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GRAMD1B
Identifiers
Aliases	GRAMD1B, GRAM domain containing 1B, LINC01059, Aster-B
External IDs	MGI: 1925037; HomoloGene: 18223; GeneCards: GRAMD1B; OMA:GRAMD1B - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 11 (human) Band 11q24.1 Start 123,358,428 bp End 123,627,774 bp
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 9 (mouse) Band 9|9 A5.1 Start 40,293,233 bp End 40,531,383 bp
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in left adrenal gland right adrenal gland paraflocculus of cerebellum right adrenal cortex left adrenal cortex trigeminal ganglion right hemisphere of cerebellum lateral nuclear group of thalamus spinal ganglia Parietal Lobe Top expressed in neural layer of retina cerebellar cortex yolk sac decidua adrenal medulla visual cortex superior frontal gyrus primary visual cortex dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cell lobe of cerebellum More reference expression data BioGPS n/a
Gene ontology Molecular function phosphatidylserine binding lipid binding cholesterol binding phosphatidic acid binding cholesterol transfer activity Cellular component membrane integral component of membrane endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum membrane plasma membrane endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane contact site Biological process lipid transport cholesterol transport cholesterol homeostasis cellular response to cholesterol intermembrane sterol transfer Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 57476 235283 Ensembl ENSG00000023171 ENSMUSG00000040111 UniProt Q3KR37 Q80TI0 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001286563 NM_001286564 NM_020716 NM_001330396 NM_172768 NM_001357617 NM_001357618 NM_001357619 NM_001357620 NM_001357621 NM_001357622 NM_001357623 RefSeq (protein) NP_001273492 NP_001273493 NP_001317325 NP_065767 NP_001341766 NP_001354347 NP_001354348 NP_001354349 NP_001354350 NP_766356 NP_001344546 NP_001344547 NP_001344548 NP_001344549 NP_001344550 NP_001344551 NP_001344552 Location (UCSC) Chr 11: 123.36 – 123.63 Mb Chr 9: 40.29 – 40.53 Mb PubMed search
Wikidata
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GRAM domain containing 1B, also known as GRAMD1B, Aster-B and KIAA1201, is a cholesterol transport protein that is encoded by the GRAMD1B gene. It contains a transmembrane region and two domains of known function; the GRAM domain and a VASt domain. It is anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum. This highly conserved gene is found in a variety of vertebrates and invertebrates. Homologs (Lam/Ltc proteins) are found in yeast.

Gene

GRAMD1B, also known as KIAA1201, is located in the human genome at 11q24.1. It is located on the + strand and is flanked by a variety of other genes. It spans 269,347 bases.

mRNA

The most verified isoform, isoform 1, contains 21 exons. There are four validated isoform variants of human GRAMD1B. These consist of truncated 5’ and 3’ regions, resulting in the loss of an exon. One prominent analysis of the mouse gene predicts one form of Gramd1b that is 699 amino acids long.

Protein

GRAMD1B is an integral membrane protein that contains several domains, motifs and signals.

Domains

There are two confirmed cytoplasmic domains within GRAMD1B. The protein gets its name from the GRAM domain, located approximately 100 amino acids from the start codon. The GRAM domain is commonly found in myotubularin family phosphatases and predominantly involved in membrane coupled processes. GRAMD1B also contains the VASt (VAD1 Analog of StAR-related lipid transfer) domain. The VASt domain is predominantly associated with lipid binding domains, such as GRAM. It is most likely to function in binding large hydrophobic ligands and may be specific for sterol. A C-terminal domain in GRAMD1B sits within the lumen of the ER, is predicted to have alpha-helical secondary structure, and is modified by tryptophan C-mannosyaltion.

Composition Features

There are two negative charge clusters, located from amino acids 232-267 and 348-377. The first cluster is not highly conserved, nor is it located in a motif or domain. The second cluster is located directly before the VASt domain and is conserved.

There are three repeat sequence regions, all fairly conserved in orthologs.

Molecular weight and isoelectric point are conserved in orthologs.

Structure

The protein contains four dileucine motifs, three located within or close to the GRAM domain. A predicted leucine zipper pattern extends through a majority the transmembrane region though it is not a nuclear protein. A SUMOylation site is located directly after the VASt domain. The proteins secondary structure consists of alpha-helices, beta-strands and coils. Beta-strands are mainly located within the two domains, while the alpha-helixes are concentrated near the transmembrane region. Three disulfide bonds are predicted throughout the protein.

Subcellular location

GRAMD1B is anchored to in the endoplasmic reticulum by a transmembrane domain.

Expression

GRAMD1B is expressed in a variety of tissues. It is most highly expressed in the gonadal tissue, adrenal gland, brain and placenta. It has raised expression rates in adrenal tumors, lung tumors. Developmentally, it is most highly expressed during infancy. The EST profile is supported with experimental data from multiple sources

Homology

Orthologs

The ortholog space for GRAMD1B spans a large portion of evolutionary time. GRAMD1B can be found in mammals, bird, fish and invertebrates. Homologous proteins (Lam/Ltc) are found in yeast.

Paralogs

There are four paralogs of GRAMD1B. The most closely related is GRAMD1A while the most distant ortholog is GRAMD2A/GRAMD2.

Phylogeny

GRAMD2 diverged earliest in history while the most recent split is GRAMD1A. The GRAMD1B gene’s rate of divergence significantly faster than Fibrinogen but is not as high as Cytochrome C.

Function

When the plasma membrane contains high levels of cholesterol, GRAMD1b as well as GRAMD1a and GRAMD1c move to sites of contact between the plasma membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum. GRAMD1 proteins then facilitate the transport of cholesterol into the endoplasmic reticulum. In the case of GRAMD1b, the plasma membrane source of cholesterol is high-density lipoprotein (HDL). The VASt domain is responsible for binding cholesterol while the GRAM domain determines the location of the protein through sensing of cholesterol and binding partially negatively charged lipids in the plasma membrane, especially phosphatidylserine.

GRAMD1b is also implicated in transporting carotenoids within the cell.

Protein interactions

Several different proteins have been experimentally confirmed or predicted to interact with GRAMD1B.

Clinical significance

Mutations and other genetic studies link GRAMD1B to neurodevelopmental disorders, such as intellectual disability and schizophrenia. Loss of GRAMD1b results in reduced cholesterol storage in the adrenal gland and serum corticosterone levels in mice. Reduction of GRAMD1B and GRAMD1C suppresses the onset of a form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in mice.

A study tagging SNPs from chronic lymphocytic leukemia found GRAMD1B to be the second strongest risk allele region. This association is supported through a number of studies The aberrant tri-methylation of histone H3 lysine 27 induces inflammation and has been shown to increase GRAMD1B levels in colon tumors.

References

1. ^ GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000023171 – Ensembl, May 2017
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8. ^ Sandhu J, Li S, Fairall L, et al. (4 October 2018). "Aster Proteins Facilitate Nonvesicular Plasma Membrane to ER Cholesterol Transport in Mammalian Cells". Cell. 175 (2): 514–529.e20. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.033. PMC 6469685. PMID 30220461.
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25. ^ "BLAST: Basic Local Alignment Search Tool". blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
26. Ercan B, Naito T, Hong D, Koh Z, Dharmawan D, Saheki Y (19 February 2021). "Molecular basis of accessible plasma membrane cholesterol recognition by the GRAM domain of GRAMD1b". The EMBO Journal. 40 (6): e106524. doi:10.15252/embj.2020106524. PMC 7957428. PMID 33604931.
27. Bandara S, Ramkumar S, Imanishi S, Thomas LD, Sawant OB, Imanishi Y, et al. (12 April 2022). "Aster proteins mediate carotenoid transport in mammalian cells". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 119 (15): e2200068119. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11900068B. doi:10.1073/pnas.2200068119. PMC 9169810. PMID 35394870.
28. ^ "STRING: functional protein association networks". string-db.org. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
29. ^ Mike Tyers Lab. "GRAMD1B (UNQ3032/PRO9834) Result Summary | BioGRID". thebiogrid.org. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
30. "OMIM Entry: 612559 - Leukemia, chronic lymphocytic, susceptibility to, 5". Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM). Retrieved 2 May 2017.
31. Lan Q, Au WY, Chanock S, Tse J, Wong KF, Shen M, et al. (December 2010). "Genetic susceptibility for chronic lymphocytic leukemia among Chinese in Hong Kong". European Journal of Haematology. 85 (6): 492–5. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0609.2010.01518.x. PMC 2980583. PMID 20731705.
32. Slager SL, Goldin LR, Strom SS, Lanasa MC, Spector LG, Rassenti L, et al. (April 2010). "Genetic susceptibility variants for chronic lymphocytic leukemia". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 19 (4): 1098–102. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-1217. PMC 2852480. PMID 20332261.
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• Genes on human chromosome 11