided in Paraguay, where Asunción was founded by Juan de Salazar de Espinoza. Killed by natives.
Lt. Governor Francisco Ruíz Galán (1537–1541). Resided at Buenos Aires, prior to its abandonment.
Governor Domingo Martínez de Irala (1539–1541). Elected by the colonists, disputed the authority of Galán.
Adelantado Governor Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (1541–1544). Victorious campaign against Guarani in 1542. Arrested and returned to Spain for trial.

Governors of the Río de la Plata

Governor Domingo Martínez de Irala (1544–1556). Encouraged his men to marry and keep concubines from local women. Two adelantados are unable to arrive from Spain and de Irala confirmed in his post by the king 1552. Died peacefully.
Governor Gonzalo de Mendoza (1556–1558). Ciudad Real de Guayrá founded by Ruy Díaz de Malgarejo in 1557. Died peacefully.
Governor Francisco Ortiz de Vergara (1558–1569). Elected by the colonists. Foundations fail at San Francisco, Sancti Spiritus, and Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Arrested and returned to Spain for trial.
Lt. Governor Felipe de Cáceres (1569–1572). Appointed by Royal Audience. Arrested and returned to Spain for trial.
Lt. Governor Martín Suárez de Toledo (1572-1574). Acting
Adelantado Governor Juan Ortiz de Zárate (1574–1576). Sailed to Spain to confirm his election. Foundation of Tucuman.
Lt. Governor Diego Ortiz de Zárate (1576–1578). Juan Ortiz left the administration to his daughter Juana, but others de facto governed.
Lt. Governor Juan de Garay (1578–1583). Buenos Aires refounded 1580.
Lt. Governor Alonso de Vera y Aragón (1583–1587). And de facto governor at Asunción until 1592.
Adelantado Governor Juan Torres de Vera y Aragón (1587–1592). Judge of the Royal Audience, married to Juana Ortiz de Zárate. Last appointed adelantado.

Governors of the Río de la Plata and Paraguay

Governor Hernando Arias de Saavedra ("Hernandarias") (1592–1594).
Governor Fernando de Zárate (1594–1595).
Governor Juan Ramírez de Velasco (1596–1597).
Governor Hernando Arias de Saavedra (1597–1599). Second time.
Governor Diego Rodríguez de Valdés y de la Banda (1599–1600).
Governor Francés de Beaumont (1600–1602). Appointment formalized 1601.
Governor Hernando Arias de Saavedra (1602–1609). Third time. First Jesuit Reduction established. Slave trade restricted.
Governor Diego Martín de Negrón (1609–1613).
Governor Mateo Leal de Ayala (1613–1615).
Governor Hernando Arias de Saavedra (1615–1617). Fourth time.

Guayrá was separated into a separate Governorate of Paraguay in 1617.

Governors of Río de la Plata

Governor Hernando Arias de Saavedra (1617–1618).
Governor Diego de Góngora (1618–1623). Found guilty post mortem of corruption, allowing trade in slaves and contraband to flourish.
Governor Alonso Pérez de Salazar (1623–1624).
Governor Francisco de Céspedes (1624–1631). Continued efforts to pacify the Charrua.
Governor Pedro Esteban Dávila (1631–1637). Concepción del Bermejo destroyed by natives.
Governor Mendo de la Cueva y Benavidez (1637–1640). Defense of Buenos Aires improved. Expedition against the Calchaquís. Fort Santa Teresa erected.
Governor Ventura Mojica (or Mujica) (1640–1641).
Governor Andrés de Sandoval (1641).
Governor Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera y Garay (1641–1645). Expulsion of Portuguese attempted in governorate.
Governor Jacinto Lariz (1645–1653). Arrested.
Governor Pedro Baigorrí Ruiz (1653–1660). Three French ships successfully repelled from Buenos Aires. Calchaquís repelled from Santa Fe.
Governor Alonso Mercado y Villacorta (1660–1663). Request to be able to send two trade ships annually denied. Dutch ships permitted to dock in Buenos Aires.
Governor Juan Martínez de Salazar (1663–1674). Continued requests for free commerce. The Royal Audience of Buenos Aires briefly independent of the court at Charcas.
Governor Andrés de Robles (1674–1678).
Governor José de Garro (1678–1682). Portuguese expelled from Colonia de Sacramento in 1680.
Governor José Antonio de Herrera y Sotomayor (1682–1691). Tucuman relocated.
Governor Agustín de Robles (1691–1698).
Governor Manuel de Prado y Maldonado (1698–1704). Visit from Danish squadron in Buenos Aires.
Governor Alonso Juan de Valdés e Inclán (1704–1708). Colonia de Sacramento retaken.
Governor Manuel de Velasco y Tejada (1708–1712). Purchased office for 3000 pesos. Arrested.
Governor Juan José de Muliloa (1712).
Governor Alonso de Arce y Soria (1712–1714). Buys the position for 18,000 pesos. Dies five months later.
Governor José Bermúdez de Castro (1714–1715).
Governor Baltasar García Ros (1715–1717). Colonia del Sacramento returned to the Portuguese. Campaigns against the Charrua, Yaro, and Bohanes.
Governor Bruno Mauricio de Zabala (1717–1734). Repelled Portuguese attack against Montevideo.
Governor Miguel de Salcedo y Sierraalta (1734–1742). Expulsion of foreigners from Buenos Aires ordered. Failed attempt to retake Colonia del Sacramento.
Governor Domingo Ortíz de Rozas (1742–1745). Refortified Montevideo.
Governor José de Andonaegui (1745–1756). First mail delivery opened with Chile and Potosí.
Governor Pedro Antonio de Cevallos (or Ceballos) (1756–1766). Colonia del Sacramento retaken.
Governor Francisco de Paula Bucarelli y Ursúa (1766–1770). English expelled from the Falkland Islands. Mail inaugurated between A Coruña and the Río de la Plata.
Governor Juan José de Vértiz y Salcedo (1770–1776). After which, the governorate is replaced by the Viceroyalty and Intendancy of Buenos Aires in the Bourbon reforms.

Viceroyalties	Columbian New Spain New Granada Perú Río de la Plata
Captaincies General	Chile Cuba Guatemala Philippines Provincias Internas Puerto Rico Santo Domingo Venezuela Yucatán
Governorates	Castilla de Oro Cuba La Florida La Luisiana New Andalusia (1501–1513) New Andalusia New Castile New Navarre New Spain New Toledo Paraguay Río de la Plata Terra Australis
Audiencias	Bogotá Buenos Aires Caracas Charcas Concepción Cusco Guadalajara Guatemala Lima Manila Mexico Panamá Quito Santiago Santo Domingo

Economy

Currencies	Dollar (Peso) Real Maravedí Escudo Columnario Doubloon
Trade	Manila galleon Spanish treasure fleet Casa de Contratación Spanish Road Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas Barcelona Trading Company Consulate of the Sea Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires

Military

Armies

Strategists

Mariners

Conquistadors

Notable battles

Old World

Won	Comuneros Bicocca Rome (1527) Landriano Pavia Tunis Mühlberg St. Quentin Gravelines Malta Lepanto Antwerp Azores Mons Gembloux Ostend English Armada Cape Celidonia White Mountain Breda Nördlingen Valenciennes Ceuta Bitonto Bailén Vitoria Tetouan Alhucemas
Lost	Capo d'Orso Vienna (1529) Preveza Siege of Castelnuovo Algiers Ceresole Balearic Islands (1558) Djerba Tunis Spanish Armada Leiden Rocroi Downs Montes Claros Passaro Manila Bay Trafalgar Somosierra Annual Mactan

New World

Won	Tenochtitlan Cajamarca Cusco Bogotá savanna Penco Mataquito Guadalupe Island Recife San Juan (1595) Bahia Colonia del Sacramento Comuneros (Paraguay) Cartagena de Indias Cuerno Verde Túpac Amaru II Túpac Katari Pensacola Newfoundland San Juan (1797)
Lost	La Noche Triste Iguape Tucapel Guiana Curalaba Comuneros (New Granada) Trinidad (1797) Chacabuco Boyacá Carabobo Pichincha Ayacucho Guam Santiago de Cuba Asomante

Spanish conquests
Canary Islands The Americas Aztec Maya Chiapas Yucatán Guatemala Petén El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Chibchan Nations Colombia Chile Inca Philippines

References

For two, somewhat different interpretations of the boundaries in unsettled areas, see Burkholder, Mark A. and Lyman L. Johnson. Colonial Latin America (10 editions). (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), Map 2, 73 ISBN 0-19-506110-1; and Lombardi, Cathryn L., John V. Lombardi and K. Lynn Stoner. Latin American History: A Teaching Atlas. (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1983), 29. ISBN 0-299-09714-5

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