Grand Army Plaza (Manhattan)

(Redirected from Grand Army Plaza, Manhattan) Plaza in Manhattan, New York

Grand Army Plaza
Construction
The Plaza
William Tecumseh Sherman, northern side of plaza
Map of notable buildings and structures at Central Park. Pan and zoom the map and click on points for more details. This map: view talk edit
Former name(s)	Fifth Avenue Plaza, Central Park Plaza
Namesake	Grand Army of the Republic
Type	Square
Owner	Government of New York City
Maintained by	New York City Department of Parks and Recreation
Area	0.62 acres (27,000 sq ft; 2,500 m)
Location	Manhattan
Coordinates	40°45′52″N 73°58′24″W / 40.76444°N 73.97333°W / 40.76444; -73.97333
Major junctions	59th Street
North	60th Street
East	Fifth Avenue
South	58th Street
West	Grand Army Plaza West
Commissioned	1911
Construction start	1915
Inauguration	1916 (1916)
Other
Designer	Carrère and Hastings
Status
New York City Landmark
Designated	July 23, 1974
Reference no.	0860

Grand Army Plaza (formerly Fifth Avenue Plaza and Central Park Plaza) is a public square at the southeast corner of Central Park in Manhattan, New York City, near the intersection of Fifth Avenue and Central Park South (59th Street). It consists of two rectangular plots on the west side of Fifth Avenue between 58th and 60th streets. The current design of Grand Army Plaza dates to a 1916 reconstruction by the architectural firm of Carrère and Hastings. The plaza is designated as a New York City scenic landmark.

The plaza is bisected by Central Park South (59th Street). The centerpiece of the plaza's northern half, carved out of the southeastern corner of Central Park, is the equestrian statue of William Tecumseh Sherman, sculpted by Augustus Saint-Gaudens. The principal feature of the plaza's southern half is the Pulitzer Fountain, topped with a bronze statue of the Roman goddess Pomona sculpted by Karl Bitter. The area around Grand Army Plaza was largely residential in the late 19th century, with several hotels. Though the surrounding area was redeveloped into a commercial neighborhood in the 20th century, the plaza is still surrounded by hotels such as the Plaza Hotel and the Sherry-Netherland.

The northern half of Grand Army Plaza was planned in 1858 as one of four entrance plazas at Central Park's corners, and it was expanded south in 1868. Several proposals for the plaza in the 19th century were not executed. The idea for a unified treatment of the plaza was first proposed by Karl Bitter in 1898, and the Sherman statue was dedicated in the northern half of the plaza in 1903. After the newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer died in 1911, the entire plaza was redesigned, and a memorial fountain was installed in 1916. The plaza was rededicated in 1924 in honor of the Grand Army of the Republic, although it was rarely known by its official name. Grand Army Plaza was refurbished in the 1930s when the Pulitzer Fountain was rebuilt, and the fountain was rebuilt again in 1971. The plaza received another major restoration in the 1980s, and the northern half was renovated in the 2010s.

Site

Grand Army Plaza is one of four monumental plazas placed at the corners of Central Park in Manhattan, New York City. The plaza is bounded on the north by 60th Street, which contains the Scholar's Gate entrance to Central Park. Along the western edge are the Pond and Hallett Nature Sanctuary to the northwest and the Plaza Hotel to the southwest. The plaza's southern border, on 58th Street, contains the Paris Theatre, Bergdorf Goodman Building, and Solow Building. At the southeast corner is the Squibb Building at 745 Fifth Avenue, which contained an FAO Schwarz toy store for much of the 20th century. To the east is Fifth Avenue, on which the General Motors Building, the Sherry-Netherland hotel, Park Cinq, and Metropolitan Club (from south to north) are located. The Pierre Hotel is located just north of the plaza, and the New York City Subway's Fifth Avenue–59th Street station is directly underneath. The region around Grand Army Plaza has been referred to as the "Plaza district".

Development history

In the late 19th century, the area around the plaza had several Gilded Age mansions. Mary Mason Jones developed "Marble Row" on Fifth Avenue between 57th and 58th streets in the late 1860s, and Cornelius Vanderbilt II built his 58th Street mansion on the southern side of the plaza in 1882. Hotels were also developed around the Fifth Avenue Plaza in the late 19th century. The politician Boss Tweed and several associates unsuccessfully tried to develop a hotel on the east side of the plaza, which was abandoned in 1874 after Tweed fell from power. The original Plaza Hotel was built on the west side of the Fifth Avenue Plaza starting in 1883, and it was completed in 1890. It was followed by the Savoy and New Netherland hotels on the northeast and southeast corners of Fifth Avenue and 59th Street, respectively, in 1892. The last vacant lot surrounding the plaza, at the northeast corner of Fifth Avenue and 58th Street, was developed in 1894. The original Plaza Hotel was replaced in 1907 with the current Plaza Hotel.

By the 1900s, the eastern side of Grand Army Plaza included the Savoy and New Netherland hotels, in addition to a bank and an apartment house. Apartments around the plaza tended to be high-priced at the time. Although the area to the south had become a commercial area, there were upscale residences to the north. During the 20th century, the area around the plaza was known for its hotels and high-end retail. By the time the Vanderbilt mansion was demolished and replaced with the Bergdorf Goodman Building in 1927, the area was almost fully commercial. The same year, the Savoy-Plaza Hotel was built on the eastern side of the plaza between 58th and 59th streets, and the Sherry-Netherland was developed immediately to the north.

In the two decades after World War II, dozens of apartment and office buildings were erected on the blocks surrounding Grand Army Plaza. Along the plaza itself, the Paris Theatre opened at the south end of the plaza in 1948. Five apartment buildings were developed around Grand Army Plaza in the early 1960s, and the Savoy-Plaza was replaced by the General Motors Building in the mid-1960s. The demolition of the Savoy-Plaza resulted in a preservation movement to save the hotels around Grand Army Plaza. The New York City Planning Commission rezoned a three-block area around Grand Army Plaza in 1968, which prevented the construction of further office buildings around the plaza. By the late 20th century, the plaza separated the upscale residential neighborhoods and Museum Mile to the north from the upscale shopping districts to the south.

Monuments and plaza

Grand Army Plaza has an area of approximately 0.62 acres (27,000 sq ft; 2,500 m). The current plaza dates to a 1916 redesign by Carrère and Hastings. The plaza is bisected by Central Park South (59th Street), with an equestrian statue of William Tecumseh Sherman on its northern half and the Pulitzer Fountain on its southern half. There is disagreement over whether the plaza is part of Central Park. The New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks) does not consider the plaza to be part of Central Park, although there are sources that consider the plaza to be part of the park.

The plaza is a loading area for the horse-drawn carriages that travel through Central Park. Grand Army Plaza has also hosted various events throughout its history. For instance, starting in 1920, concerts were hosted in the plaza at night, and the Grand Army of the Republic also hosted annual ceremonies at the plaza's Sherman statue. In addition, the Pulitzer Fountain was lit during the Christmas holiday season during the mid-20th century. Starting in 1977, a menorah has been placed on or near the plaza every Hanukkah; the menorah is 28 feet (8.5 m) wide and 32 feet (9.8 m) tall. Since 2006, it has held the Guinness World Record for the world's largest menorah, even though it is smaller than a similar menorah in Brooklyn's Grand Army Plaza.

Northern section

The centerpiece of the plaza's northern half, at the southeastern corner of Central Park, is the equestrian statue of William Tecumseh Sherman by Augustus Saint-Gaudens. The gilded-bronze monument consists of an equestrian statue of Sherman, which is coated in 23.5-karat gold. Next to the Sherman figure is Victory, an allegorical female figure of the Greek goddess Nike, which is based on the likeness of the model Hettie Anderson. The figure's right hand reaches forward, while her left hand carries a palm branch. The statues are set on a Stony Creek granite pedestal designed by the architect Charles Follen McKim, measuring 42.5 by 30.67 feet (13 by 9 m) wide. Saint-Gaudens had been hired in 1892 to design the sculpture; the casting of the statue was displayed at the Exposition Universelle in 1900, but the statue was not installed until 1903. There is a trap door under the monument as well to allow maintenance workers to repair the statue's interior. Lampposts and benches are arranged around the monument. As of 2015, the northern half of the plaza is flanked by two rows of London planes.

Also in the northern section of Grand Army Plaza, at 60th Street near Fifth Avenue, is the Scholars Gate entrance to Central Park. Next to Scholars' Gate is Doris C. Freedman Plaza, named in honor of arts activist and administrator Doris Freedman in 1981. Within Doris C. Freedman Plaza are temporary sculptural art installations presented by the Public Art Fund. Over the years, artists such as Henry Moore, Isamu Noguchi, Louise Nevelson, and George Segal have displayed work at Freedman Plaza. There is also a commemorative plaque measuring 1.33 by 1.75 feet (0.41 by 0.53 m), which was donated by Freedman's daughter Susan Freedman.

Southern section

The principal feature of the plaza's southern half is the Pulitzer Fountain, topped with a bronze statue of the Roman goddess Pomona sculpted by Karl Bitter. The sculpture depicts the goddess of abundance holding a basket of fruit and is modeled after Doris Doscher. Bitter died in 1915 after completing the plaster cast of the figure, and Isidore Konti completed the statue. The fountain contains six basins, which gradually decrease in size toward the top. The largest, lowest basin measures 68 feet (21 m) wide at the base and 20.5 feet (6.2 m) high. The three lowest basins are curved, while the two basins above them are polygonal. The statue of abundance rises above the topmost, circular basin. There are also scallop figures and mythical creatures carved into the western and eastern sides of the fountain. The fountain is higher at its south end, so water flows toward the north. The limestone basins were rebuilt in Italian marble in the 1930s and then replaced with granite in the 1970s. Various trees and paved areas surround the fountain.

History

19th and early 20th century

Creation and early years

Until the 19th century, a stream traveled through what is now the site of Grand Army Plaza, extending from the Upper West Side east to the East River; the Pond in Central Park is a remnant of this stream. The landscape architects Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux won a contest to design Central Park in 1858, and the park was completed in 1876. The design included entrance plazas at each corner of the park. At the southeastern corner was the plaza on Fifth Avenue between 59th and 60th streets, which was recessed into the corner of the park. The original plaza contained no decorations at all, and there were also loading areas for horse-drawn carriages along the nearby stretch of Central Park South. The space was variously called the Fifth Avenue Plaza, the Central Park Plaza, or just "the Plaza". At the time, the Fifth Avenue Plaza was located on the outskirts of New York City and was surrounded by shacks.

Central Park's commissioners, who did not like the Fifth Avenue Plaza's sparse decoration, began soliciting plans to decorate the plaza in the 1860s. The architect Richard Morris Hunt proposed that decorative gates be installed at Central Park's entrances, including the Fifth Avenue Plaza. The gateway, at Fifth Avenue and 60th Street, would have been 200 feet (61 m) wide, with five portals separated by rows of elm trees. There would have been sculptures on decorative pedestals, in addition to a semicircular landing on the plaza's western end, which would have overlooked the Pond in Central Park. The landing would have included a column measuring 50 feet (15 m) tall, with sculptures representing the explorer Henry Hudson and the East and Hudson rivers, as well as a waterfall leading to the Pond. There would also have been a fountain within the plaza itself. The gateway was not installed because of opposition from Vaux, who believed that gates were not appropriate for a park that was supposed to be open to all.

Central Park's commissioners acquired land on the western side of Fifth Avenue between 58th and 59th Streets in 1868 to provide "a more capacious entrance" to Central Park. Simultaneously, the commissioners created a street on the western boundary of the site. At the time, Fifth Avenue was a two-way street, so the expanded plaza provided access for northbound traffic on Fifth Avenue.

During the late 19th century, the Fifth Avenue Plaza was used almost entirely by vehicles. There was a cross-shaped traffic island to the south of 59th Street and a larger traffic circle to the north of that street. Boss Tweed's Tammany Hall political machine took over control of Central Park in 1870. The park commission, published a report the next year questioning the utility of the plaza's southern half. The plaza was originally paved in asphalt, but in 1886, part of the plaza was repaved with granite-block pavement. This prompted a taxpayers' group to request in 1887 that the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks) repave the rest of the plaza. NYC Parks subsequently approved a contract in 1887 to add granite pavement to the southern half of the plaza, as well as new crosswalks in the plaza.

1863 design showing a proposed fountain (before the plaza was extended south to 58th Street).
1868 Map of Central Park illustrates the expanded plaza.
1869 map of the plaza, showing a proposed monument where the Pulitzer Fountain was eventually built.

1890s to 1910s plans

In late 1895, the Architectural League of New York proposed erecting a gateway to honor Richard Morris Hunt, reusing many components of his 1860s proposal for the plaza. The gateway would have contained two equestrian statues and four sculptures, but it was canceled due to public opposition and high costs. Simultaneously, there was a proposal to build the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument in the Fifth Avenue Plaza; the Fine Arts Federation opposed the plan, saying the monument would be overshadowed by nearby buildings. The commissioners of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument hired Stoughton & Stoughton to design the monument in November 1897, but the National Sculpture Society refused to allow the monument to be erected in the Fifth Avenue Plaza. The city's Municipal Art Commission voted in December 1897 to ban the monument from being constructed in the Fifth Avenue Plaza, and the monument was subsequently moved to Riverside Park, where it was completed in 1903.

Karl Bitter proposed redesigning the plaza in 1897 or 1898. By then, there was wider support for renovating the plaza, in part due to the rise of the City Beautiful movement. Bitter's plan called for the northern and southern halves of the plaza to be designed in a symmetrical manner, with balustrades, benches, statues, and fountains in either half. G. T. Taylor devised plans for a "fountain on a noble scale" in the southern half of the plaza, though city officials paid little notice to his proposal. The next year, there were proposals to construct a memorial arch in honor of George Dewey, who had been victorious in the 1898 Battle of Manila Bay. The architect Charles Follen McKim and sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens decided in 1902 to install an equestrian statue of U.S. Army general William Tecumseh Sherman in Central Park. McKim and Saint-Gaudens decided to install the sculpture in the Fifth Avenue Plaza after having contemplated several sites on the Upper West Side. The statue was dedicated in the northern half of the plaza on May 30, 1903, at the end of a Memorial Day parade. To make way for the statue, the city's Municipal Art Commission notified NYC Parks that two large trees at the plaza's northern end had to be felled.

In 1906, the city's traffic commissioners changed the flow of traffic around the plaza. Previously, only northbound traffic could use Fifth Avenue from 58th to 60th Street, but southbound traffic was also allowed to use Fifth Avenue under the new regulations; in addition, traffic from Central Park began traveling southeast through the plaza to reach Fifth Avenue. There was a suggestion in 1908 to install a monument to President Abraham Lincoln at the plaza. There were several proposals for new or enlarged streets to the plaza as well. One proposal in the 1900s entailed a wide parkway from the plaza east to the Queensboro Bridge, running in between 59th and 60th streets, in the 1900s. In addition, the architect Charles Rollinson Lamb suggested a new avenue extending from the Fifth Avenue Plaza to Times Square in 1911. A commission appointed by Manhattan borough president George McAneny suggested in 1912 that the Fifth Avenue Plaza be redesigned "on dignified and orderly lines" and that a taxicab stand be added to the plaza.

1910s redesign

The newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer died in 1911 and bequeathed $50,000 for the creation of a memorial fountain, though this bequest was reduced due to a state tax levied upon it. Pulitzer specified that the fountain was to resemble those on the Place de la Concorde in Paris, and he preferred that the fountain be built in the Fifth Avenue Plaza near 59th Street. There were proposals to use the funding for a wider-ranging redesign of the Fifth Avenue Plaza, but Pulitzer's family would not allocate any further funds for that purpose. NYC Parks' landscape architect Charles Downing Lay began studying the Fifth Avenue Plaza in 1911, and he submitted plans for the plaza's redesign to NYC Parks' commissioner in December 1912. Lay's plans included relocating the Sherman Monument south and installing the Pulitzer Fountain at the southern end of the plaza's southern half. That month, the city approved the Pulitzer estate's plans to donate a fountain to the plaza. The estate's executors hosted an architectural design competition for the fountain, inviting five firms. Charles A. Platt, Paul Philippe Cret, Herbert Adams, George B. Post, and Whitney Warren were asked to review the contest submissions.

The judges selected a scheme by Thomas Hastings of Carrère and Hastings in January 1913, which was displayed at the New York Public Library Main Branch. Hastings's design placed the fountain in the southern half of the plaza. The streets on all sides of the plaza would be widened. The Sherman Monument would be relocated about 16 feet (4.9 m) west, placing it in the center of the plaza's northern half. A balustrade and plantings would be added around the Sherman Monument, and a strip of grass on the north side of 58th Street would be removed. Plane trees would be planted on all sides of the plaza, and a shelter building with restrooms would be built in the northern half of the plaza, overlooking the Pond. Early plans called for the plaza's trees to be pruned so they would be shaped like cubes, though these were not planted. Traffic around the plaza would be adjusted so that traffic entering Central Park would use 60th Street, while traffic leaving the park would use the plaza's western roadway and turn on 58th Street.

Concurrently with the plaza's renovation, the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT) had drawn out plans for the Broadway Line subway tunnel, with a station at Fifth Avenue–59th Street. Hastings's design for the Fifth Avenue Plaza thus called for subway entrances next to the plaza. Early plans called for the line to run under 59th Street west of the plaza, splitting into two tunnels under 59th and 60th streets to the east. The city set aside $50,000 to pay for the Pulitzer Fountain's construction, and work was about to begin by February 1914. Subway workers began excavating the Fifth Avenue–59th Street station under the plaza that October. The Sherman statue had to be temporarily relocated during the subway's construction, and the statue was relocated slightly north, inside Central Park, in November 1914. The Brooklyn Standard Union wrote of the relocation: "This is said to be the first time General Sherman ever retreated." Subway workers also erected a temporary structure in the northern half of the Fifth Avenue Plaza during the construction of the Fifth Avenue–59th Street station.

In 1915, the New York Public Service Commission approved a request to place both of the Broadway Line's subway tracks under 60th Street east of the plaza. This change necessitated that both tracks cross under the plaza. By November 1915. one newspaper reported that the fountain was finished. The Pulitzer Fountain's statue was unceremoniously installed around May 1, 1916. Originally, the fountain also had stone balustrades and torchères. The Fifth Avenue–59th Street station opened in 1919. After the subway was completed, the Sherman statue was moved back to the north half of the plaza in July 1919.

Mid- to late 20th century

1920s and 1930s

There was an unsuccessful petition in 1921 to rename the plaza after former U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt. That year, the Fifth Avenue Association's Parks and Squares committee planted flowers around the plaza's Sherman statue. The New York City Board of Aldermen agreed to rename the space Grand Army Plaza in 1923, after the Grand Army of the Potomac. The plaza was formally renamed on April 10, 1924. On that date, a hundred veterans dedicated a plaque at the base of the Sherman statue, marking the 59th anniversary of the Battle of Appomattox Court House. Grand Army Plaza was seldom known by its official name; the square was often simply called "the Plaza", though this name was also used by the Plaza Hotel. Furthermore, the name "Grand Army Plaza" also referred to the former Prospect Park Plaza in Brooklyn, even though that plaza was renamed later.

The Sherman statue was regilded in 1928, following a donation from the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks No. 1 of New York. The Pulitzer Fountain, which was made of soft Kentucky limestone, had deteriorated badly by then, and parts of the fountain's basin had chipped off. There were discussions about potentially removing the fountain altogether. The fountain's Victory sculpture was regilded in 1929. The Pulitzer family pledged to cover much of the fountain's restoration cost, initially offering $15,000 before increasing their offer to $25,000. The cost of renovation was estimated at between $30,000 and $40,000 by mid-1931, and the Municipal Art Commission approved D. Everett Waid's designs for the fountain's renovation that November. After the plans were revised, the commission approved the modified plan in February 1932. The Pulitzer family offered to contribute up to $35,000, but only on the condition that the city provide another $10,000. The city did not provide the funds, and the project was stalled until the family agreed to fund the entire $45,000 cost that November.

Restoration began in January 1933. The limestone basin was rebuilt in Italian marble, and the limestone balustrade and two columns surrounding the fountain were demolished. In addition, the fountain's sculpture was cleaned again. Work was delayed for several weeks in mid-1934 due to labor disputes involving the Stone Cutters' Association, which demanded that its employees be hired for the project; the restoration had resumed by August 1934. Further delays were caused by the need to replace one shipment of defective marble. The New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks) also proposed removing the balustrade around the Sherman Monument so the north plaza's design would match that of the south plaza. The work was ultimately completed by June 1935, and workers began adding granite sidewalks and rebuilding the stone walkways in the south plaza. The plaza hosted annual Memorial Day parades with Civil War veterans through the 1930s, although few veterans were still alive to attend the parade by the end of the decade.

1940s to 1960s

During World War II, an M4 Sherman tank was displayed alongside the plaza's Sherman statue, but NYC Parks commissioner Robert Moses forced the tanks to be relocated to Columbus Circle after he objected to the tanks, which were being used as advertisements. After the end of the war, Dutch tulip growers and the family Albert Lasker donated 120,000 tulip bulbs to NYC Parks, which were planted at Grand Army Plaza and the median of Park Avenue in 1948. In addition, a major sewer line was installed under the plaza in the late 1940s, and the Pulitzer Fountain was renovated in 1948. Frank Mascali & Sons was also hired to remove the tracks of the 59th Street trolley line, which had run through the plaza, as part of a project to repave Central Park South. The tracks were removed starting in March 1950, and the project was completed by that June. The Pulitzer Fountain was turned off around that time because water from the fountain was seeping through cracks in the basement and onto the tracks of the Broadway subway tunnel.

In 1951, the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals sponsored a portable water trough for Central Park carriage horses at Grand Army Plaza. The city began spending $28,910 on concrete basins for the fountain and $10,000 to illuminate the fountain at night in 1956, while hotel operators and merchants contributed another $7,400 to restore the fountain's Abundance statue. The following year, as part of a $309,500 project to beautify the city's streets, the city government announced plans to decorate Grand Army Plaza with flower boxes and install floodlights in the plaza; the lights were first turned on during October 1957. In an effort to illuminate the southeastern corner of Central Park, additional floodlights were installed in 1959 between the plaza and the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Fifth Avenue building.

The businessman Huntington Hartford donated funds in 1960 for the construction of a restaurant at the northwest corner of Central Park South and Grand Army Plaza. The proposed restaurant was the subject of several lawsuits over the next three years, and Mayor John V. Lindsay ultimately canceled plans for the restaurant. The adjacent segment of Fifth Avenue became a one-way southbound street in 1966, although merchants along and near Grand Army Plaza opposed the move. In addition, a model of a Japanese temple was displayed in the plaza in the late 1960s, and couples frequently met near Grand Army Plaza's fountain during that time. NYC Parks began planning the fountain's renovation as well. The area was a popular place for shoppers due to the presence of Bergdorf Goodman and FAO Schwarz. However, the plaza itself had become decrepit, and litter began to accumulate around the Pulitzer Fountain. Drunks frequented the fountain as well, and there were periodic demonstrations in the plaza, as well as rat infestations. The Sherman statue, meanwhile, had lost all of its gilding by 1968.

1970s to 1990s

The Pulitzer Fountain was restored in 1971. As part of the $268,000 project, the fountain's drainage system was improved, the water basins were cleaned, and the cracked limestone steps at the fountain's base were replaced with granite. After the fountain was restored, office workers frequently congregated around it, although the plaza still suffered from rat infestations. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) considered protecting Grand Army Plaza as a New York City scenic landmark in early 1974, and the plaza was designated accordingly on July 23, 1974. New York City Council president Paul O'Dwyer proposed renaming the plaza to "Common Sense Plaza" in honor of the author Thomas Paine in 1976. At the time, the name "Grand Army Plaza" more commonly referred to the plaza in Brooklyn. A Victorian-style information kiosk was installed at 60th Street, next to Central Park's entrance, later that decade.

In 1981, as part of a plan to restore the midtown section of Fifth Avenue, the Fifth Avenue Association proposed expanding the sidewalk on the northern end of the plaza. The ASPCA also operated a water-supply wagon and a spigot at Grand Army Plaza for Central Park's carriage horses. By the middle of the decade, the Pulitzer Fountain had again stopped working, and NYC Parks was looking for a private donor to fund the fountain's complete restoration. The Central Park Conservancy hired the architecture firm of Buttrick White & Burtis in 1985 to redesign the plaza. The plans called for the restoration of the balustrade and columns. The next year, Bergdorf Goodman hosted a party to raise money for the plaza's renovation. The Grand Army Plaza Partnership, led by The Estée Lauder Companies chief executive Leonard Lauder, ultimately raised $3.3 million for the restoration. The project's supporters requested donations from the owners of 15 buildings around the plaza; three of these property owners, Donald Trump, Corporate Property Investors, and Sheldon Solow, were among the project's largest donors. Workers cleaned the Pulitzer Fountain, replaced the pavers, and installed replicas of the original light fixtures, and they also rebuilt the fountain out of granite.

The fountain's reconstruction was completed in June 1990 at a cost of $3.7 million. The restoration work included a regilding of the Sherman Monument, for which the David Schwartz Foundation paid over $116.500. Locals regarded the restored statue as overly ostentatious and wasteful, while Richard J. Schwartz of the David Schwartz Foundation was dissatisfied with the gilding of the statue. The LPC also approved plans to restore the original balustrade, but due to the early 1990s recession, the full restoration never occurred. The advertising firm JCDecaux proposed installing a public toilet on Grand Army Plaza in 1991, as part of a pilot program to install public toilets in New York City, but the program was ultimately abandoned. The plaza's sidewalk was repaired in the 1990s, during a renovation of the Fifth Avenue–59th Street station, after the Metropolitan Transportation Authority found that there was no waterproofing under the plaza's sidewalk. In addition, a layer of wax was applied to the Sherman statue in 1996, dulling the intensity of the sculpture's gilding.

21st century

The plaza needed another renovation by the 2010s. In particular, a snowstorm in 2011 killed all of the trees in the northern half of the plaza, although the trees in the southern half remained standing. The Central Park Conservancy proposed spending $2 million on the northern half of the plaza in 2013. At the time, the group was planning to regild the Sherman statue, whose paint was beginning to chip. The organization said that it could not afford to restore the original balustrade because that would cost up to $4 million more. Preservationists opposed the original plans as being too narrow in scope; instead, the preservationists wanted the conservancy to also restore the original design details, such as benches and lights. The Sherman statue was regilded as part of the north-side renovation, and the original gilding was toned down. In addition, the area around the Sherman statue was repaved and regraded, and the drainage system was replaced. The north side of the plaza was reopened in 2015.

In 2018, New York City mayor Bill de Blasio proposed adding drop-off and pickup stands for Central Park's horse-drawn carriages at Grand Army Plaza, replacing an existing stand on Central Park South and 59th Street. Stands were added at two other locations, and carriages began using the new stands in 2019. Part of the plaza was rebuilt to make way for the horse-carriage stand, and cameras were installed around the plaza to prevent horse-carriage operators from picking up or dropping off passengers elsewhere. The New York City Department of Transportation installed sidewalk extensions along Grand Army Plaza's roadway in late 2020 as part of a series of traffic changes along the southeast corner of Central Park. The section of Central Park South that bisected the plaza was converted to a one-way eastbound street. During the 2020s, operators of horse-drawn carriages advocated for the plaza to be closed to vehicular traffic entirely, providing a dedicated space for pedestrians and carriages. In addition, the Central Park Conservancy began renovating the southern half of Grand Army Plaza in 2024.

Impact

In 1899, the New-York Tribune wrote that the plaza "is one of the show-places of New York. It is a spot that lends itself to display of circumstance, pageantry and power." John Tauranac wrote retrospectively that the plaza was "a great social center by the early 1900s, but it was sorely lacking in grace". A Christian Science Monitor reporter wrote in 1959 that the plaza was "a goal in itself" with its fountain, horse-drawn carriages, and "cosmopolitan atmosphere". A New York Times writer said in 1962 that Grand Army Plaza "provides a serene contrast to the bustling midtown commerce" nearby and that it was one of a few remaining European-styled public spaces in the city. Another writer, in a 1965 Chicago Tribune article, said the area around the Sherman statue had "a feeling of spaciousness". Ada Louise Huxtable wrote in 1974 that the plaza was a "close-to-perfect city space" despite the presence of the General Motors Building, which she saw as the only intrusion onto the plaza. Huxtable thought Hastings's design helped conceptually connect the Sherman monument to the Pulitzer Fountain.

One guidebook from 1982 described Grand Army Plaza as "the zenith of 's pretensions". Following the plaza's 1990 renovation, New York Times architectural critic Paul Goldberger wrote that, although the fountain had been restored in a "superb" manner, the plaza functioned more like two disconnected spaces because of the presence of Central Park South. Christopher Gray wrote in 1999 that the plaza was "one of New York's few successful open spaces". Gray wrote that the plaza was mostly surrounded by similarly styled white-and-green buildings on all sides, with the exception of the plaza in front of the General Motors Building. In a subsequent article, Gray wrote that the plaza's southern half was the more important public space compared with the northern half, which blended inconspicuously into Central Park. A writer for New York Daily News said in 2003 that "few places convey the city's charm better" than the plaza's fountain. The landscape preservationist Elizabeth Barlow Rogers wrote in 2018 that the plaza's Sherman statue was "a conspicuous legacy of the City Beautiful era".

The plaza's fountain has been shown in media such as the 1917 film Reaching for the Moon, the 1960 film From the Terrace, and the 1992 film Home Alone 2. The plaza itself has also been used as a filming location for media such as the 1959 film North by Northwest and the 1981 film Arthur. In addition, historic photographs of the plaza were displayed in a 1990 exhibit at the New York School of Interior Design.

References

Notes

The others are Columbus Circle to the southwest of Central Park, Duke Ellington Circle to the northeast, and Frederick Douglass Circle to the northwest.
The other designers in the competition were McKim, Mead & White; Arnold W. Brunner; John Russell Pope; and Harold Van Buren Magonigle.
At the time, Trump owned the Plaza Hotel; CPI owned the General Motors Building; and Solow owned the Solow Building.

Citations

^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1974, p. 1.
^ "Named Gates". Central Park Conservancy. Archived from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
^ Barbanel, Josh (March 3, 2016). "Spaces Thursday: A Condo Project Provides a Study In Modernism --- Circa Central Park Rises in South Harlem". The Wall Street Journal. p. A.18. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 1769886954.
^ "NYCityMap". NYC.gov. New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
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Hanc, John (July 17, 2003). "Lifting The Veil / As the Beautifully Restored Central Park Celebrates Its 150th Anniversary, Join Us in Taking a Peek at Its Fabulous Fabrications". Newsday. p. B.08. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 279648677.
^ White, Willensky & Leadon 2010, p. 338.
White, Willensky & Leadon 2010, pp. 337–338.
Kennedy, Shawn G. (June 10, 1987). "Real Estate; Renovation Of 5th Ave. Tower". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 5, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
White, Willensky & Leadon 2010, pp. 338, 419.
^ Corry, John (December 22, 1971). "It's Yuletide, And Spirits Are High on the Plaza". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
White, Willensky & Leadon 2010, p. 419.
"MTA Neighborhood Maps: Midtown" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
^ "Plaza Area Busy in Postwar Boom; 35 Structures Erected in Midtown District Since '47". The New York Times. January 9, 1966. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
^ "Plaza Section Serves as Setting For New Apartment Buildings; Prices Will Be High A Legendary House The Plaza's Namesake". The New York Times. November 25, 1962. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1999, p. 578.
Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1999, pp. 596–597.
^ Stern, Gilmartin & Massengale 1983, p. 261.
^ Gray, Christopher (July 23, 2006). "A Plaza Evolves From Oversight to Landmark". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
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^ "Fifth Avenue – From Forty-Second To Sixtieth; A Generation Ago This Was Exclusively a Residence Section; Now Business Is Intruding, Curious Conditions in Which Famous Millionaire Homes Are on the Defensive Against Trade". The New York Times. September 13, 1908. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
"High Rentals Paid in New York; Private Residences in Manhattan Rapidly Giving Way to Hotels and Hotel Apartment Houses". The New York Times. April 28, 1907. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 23, 2024. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
"The New Mayfair of New York City's Society; Typical of a Phase of American Life, Upper Fifth Avenue Is Unique Among Fashion's Thoroughfares". The New York Times. September 6, 1908. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 23, 2024. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
"Group of Buildings for Vanderbilt Site; Unique Architectural Treatment Planned for Upper Fifth Avenue Block". The New York Times. April 17, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 31, 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2024.
^ "Noted Fifth Avenue Mansions Yielding to Advance of Trade: Hall and Staircase of Famous Vanderbilt Mansion, New York". The Christian Science Monitor. January 12, 1926. p. 6. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 511793610.
"Savoy Plaza Hotel to Open Soon". The New York Times. September 26, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 22, 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
"Apartment Hotel Will Open Today; The Sherry-Netherland Is Host to Friends on Eve of the Formal Celebration". The New York Times. November 1, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 1, 2024. Retrieved July 1, 2024.
"Pathe Rooster 'Crowing Again For 5th Av. Theater Opening". New York Herald Tribune. September 12, 1948. p. C4. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1324165146; "New Paris Theatre Ready to Open". The New York Times. September 5, 1948. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved July 4, 2024.
"48-Story Tower to Rise on Savoy Plaza Site; Character of 5th Ave. Area Will Be Kept, Architects Assert". The New York Times. December 16, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 23, 2021. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, pp. 1122–1123.
Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 1123.
"City Board Backs Protective Zoning For Plush Hotels". The New York Times. November 22, 1968. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 5, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
Bennett, Charles G. (August 28, 1968). "City Aids District of Luxury Hotels; Planners Move to Prevent Office Buildings in Area". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 5, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
Rovner, Ruth (March 15, 1985). "Famous Fifth Avenue Is a Feast of Pleasure". The Jewish Exponent. p. 39. ProQuest 901398709.
^ "Grand Army Plaza Monuments: William Tecumseh Sherman". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. May 30, 1903. Archived from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
^ Kramer, Marcia (May 23, 1979). "Hot Dog! Vendor's War with City Is on Again!". New York Daily News. p. 25. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on July 5, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ Goldberger, Paul (June 28, 1990). "Review/Architecture; A Restored Grand Army Plaza, With a New Coat for the General". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 24, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
^ Pogrebin, Robin (June 24, 2013). "Shaping a Plaza's Next Century". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 14, 2023. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
^ Diamonstein-Spielvogel, Barbaralee (2011). The Landmarks of New York (5th ed.). Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 519. ISBN 978-1-4384-3769-9.
"Battle of Pushcart Heats Up in Park". Newsday. July 6, 1979. p. 28Q. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 965807348.
Fortier, Alison (2016). A History Lover's Guide to New York City. History & Guide. Arcadia Publishing. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-62585-689-0. Archived from the original on July 5, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
^ Facaros, Dana; Pauls, Michael (1982). New York and the Mid-Atlantic States: A Handbook for the Independent Traveler. American traveler series. Regnery Gateway. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-89526-856-3. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved July 6, 2024.
^ Gartland, Michael (January 5, 2019). "Blaz Kicks Carriage Trade". New York Daily News. p. CS 20. ISSN 2692-1251. ProQuest 2163311233.
"Medal Offered For Best Window Display During Fifth Ave. Week: No Collective Exhibits Planned —Artistic Night Illumination —Concerts at 59th Street Plaza". Women's Wear. Vol. 20, no. 55. March 8, 1920. p. 48. ProQuest 1666059582.
^ See, for example: "Ladies of G. A. R. Hold Memorial Service; Eight Civil War Veterans Hear Their Comrades Eulogized at Sherman Monument". The New York Times. May 31, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved July 4, 2024; "Six Comrades Join in Tribute to G. A. R.; All 90 or More, They Attend Service at Sherman Statue in Fifth Ave. Plaza". The New York Times. May 30, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved July 4, 2024.
"Fountain at Plaza Lit for Christmas". The New York Times. December 10, 1959. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 5, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
Goldman, Ari L. (December 19, 1984). "Ruling Allows Nativity Scene in Central Park". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 1, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
Slattery, Denis; Xanthos, Julia (December 22, 2014). "Festival of Heights: Dueling Groups Duke It out in Bid to Gain Chanukah Bragging Rights". New York Daily News. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on July 8, 2024. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
Graham, Aidan (December 8, 2023). "World's Largest Menorah Lit in Manhattan to Kick off Hanukkah". amNewYork. Archived from the original on December 16, 2023. Retrieved July 6, 2024; Fox, Alison (December 6, 2023). "The World's Largest Menorah Will Be Lit in NYC This Year". Travel + Leisure. Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved July 6, 2024.
Feeney, Sheila Anne (December 12, 2016). "Central Park, Park Slope Menorah Dispute Ends with Ruling from Rabbinical Court". amNewYork. Archived from the original on July 8, 2024. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
"William Tecumseh Sherman". Central Park Conservancy. January 29, 2019. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
^ Minzesheimer, Bob (May 26, 2011). "David McCullough's Ode to Americans in Paris: Not All of the Pioneers 'Went West' Some Went to the City of Light". USA Today. p. D.1. ProQuest 868707761.
^ Saunders, D.J. (December 29, 1989). "Good as Gold". New York Daily News. p. 453. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on July 5, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ Dunlap, David W. (October 2, 2013). "How to Improve a Statue That's Been Made to Dazzle? Tone It Down". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 8, 2024. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
Warner, Marina (2000) . Monuments and Maidens: The Allegory of the Female Form. University of California Press. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-0-520-22733-0. Archived from the original on June 25, 2024. Retrieved July 6, 2024.
Kahn, Eve M. (August 12, 2021). "Overlooked No More: Hettie Anderson, Sculptors' Model Who Evaded Fame". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 13, 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
Tauranac 1985, p. 149.
^ Tauranac 1985, p. 150.
White, Willensky & Leadon 2010, pp. 338–339.
Dunlap, David W. (August 12, 2013). "A Flashlight's Peek Inside a Sculptor's Masterpiece". City Room. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved July 6, 2024.
^ Weaver, Shaye (October 8, 2015). "Grand Army Plaza Reopens After Yearlong Renovation". DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on November 18, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
Martin, Douglas (December 3, 1999). "Central Park Entrances in a Return to the Past". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 31, 2023. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
^ "Doris C. Freedman Plaza (Southeast Entrance to Central Park – East…". Central Park Conservancy. January 28, 2019. Archived from the original on December 26, 2023. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
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Isenberg, Barbara (August 27, 2006). "NY Public Art Turns a Corner, And Some Heads; All That's Missing Is Context as the Latest Project Erected in Central Park Makes a Spectacle of Itself". Los Angeles Times. pp. E.40. ISSN 0458-3035. ProQuest 422092989.
"Doris C. Freedman Plaza Plaque". NYC Parks. Archived from the original on August 6, 2022. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
Schevill, Ferdinand (2021). Karl Bitter: A Biography. Creative Media Partners, LLC. pp. 65–67. ISBN 978-1-01-506202-3. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved July 6, 2024.
Konti, Isidore; Hudson River Museum (1974). The Sculpture of Isidore Konti, 1862–1938: Exhibition , January 26 – March 30, 1975, The Hudson River Museum. The Museum. pp. 63–64. Archived from the original on June 21, 2024. Retrieved July 6, 2024.
^ "Removal of Pulitzer Fountain Considered; So Broken, It Is Held to Mar Plaza Square". The New York Times. August 22, 1928. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 24, 2024. Retrieved June 24, 2024.
^ Diehl, Lorraine B. (July 12, 2003). "Pulitzer Fountain Makes a Big Splash". New York Daily News. p. 26. ISSN 2692-1251. ProQuest 305812270.
^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1974, p. 2.
^ Tauranac 1985, p. 159.
^ "Pulitzer Fountain to Be Restored by Fall; Goddess to Surmount New Marble Basin". The New York Times. May 31, 1933. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 2, 2024. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
^ "Pulitzer Fountain Repairs To Be Resumed Tuesday". New York Herald Tribune. August 26, 1934. p. 21. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1237341225.
^ "Grand Army Plaza Monuments: Pulitzer Fountain". NYC Parks. Archived from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
^ "Pulitzer Fountain Work Finished". The New York Times. August 5, 1971. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
"Buried Streams Trouble New York Builders; Stream Encountered in Digging the Pennsylvania Tunnels Only One of Dozens Still Flowing Under New York's Skyscrapers Tide Still Rises and Falls Under Canal Street and Under Broad Street". The New York Times. February 10, 1907. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 23, 2024. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
Rosenzweig & Blackmar 1992, pp. 119–120.
Taylor, Dorceta E. (2009). "section 3". The Environment and the People in American Cities, 1600s–1900s: Disorder, Inequality, And Social Change. Duke University Press. p. 292. ISBN 978-0-8223-4451-3.
^ "Grand Army Plaza Dedicated". The Herald Statesman. April 11, 1924. p. 22. Archived from the original on June 24, 2024. Retrieved June 24, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ Louie, Elaine (March 1, 1990). "Currents; Grand Army Plaza's Rather Grand History". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 16, 2017. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
^ Rosenzweig & Blackmar 1992, pp. 197–199.
^ "Plan for New Park Entrance Revives Old Controversy; Project Discussed Fifty Years Ago Is Renewed Through Gift of Pulitzer Fountain – Designs on Exhibition at the Public Library". The New York Times. January 26, 1913. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
^ "In Memory of Richard M. Hunt; Report to the Architectural League on Plans for a Gate to Central Park". The New York Times. February 15, 1896. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
^ 1868 New York City Parks Department Annual Report (PDF) (Report). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1868. p. 56. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2023.
"To Pave the Fifth Avenue Plaza". New-York Tribune. March 17, 1887. p. 8. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 573341857.
Board of Commissioners of the NYC Dept of Public Parks – Minutes and Documents: May 5, 1886 – April 20, 1887 (PDF) (Report). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. March 16, 1887. p. 467. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2023.
^ Stern, Gilmartin & Massengale 1983, p. 129.
"Art in Memorial Form; New-York Soon to Be Adorned by Many Fine Monuments". The New York Times. November 3, 1895. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 21, 2024. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
"Site of the Memorial Arch: Opposition to the Choice of the Fifth-Ave Plaza Arguments Before the Commission on the Subject—final Decision Postponed". New-York Tribune. December 11, 1895. p. 13. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 574120671; "New-york's Police Bicyclists; Nucleus of Wheel ng Squad Formed – Disciplinary Action – The Arrests of Women – A Boon to the Nervous". The New York Times. December 11, 1895. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
"To Adorn the Plaza: Model Selected for the Soldiers and Sailors' Memorial the Work of Charles W. And Arthur A. Stoughton Chosen—Frederic Macmonnies to Be the Sculptor". New-York Tribune. November 13, 1897. p. 7. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 574369883; "Memorial Design Chosen; Plan for Soldiers and Sailors' Monument on the Park Plaza Selected at Last". The New York Times. November 13, 1897. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 21, 2024. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
"Opposed to the Plaza as a Site". New-York Tribune. November 24, 1897. p. 14. Archived from the original on June 21, 2024. Retrieved June 21, 2024 – via newspapers.com; "The Soldiers' Memorial; Sculpture Society's Disapproval of the Plaza Site Will Cause Delay". The New York Times. November 25, 1897. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
"The Plaza Site Rejected: Vetoed by a Tie Vote in the Municipal Art Commission". New-York Tribune. December 15, 1897. p. 7. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 574378136; "No Monument on the Plaza". The New York Times. December 15, 1897. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 21, 2024. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
"The Soldiers' Monument; A New Site Provisionally Selected by the Commission". The New York Times. December 23, 1897. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
^ Tauranac 1985, p. 158.
Landmarks Preservation Commission 1974, pp. 1–2.
^ "At the Spacious Plaza: A Beautiful Setting for the Parade as It Swung Into the Avenue Immense Grandstands in Fifty-Ninth-St". New-York Tribune. October 1, 1899. p. 4. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 574678300.
"A Permanent Dewey Arch; Citizens in All Walks of Life Favor the Erection of One". The New York Times. October 8, 1899. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 21, 2024. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
"Site for Sherman Statue". New-York Tribune. March 15, 1902. p. 7. Archived from the original on June 22, 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
"Unveil Sherman Statue With Appropriate Service.: St. Gaudens' Magnificent Equestrian Work Formally Dedicated to the City of New York—Root Delivers Address". Chicago Daily Tribune. May 31, 1903. p. 33. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 173114890; "Statue of Gen. Sherman Unveiled in Manhattan". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. May 30, 1903. p. 2. Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024 – via newspapers.com; "Statue of Sherman Unveiled". New-York Tribune. May 31, 1903. pp. 1, 2. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
"Decoration Day Events; Sherman Statue to Be Dedicated at Central Park Plaza. United States Troops and National Guardsmen to Take Part in the Procession – Services and Outings". The New York Times. May 29, 1903. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
"New Traffic Rules: Changes in 59th Street and Plaza to Go Into Effect To-Morrow". New-York Tribune. April 2, 1906. p. 8. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 571830483; "City's Railway Traffic; 93,000,000 More Fares Paid Last Year Than in 1904". The New York Times. April 2, 1906. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 22, 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
"Some Elaborate Schemes for a City Beautiful: Ideas of Architects Which Look Well on Paper, But May Never Take a Concrete Form". New-York Tribune. April 10, 1904. p. B8. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 571443372; "Plan for Making New York a City Beautiful; Commission on the Improvement of the City Recommends Daring Schemes – Viaduct at Forty-second Street and Fifth Avenue – Great Thoroughfare to Bridges". The New York Times. March 10, 1907. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 23, 2024. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
"Plans a New Diagonal Avenue From Times Square; Charles R. Lamb, The Well Known Architect, Proposes to Connect It With the Plaza and Bring This Section in Touch With the Queensborough Bridge". The New York Times. January 15, 1911. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 23, 2024. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
"Commission Plans to Improve Fifth Avenue". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. March 24, 1912. p. 8. Archived from the original on June 23, 2024. Retrieved June 23, 2024 – via newspapers.com; "Fifth Avenue Only a Dignified Street; That Is the Best McAneny's Commission Can Promise After Its Investigation". The New York Times. March 24, 1912. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 23, 2024. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
^ "Pulitzer Papers Left in Trust; Herbert, Youngest Son, Gets Six-Tenths Share; Ralph, Two, And Joseph, Jr., One". The New York Times. November 14, 1911. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved June 23, 2024; "Greater Share in Pulitzer Papers Goes to Youngest Son". Press and Sun-Bulletin. November 14, 1911. p. 1. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved June 23, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
"Tax on Pulitzer Estate; Property Left by Publisher Appraised at $18,200,000". The New York Times. November 19, 1912. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 23, 2024. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
"New Design for 59th Street Plaza Ready: Park Board Architect's Plans Call for Imposing Detail of City Planning". New-York Tribune. December 10, 1912. p. 4. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 575024667. Archived from the original on June 23, 2024. Retrieved June 24, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ "Pulitzer Fountain on Plaza; City Approves Site and Competitive Plans Are to Be Ready Jan. 15". The New York Times. December 22, 1912. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved June 23, 2024; "City Approves Plaza Site for Pulitzer Fountain". The Sun. December 22, 1912. p. 6. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved June 23, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ "New Plaza and Pulitzer Fountain Designed". The Sun. January 26, 1913. p. 30. Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved June 23, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ "New Plaza and Fountain for Central Park". Park and Cemetery and Landscape Gardening. Vol. 23, no. 2. April 1, 1913. p. 28. ProQuest 846974128.
^ "Exhibit Fountain Plans". New-York Tribune. January 21, 1913. p. 3. Archived from the original on June 23, 2024. Retrieved June 23, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
"Park Plaza Plans on View". The Sun. January 18, 1913. p. 5. Retrieved June 23, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ Gray, Christopher (July 18, 1999). "Streetscapes/Grand Army Plaza; Spaces That March to Different Drummers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 19, 2021. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
"To Shift Traffic at Plaza". New-York Tribune. January 24, 1913. p. 9. Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved June 23, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
"Lines in Manhattan Progressing Rapidly". The Brooklyn Citizen. May 23, 1914. p. 14. Archived from the original on May 15, 2023. Retrieved May 15, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
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"Fifth Av. Subway Station Started: Derricks and Debris Likely to Encumber Central Park Plaza". New-York Tribune. October 15, 1914. p. 14. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 575327355.
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"East Side Wants Bridge Renamed for Roosevelt: Manhattan Square and 59th Street Plaza Sites Also Considered by Aldermen". New-York Tribune. December 8, 1921. p. 4. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 576518160; "Would Name Bridge After Roosevelt; Aldermen Hear Argument for Proposition to Give Permanent Honor to Statesman". The New York Times. December 8, 1921. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved December 27, 2023.
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^ The Colonel (June 11, 1923). "From Day to Day in Old New York". The Buffalo Enquirer. p. 4. Archived from the original on June 24, 2024. Retrieved June 24, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
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"Veterans Dedicate Memorial Tablet At Park Entrance: Ceremony Takes Place at Grand Army Plaza on 59th Anniversary of Lee's Surrender at Appomattox". The New York Herald, New York Tribune. April 10, 1924. p. 12. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1112955604; "Yanks Drub Dodgers Again". New York Daily News. April 10, 1924. p. 64. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved June 24, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ Sutton, Horace (January 9, 1972). "A Traveler's Diary: Memories Linger in New York Plaza". Los Angeles Times. pp. J4. ISSN 0458-3035. ProQuest 156888374.
Starita, Joe (February 21, 1987). "No Need to Say 'Hotel' When Talking of Plaza". The Gazette. p. I7. ProQuest 431454651.
^ "'Sense' Plaza Proposed". Mount Vernon Argus. January 10, 1976. p. 15. Archived from the original on July 5, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
"Elks Pay to Make Sherman Statue New". The Herald Statesman. August 4, 1928. p. 17. Archived from the original on June 24, 2024. Retrieved June 24, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ "Ruined by Neglect". The Brooklyn Citizen. August 26, 1928. p. 4. Archived from the original on June 24, 2024. Retrieved June 24, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ "Plaza Memorial To Be Restored; Pulitzer to Aid: Fountain Eroded to Honor Publisher, Badly Eroded, Needs $42,000 Repairs". New York Herald Tribune. August 16, 1930. p. 26. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1113743034.
^ Berger, Meyer (April 25, 1956). "About New York; Statues and Fountain in Central Park Plaza Are in the Throes of a Beauty Treatment". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 22, 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
^ "City to Renovate Statue in Fifth Av.; "Lady of the Plaza" at 59th St. To Be Repaired After Long Deliberation". The New York Times. May 2, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved July 1, 2024.
"Bath Now Assured for Lady of Plaza; Pulitzer Fountain's Restoration Is Expected to Start Soon, Returning Her to Grace". The New York Times. November 10, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 1, 2024. Retrieved July 1, 2024.
"To Save Pulitzer Fountain; Art Commission Approves Plans for Waterproofing Its Base". The New York Times. November 11, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 1, 2024. Retrieved July 1, 2024.
^ "Joseph Pulitzer Memorial to Go Unless City Aids: Pedrick to Ask McKee to Back $10,000 Repair Fund for Fifth Ave. Memorial". New York Herald Tribune. September 27, 1932. p. 36. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1114563678.
^ "Lady of the Plaza to Be Beautified at Last; Pulitzer Offer to Restore Fountain Accepted". The New York Times. November 16, 1932. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 2, 2024. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
"Workmen Begin Repairs To Pulitzer Memorial: $35.000 Job in Front of Plaza To Be Finished Feb. 15 Starting Repair Work on the Pulitzer Fountain". New York Herald Tribune. January 11, 1933. p. 17. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1221349547; "Diana of the Plaza Fountain Sees Repairs Begin at Last". The New York Times. January 11, 1933. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 1, 2024. Retrieved July 1, 2024.
"Statue Work Still Waits; Labor Row Blocking Restoration of Fountain at 5th Av. And 58th St". The New York Times. July 12, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 1, 2024. Retrieved July 1, 2024.
^ "Plaza Fountain To Flow Again Within Month: Pulitzer Memorial's Long' Delayed Restoration Getting Finishing Touches". New York Herald Tribune. April 12, 1935. p. 21. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1221591691.
"Repair Work Begun on Pulitzer Fountain; Compromise Is Reached With the Stonecutters Who Will Install Foreign Marble". The New York Times. August 29, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved July 1, 2024.
^ "Lady of Fountain Restored to View; High Fence at 5th Av. Corner Torn Down, Revealing New and Resplendent Base". The New York Times. June 14, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
"Fountain in 5th Av. To Reappear Soon; Pulitzer Memorial Will Lose Its High Green Fence Within a Short Time". The New York Times. May 8, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
"Army Tank Show Hits Police Snag; Two Huge General Shermans Allowed to Rest on Park Property After Dispute". The New York Times. May 7, 1943. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved July 4, 2024.
"Moses Single-Handed And Unarmed Routs 2 Army Tanks". New York Herald Tribune. May 7, 1943. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1267796864; "M-4 Tanks May Put the Rommelmen to Rout But Are Forced to Retreat Before Moses". The New York Times. May 8, 1943. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved July 4, 2024.
"60,000 Gift Tulips Beautify the City; Brilliant Oases in Park Ave. And Central Park Plaza Are Memorial to Mother". The New York Times. May 13, 1948. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved July 4, 2024.
Lewis, Milton (December 1, 1947). "Improving City Streets Worsens Traffic Snarls: Dipping Up Pavement AIso Shuts Off Trade; Blasts Shatter Nerves and Sales Underground Constructions Snarl Manhattan's Traffic". New York Herald Tribune. p. 3. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1319878593; "Excavating is Explained; Official Says City Is Trying to Catch Up on Needed Repairs". The New York Times. October 17, 1947. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 5, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
"Another Street to Get New Face; Central Park South Slated for Repaving, Resurfacing When Winter Ends". The New York Times. December 12, 1949. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved July 4, 2024.
"59th St. Paving Project Started". New York Herald Tribune. March 21, 1950. p. 11. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1327507924; "59th St. To Be Repaved; Work to Start Monday on Stretch East of Columbus Circle". The New York Times. March 18, 1950. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved July 4, 2024.
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"An A.S.P.C.A. Portable Water Trough; A.S.P.C.A. Reverses Old Cliche And Leads the Water to the Horse". The New York Times. May 11, 1951. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved July 4, 2024.
"City Will Spend $309,500 On Sprucing Up Manhattan". New York Herald Tribune. June 29, 1957. p. 8. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1337875049; "City Will Salute Seasons of Year; $309,500 Project to Beautify Streets With Flowers and Banners Is Prepared". The New York Times. June 29, 1957. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 5, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
Barstow, James S. (October 24, 1957). "City Begins First 'Salute To Seasons': Wagner Signals It at Ceremony". New York Herald Tribune. p. 18. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1325284332.
Devlin, John C. (September 22, 1959). "City to Light Park as Salute to Fall; Illumination Along 5th Ave. To Be Turned On at Public Ceremony Tonight". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
de Gramont, Sanche (March 14, 1960). "Sidewalk Cafe for Central Park Huntington Hartford Is Putting Up the $750,000". New York Herald Tribune. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1327507532; "Hartford Gives City a Cafe for Central Park; $500,000 Is Donated by A. & P. Heir Plaza Site to Permit Sidewalk Dining". The New York Times. March 14, 1960. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 5, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
Sibley, John (August 27, 1963). "Cafe-Pavilion Plan For Central Park Is Upheld by Court". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 5, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
Lewis, Daniel (May 20, 2008). "Huntington Hartford II, A. & P. Heir, Dies at 97". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
Blumenthal, Ralph (January 14, 1966). "Normal Day Again: City Traffic Flows With Hardly a Snag". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 5, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
Fowler, Glenn (August 5, 1965). "Fifth Avenue, City's Grande Dame, Graciously Suffers Changes; Furor Over Savoy Plaza And 1-Way Traffic Fades Midtown Fifth Ave. Graciously Awaiting Changes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
"A Japanese Display on Plaza Will Open Tomorrow". The New York Times. February 27, 1967. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 5, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
^ Koenig, H.P. (September 5, 1965). "5th Avenue: New York's Magnificent Mile: The Traveler's New York Famed Thorofare Retains Charm in a Changing City". Chicago Tribune. p. F2. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 180105688.
"Park in Front of the Plaza Hotel Becoming a Litterer's Paradise". The New York Times. July 18, 1969. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 5, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
Sumach, Murray (February 22, 1971). "Central Park South Seeks To Recapture Old Elegance". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
^ Loetterle, Fred (January 2, 1973). "Fur-Coated Regulars on 5th Av. Are Rats". New York Daily News. p. 167. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on July 5, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
"Plaza Sweetie Put in Her Place". New York Daily News. March 20, 1971. p. 14. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on July 5, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
"Refugee Rats Relocating on 5th Ave". The Sun. October 12, 1979. p. A3. ProQuest 538309566.
"Bank Cool to Plans To Turn Its Interior Into City Landmark". The New York Times. May 31, 1974. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 18, 2022. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
Murphy, John (July 24, 1974). "Gen. Sherman Is Here to Stay". New York Daily News. p. 7. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on July 5, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024 – via newspapers.com; Goldberger, Paul (July 24, 1974). "Carnegie Hill Areas at 5th Ave. Designated a Historic District". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 27, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
Goldberger, Paul (August 9, 1979). "Design Notebook". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 5, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
Blair, William G. (June 27, 1981). "Plans That Could Change Fifth Avenue...while Renewal Proceeds". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 6, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
Haberman, Clyde; Johnston, Laurie (July 27, 1982). "New York Day by Day; Bringing Back the Trough". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 5, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
"Pulitzer Fountain Drought Nears End". Newsday. June 9, 1983. p. 29. ISSN 2574-5298. Archived from the original on July 5, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024 – via newspapers.com; Anderson, Susan Heller; Carroll, Maurice (June 5, 1984). "New York Day by Day; Pulitzer Fountain's Plight". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 5, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
^ Purnick, Joyce (March 27, 1985). "For a Historic Plaza, Pears and Limes?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 7, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
Larkin, Kathy (September 19, 1986). "A Fund-Raiser Grows in Brooklyn". New York Daily News. p. 112. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
Gross, Michael (September 19, 1986). "Bergdorf's Party Toasts Pulitzer Fountain". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 22, 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
^ Dunlap, David W. (October 24, 1988). "Group Plans Overhaul Of the Pulitzer Fountain". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 31, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
^ Lowery, Mark (June 14, 1990). "Fountain Again Gushes Abundantly". Newsday. p. 23. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 278217071. Retrieved September 23, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ Clifford, Timothy (March 9, 1987). "Grand Plans to Restore Not-So-Grand Army Plaza". Newsday. p. 27. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 278795357. Archived from the original on July 5, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
^ "Restored Plaza Hailed (But Turn Down That General!)". The New York Times. June 7, 1990. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
Shepard, Joan (July 25, 1990). "Art in a Gilded Craze". New York Daily News. p. 243. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
Dugger, Celia W. (June 27, 1991). "Yes, New York City Plans Sidewalk Toilets". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
Hu, Winnie (September 22, 2005). "Deal Is Reached to Put Toilets on City Streets". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 13, 2022. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
Ramirez, Anthony (August 25, 1996). "The Indignity of Puddle-Hopping At an Elegant Corner". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
^ Dunlap, David W. (June 19, 2013). "It's General Sherman's Time to Shine, But Not Too Much". City Room. Archived from the original on June 22, 2024. Retrieved July 6, 2024.
Cunningham, Bill (April 2, 2018). "On the Street; Fall?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
Dailey, Jessica (June 25, 2013). "Central Park's $2M Grand Army Plaza Reno Is 'Not Enough'". Curbed NY. Archived from the original on June 21, 2024. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
"Plan To Fix Up And 'Pigeon Proof' General Sherman Statue In The Works". CBS New York. February 14, 2013. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
"New York City to Move Horse-Drawn Carriage Boarding Areas into Central Park". ABC7 New York. August 30, 2018. Archived from the original on January 17, 2022. Retrieved June 23, 2024; Neuman, William (August 30, 2018). "In His 5th Year as Mayor, de Blasio Finally Acts on Horse-Carriage Pledge". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 13, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
^ Moynihan, Ellen; Gartland, Michael (February 15, 2019). "NYC Starts Work to Corral Carriage Horses Inside Central Park". New York Daily News. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
Spivack, Caroline (February 20, 2019). "NYC Carriage Drivers Must Move into Central Park, Judge Rules". Curbed NY. Archived from the original on February 28, 2024. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
Gartland, Michael (February 28, 2019). "Mayor De Blasio Orders Carriage Horses into Central Park". New York Daily News. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
"Central Park South, Grand Army Plaza, 5th Ave" (PDF). New York City Department of Transportation. June 22, 2020. p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 16, 2020. Retrieved December 6, 2020.
Guse, Clayton (September 1, 2022). "NYC Carriage Horse Industry Proposes More Regulations, Stable in Central Park After Old Horse Collapsed in Midtown". New York Daily News. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on March 18, 2024. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
"Restoration of Grand Army Plaza South". Central Park Conservancy. February 27, 2024. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
Dodd, Ora (September 11, 1959). "New York's Fifth Avenue Spells Fashion and Glamour to Most of World: Golden Ribbon Stretches Seven Miles". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 9. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510004941.
^ Huxtable, Ada Louise (September 15, 1974). "Public Sculpture-A City's Most Pervasive Art: 'The Use of Space and Sculpture Is Traditionally One of Man's Most Creative Contributions Where It Counts Most: As a Three-Dimensional Part of the Functioning City Scene.' Art/Architecture". The New York Times. p. 139. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 120014148.
"Cinematic Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved July 6, 2024.
Shepard, Richard F. (June 26, 1980). "Fifth and 59th, The Bus Stop of the Stars; The Shortest Run Redone 9 Times 'Gaper in the Van' Would They Allow It in Piccadilly? Wrong-Way Avenue Mercury Ballet to Offer Two Rare English Works". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 6, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2024.

Sources

Grand Army Plaza (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. July 23, 1974.
Rosenzweig, Roy & Blackmar, Elizabeth (1992). The Park and the People: A History of Central Park. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9751-5.
Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Gregory; Massengale, John Montague (1983). New York 1900: Metropolitan Architecture and Urbanism, 1890–1915. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 0-8478-0511-5. OCLC 9829395.
Stern, Robert A. M.; Mellins, Thomas; Fishman, David (1995). New York 1960: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Second World War and the Bicentennial. New York: Monacelli Press. ISBN 1-885254-02-4. OCLC 32159240. OL 1130718M.
Stern, Robert A. M.; Mellins, Thomas; Fishman, David (1999). New York 1880: Architecture and Urbanism in the Gilded Age. Monacelli Press. ISBN 978-1-58093-027-7. OCLC 40698653.
Tauranac, John (1985). Elegant New York. New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 978-0-89659-458-6. OCLC 12314472.
White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19538-386-7.

External links

Media related to Grand Army Plaza (Manhattan) at Wikimedia Commons

Midtown (42nd–59th Streets)

Manhattan, New York City

Buildings

West of
5th Av

Rockefeller Center	1 Rockefeller Plz 10 Rockefeller Plz 30 Rockefeller Plz 50 Rockefeller Plz 75 Rockefeller Plz 1211 6th Av 1221 6th Av 1251 6th Av 1271 6th Av British Empire Building International Building La Maison Francaise
Times Square	1 Astor Plz 1 Times Sq 3 Times Sq 4 Times Sq 11 Times Sq 20 Times Sq 229 W 43rd St 255 W 43rd St 1500 Broadway 1501 Broadway 1540 Broadway 1552 Broadway 1585 Broadway TSX Broadway

East of
5th Av

Former

Theaters

Broadway theaters	Ambassador August Wilson Belasco Bernard B. Jacobs Booth Broadhurst Broadway Circle in the Square Ethel Barrymore Eugene O'Neill Gerald Schoenfeld Gershwin Hayes Hudson Imperial James Earl Jones John Golden Lena Horne Longacre Lunt-Fontanne Lyceum Lyric Majestic Marquis Minskoff Music Box Neil Simon Palace Richard Rodgers St. James Samuel J. Friedman Shubert Stephen Sondheim Studio 54 Todd Haimes Walter Kerr Winter Garden
Other venues	55th Street Playhouse Carnegie Hall Ed Sullivan Theater The ImaginAsian New Victory Theater New York City Center Paris Theater Radio City Music Hall Sony Hall The Theater Center The Town Hall York Theatre
Closed/demolished	44th Street 48th Street Apollo Center Capitol Earl Carroll Edison Embassy Fulton George M. Cohan's Loew's State Lyric New Century Olympia Roxy Strand Times Square Victoria Ziegfeld (1927) Ziegfeld (1969)

Hotels

Current

Former

Other points of interest

Restaurants/ nightlife	21 Club 54 Below Alto Anthos Aureole Burger Heaven Le Bernardin Cafe Chambord Campbell Apartment La Caravelle Caviar Russe Del Pezzo Restaurant Ellen's Stardust Diner Four Twenty Five Gabriel Kreuther Gallagher's Steakhouse Grand Central Oyster Bar & Restaurant La Grenouille Iridium Jazz Club Le Jardinier King Cole Bar Kurumazushi Latin Quarter Lespinasse Marea Naro The Pool and the Grill Oceana The Original Soupman P. J. Clarke's Patsy's Le Pavillon Prime Burger The Quilted Giraffe Rainbow Room Restaurant Aquavit Rumpelmayer's Russian Tea Room Sardi's Satsuki Shun Lee Palace Stage Deli The Campbell
Museums/ cultural centers	Austrian Cultural Forum New York Girl Scout Museum and Archives John M. Mossman Lock Museum Korean Cultural Center New York Madame Tussauds New York Museum of Arts and Design Museum of Broadway Museum of Modern Art New York Transit Museum Paley Center for Media Rose Museum Spyscape
Stores	Argosy Book Store Gotham Book Mart
Clubhouses	American Fine Arts Society The Brook Century Association Cornell Club of New York Harvard Club of New York City New York Athletic Club New York City Bar Association New York Friars Club New York Yacht Club Penn Club of New York Racquet and Tennis Club University Club of New York Women's National Republican Club Yale Club of New York City
Clubhouses (former)	Princeton Club of New York
Green spaces	Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden Central Park Grand Army Plaza Greenacre Park Paley Park
Educational institutions	53rd Street Library Circle in the Square Theatre School CUNY School of Labor and Urban Studies High School of Performing Arts Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School for International Careers Saint Thomas Choir School SUNY College of Optometry
Art galleries	Galerie St. Etienne Rehs Galleries

Transportation

Subway stations	Fifth Avenue/53rd Street Fifth Avenue–59th Street Seventh Avenue 42nd Street–Bryant Park/Fifth Avenue 42nd Street–Port Authority Bus Terminal 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center 49th Street 50th Street 50th Street 57th Street–Seventh Avenue 57th Street 59th Street–Columbus Circle Grand Central–42nd Street Lexington Avenue/51st Street Lexington Avenue/59th Street Times Square–42nd Street
Railroad stations	Grand Central Madison Grand Central Terminal
Streets and intersections	Third Avenue Fifth Avenue Sixth Avenue Six and a Half Avenue Seventh Avenue Eighth Avenue 42nd 47th 50th 51st 52nd 53rd 54th 55th 57th 59th Broadway Columbus Circle Duffy Square Grand Army Plaza George Abbott Way Lexington Avenue Madison Avenue Park Avenue Park Avenue Viaduct Pershing Square Shubert Alley Times Square Vanderbilt Avenue

Related topics
Billionaires' Row Little Brazil Midtown South Minnesota Strip

See also: Manhattan Community Board 5

Central Park

Manhattan, New York City

Geographical features
Cedar Hill Conservatory Garden Conservatory Water Great Lawn and Turtle Pond Harlem Meer Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir McGowan's Pass North Woods and North Meadow The Pond and Hallett Nature Sanctuary The Ramble and Lake Rat Rock Sawkill (historical) Seneca Village (historical) Sheep Meadow Strawberry Fields

Sculptures and public art

107th Infantry Memorial
Alice in Wonderland sculpture
Angel of the Waters
Balto
Simón Bolívar
Burnett Memorial Fountain
Robert Burns
Christopher Columbus
Cleopatra's Needle
Delacorte Clock
Duke Ellington Memorial
Frederick Douglass Memorial
Eagles and Prey
The Falconer
Fitz-Greene Halleck
Alexander Hamilton
Victor Herbert
Indian Hunter
King Jagiello Monument
José Martí
Giuseppe Mazzini
Samuel Finley Breese Morse
Romeo and Juliet
José de San Martín
Sir Walter Scott
Seventh Regiment Memorial
William Shakespeare
J. Marion Sims (moved 2018)
The Gates (temporary, 2005)
The Tempest
Untermyer Fountain
- Three Dancing Maidens
USS Maine National Monument
Daniel Webster
Women's Rights Pioneers Monument

Other features

Events
Be-Ins The Concert UAE Healthy Kidney 10K New York Mini 10K Concerto: One Night in Central Park Shakespeare in the Park SummerStage

Transport

Border roads

Frederick Douglass Circle

110th Street

Duke Ellington Circle

Transverses

Subway stations

Notable figures
Elizabeth Barlow Rogers Andrew Haswell Green Jacob Wrey Mould Frederick Law Olmsted Ignaz Anton Pilat Starr Saphir Calvert Vaux Egbert Ludovicus Viele George E. Waring Jr.

Notable animals
Barry Flaco Gus Mandarin Patinkin Pale Male Pattycake

Miscellaneous
Birdwatching incident Conservancy Jogger case Medical Unit Popular culture

Streets of Manhattan

North–south

Major avenues	1st Av 2nd Av 3rd Av Lexington Av Park Av Madison Av 5th Av Broadway 6th Av (Av of the Americas) Lenox Av 7th Av (Fashion Av) 8th Av 9th Av 10th Av 11th Av 12th Av
Financial District	South Pearl Broad William Nassau Theatre Alley Whitehall Canyon of Heroes State West
Lower East Side	Allen Pike Baxter Centre Market Pl Bowery Centre Division Chrystie Coenties Slip Eldridge Elizabeth Essex Forsyth Lafayette Doyers Rivington Ludlow Mott Mulberry Orchard Park Row Spring Cherry
Lower West Side	Cortlandt Alley Trinity Pl Church Greenwich Hudson Jones MacDougal Patchin Pl Sullivan Gay Thompson Varick Washington W Broadway LaGuardia Pl Weehawken West Side Hwy Bank 13th Av
East Village / Gramercy	Ave D Ave C Ave B Ave A Asser Levy Pl Shevchenko Pl Irving Pl 4th Av Union Square E Park Av S University Pl Union Square W
Midtown	Beekman Pl Sutton Pl Park Av Viaduct Park Av Tunnel Vanderbilt Av Rockefeller Plz 6½ Av Great White Way Shubert Alley Dyer Av Hudson Blvd
Upper East / Upper West	East End Av York Av Museum Mile East Dr Center Dr West Dr Central Park W Columbus Av Amsterdam Av West End Av Riverside Dr
Harlem / Wash. Hts.	Pleasant Av Lenox Av (Malcolm X Blvd) Powell Blvd Douglass Blvd Morningside Dr Audubon Av St. Nicholas Av (Duarte Blvd) Claremont Av Ft. Washington Av Cabrini Blvd Sylvan Pl Tiemann Pl

East–west

Financial District	Bridge Stone Marketfield Beaver Exchange Pl Wall Albany Liberty Cortlandt St/Wy Maiden La Dey Fulton Vesey Ann
Downtown	Spruce Roosevelt Chambers E Broadway Henry Madison Cherry Worth N Moore Broome Canal Hester Grand Delancey Stanton Houston Vandam Bleecker Bond Great Jones 4th Waverly Pl Washington Square N Astor Pl Washington Mews Stuyvesant Macdougal Alley 8th St. Mark's Pl Greenwich Av Christopher Charles 14th
Midtown	23rd 34th 42nd 45th (George Abbott Way) 47th 50th 51st 52nd (Swing Alley / St of Jazz) 53rd 54th 55th 57th 59th (Central Park S)
Uptown	66th / Peter Jennings Way 72nd 74th 79th 85th 86th 89th 93rd 95th 96th 110th (Cathedral Pkwy / Central Park N) 116th 125th (Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd) 130th (Astor Row) 132nd 133rd 139th (Strivers' Row) 145th 155th Bogardus Pl Dyckman Plaza Lafayette

Intersections

Circles	Columbus Duke Ellington Frederick Douglass
Squares	Chatham Cooper Duarte Duffy Foley Gramercy Park Grand Army Plz Hanover Herald Hudson Jackson Lincoln Madison Mulry Pershing Petrosino Sherman Stuyvesant Times Tompkins Union Verdi Washington Zuccotti Park

Italics indicate streets no longer in existence.
All entries are streets, circles, or squares unless otherwise noted
See also: Manhattan address algorithm

Structures on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan

Below 34th Street
1 47 (Salmagundi Club) 110 (Judge) 153 (Scribner) 159–161 170 (Sohmer Piano) 173 (Flatiron) 200 (Toy Center) 255 (Grand Madison) 272 (Marble Collegiate Church) 276 (Holland House) 277 284 (The Wilbraham) 339 (Demarest) 350 (Empire State)

34th–59th Streets

59th–96th Streets

Above 96th Street
Mount Sinai Hospital 1220 (Museum of the City of New York) 1230 (El Museo del Barrio) 1280 (The Africa Center) 2067 (St. Andrew's Episcopal Church) 2366 (369th Regiment Armory)

Parks and park features
Bryant Park Central Park Arsenal Central Park Zoo Conservatory Garden Harlem Meer Grand Army Plaza William Tecumseh Sherman Pulitzer Fountain Madison Square Park Marcus Garvey Park Harlem Fire Watchtower Washington Square Park Arch

Subway stations
42nd Street–Bryant Park/Fifth Avenue Fifth Avenue/53rd Street Fifth Avenue–59th Street

Former

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