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Alphacoronavirus chicagoense
Transmission electron micrograph of human coronavirus 229E
Virus classification
(unranked):	Virus
Realm:	Riboviria
Kingdom:	Orthornavirae
Phylum:	Pisuviricota
Class:	Pisoniviricetes
Order:	Nidovirales
Family:	Coronaviridae
Genus:	Alphacoronavirus
Subgenus:	Duvinacovirus
Species:	Alphacoronavirus chicagoense
Synonyms
Human coronavirus 229E HCoV-229E

Alphacoronavirus chicagoense ( also called Human coronavirus 229E and abbreviated HCoV-229E) is a species of coronavirus which infects humans and bats. It is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which enters its host cell by binding to the APN receptor. Along with Human coronavirus OC43 (a member of the Betacoronavirus genus), it is one of the viruses responsible for the common cold. HCoV-229E is a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus and subgenus Duvinacovirus.

Transmission

HCoV-229E transmits via droplet-respiration and fomites.

Signs and symptoms

HCoV-229E is associated with a range of respiratory symptoms, ranging from the common cold to high-morbidity outcomes such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis. However, such high morbidity outcomes are almost always seen in cases with co-infection with other respiratory pathogens; there is a single published case report to date of a 229E infection that caused acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in an otherwise healthy patient having no detectable co-infection with another pathogen. HCoV-229E is also among the coronaviruses most frequently codetected with other respiratory viruses, particularly with human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV).

Epidemiology

HCoV-229E is one of the seven human coronaviruses which include HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-1, and SARS-CoV-2 and are globally distributed. However, the viruses were detected in different parts of the world at different times of the year. A NCBI-study found a previous HCoV-229E infection in 42.9% – 50.0% of children of 6–12 months of age and in 65% of those 2.5–3.5 years of age.

Virology

HCoV-229E is one of seven known coronaviruses to infect humans. The other six are:

• Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63)
• Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43)
• Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1)
• Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1)
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

Research

This section is missing information about alpaca virus relative, also derived from bat. Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (October 2021)

Chloroquine, a zinc ionophore, inhibits the replication of Human coronavirus 229E in cell culture.

Human HCoV-229E, and human HCoV-NL63, likely originated from bats.

History

A researcher at the University of Chicago, Dorothy Hamre, first identified 229E in 1965.

In 2021 the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) approved a new system of naming viruses, by using binomial names.

In 2023 HCoV-229E was renamed to Alphacoronavirus chicagoense

See also

• Virulence
• Outbreak
• RNA virus
• Human coronavirus HKU1
• Positive/negative-sense

References

1. "Taxon Details | ICTV". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 25 July 2024.
2. Lim, Yvonne Xinyi; Ng, Yan Ling; Tam, James P.; Liu, Ding Xiang (2016-07-25). "Human Coronaviruses: A Review of Virus–Host Interactions". Diseases. 4 (3): 26. doi:10.3390/diseases4030026. ISSN 2079-9721. PMC 5456285. PMID 28933406. See Table 1.
3. Fehr AR, Perlman S (2015). "Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis". In Maier HJ, Bickerton E, Britton P (eds.). Coronaviruses. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1282. Springer. pp. 1–23. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1. ISBN 978-1-4939-2438-7. PMC 4369385. PMID 25720466. See Table 1.
4. Lau, S. K.; Lee, P.; Tsang, A. K.; Yip, C. C.; Tse, H.; Lee, R. A.; So, L. Y.; Lau, Y. L.; Chan, K. H.; Woo, P. C.; Yuen, K. Y. (2011). "Molecular epidemiology of human coronavirus OC43 reveals evolution of different genotypes over time and recent emergence of a novel genotype due to natural recombination". Journal of Virology. 85 (21): 11325–11337. doi:10.1128/JVI.05512-11. PMC 3194943. PMID 21849456.
5. Gaunt, E. R.; Hardie, A.; Claas, E. C.; Simmonds, P.; Templeton, K. E. (2010). "Epidemiology and clinical presentations of the four human coronaviruses 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43 detected over 3 years using a novel multiplex real-time PCR method". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 48 (8): 2940–2947. doi:10.1128/JCM.00636-10. PMC 2916580. PMID 20554810.
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7. Woo, Patrick C. Y.; Huang, Yi; Lau, Susanna K. P.; Yuen, Kwok-Yung (2010-08-24). "Coronavirus Genomics and Bioinformatics Analysis". Viruses. 2 (8): 1804–1820. doi:10.3390/v2081803. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 3185738. PMID 21994708. Figure 2. Phylogenetic analysis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (Pol) of coronaviruses with complete genome sequences available. The tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining method and rooted using Breda virus polyprotein.
8. Vassilara, F.; Spyridaki, A.; Pothitos, G.; Deliveliotou, A.; Papadopoulos, A. (2018). "A Rare Case of Human Coronavirus 229E Associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in a Healthy Adult". Case Reports in Infectious Diseases. 2018: 1–4. doi:10.1155/2018/6796839. PMC 5925015. PMID 29850307.
9. Pene, F.; Merlat, A.; Vabret, A.; Rozenberg, F.; Buzyn, A.; Dreyfus, F.; Cariou, A.; Freymuth, F.; Lebon, P. (2003). "Coronavirus 229E-related pneumonia in immunocompromised patients". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 37 (7): 929–932. doi:10.1086/377612. PMC 7107892. PMID 13130404.
10. Vabret, A.; Mourez, T.; Gouarin, S.; Petitjean, J.; Freymuth, F. (2003). "An outbreak of coronavirus OC43 respiratory infection in Normandy, France". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 36 (8): 985–989. doi:10.1086/374222. PMC 7109673. PMID 12684910.
11. Woo, P. C.; Lau, S. K.; Tsoi, H. W.; Huang, Y.; Poon, R. W.; Chu, C. M.; Lee, R. A.; Luk, W. K.; Wong, G. K.; Wong, B. H.; Cheng, V. C.; Tang, B. S.; Wu, A. K.; Yung, R. W.; Chen, H.; Guan, Y.; Chan, K. H.; Yuen, K. Y. (2005). "Clinical and molecular epidemiological features of coronavirus HKU1-associated community-acquired pneumonia". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 192 (11): 1898–2707. doi:10.1086/497151. PMC 7110183. PMID 16267760.
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20. Tao, Y.; Shi, M.; Chommanard, C.; Queen, K.; Zhang, J.; Markotter, W.; Kuzmin, I. V.; Holmes, E. C.; Tong, S. (2017). "Surveillance of Bat Coronaviruses in Kenya Identifies Relatives of Human Coronaviruses NL63 and 229E and Their Recombination History". Journal of Virology. 91 (5). doi:10.1128/JVI.01953-16. PMC 5309958. PMID 28077633.
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External links

• CDC
• Virology online
• Coronaviruses
• Viralzone: Alphacoronavirus Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
• Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Coronaviridae

v t e Taxonomy of the Coronaviridae
Higher taxonomy: Riboviria > Orthornavirae > Pisuviricota > Pisoniviricetes > Nidovirales > Cornidovirineae > Coronaviridae
Orthocoronavirinae Alphacoronavirus Colacovirus Bat coronavirus CDPHE15 Decacovirus Bat coronavirus HKU10 Rhinolophus ferrumequinum alphacoronavirus HuB-2013 Duvinacovirus Human coronavirus 229E Luchacovirus Lucheng Rn rat coronavirus Minacovirus Mink coronavirus 1 Minunacovirus Miniopterus bat coronavirus 1 Miniopterus bat coronavirus HKU8 Myotacovirus Myotis ricketti alphacoronavirus Sax-2011 Nyctacovirus Nyctalus velutinus alphacoronavirus SC-2013 Pipistrellus kuhlii coronavirus 3398 Pedacovirus Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus Scotophilus bat coronavirus 512 Rhinacovirus Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2 Setracovirus Human coronavirus NL63 NL63-related bat coronavirus strain BtKYNL63-9b Soracovirus Sorex araneus coronavirus T14 Sunacovirus Suncus murinus coronavirus X74 Tegacovirus Alphacoronavirus 1 Feline coronavirus Canine coronavirus Canine coronavirus HuPn-2018 Transmissible gastroenteritis virus Betacoronavirus Embecovirus Betacoronavirus 1 Bovine coronavirus Human coronavirus OC43 China Rattus coronavirus HKU24 Human coronavirus HKU1 Murine coronavirus Rat coronavirus Myodes coronavirus 2JL14 Hibecovirus Bat Hp-betacoronavirus Zhejiang2013 Merbecovirus Hedgehog coronavirus 1 Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus London1_novel CoV/2012 MERS coronavirus EMC/2012 Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5 Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4 Nobecovirus Eidolon bat coronavirus C704 Rousettus bat coronavirus GCCDC1 Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9 Sarbecovirus SARS-related coronavirus SARS-CoV-1 SARS-CoV-2 Variants BANAL-52 Bat SARS-like coronavirus WIV1 RacCS203 RaTG13 RmYN02 RpYN06 SHC014-CoV Gammacoronavirus Brangacovirus Goose coronavirus CB17 Cegacovirus Beluga whale coronavirus SW1 Igacovirus Avian coronavirus Avian coronavirus 9203 Duck coronavirus 2714 Deltacoronavirus Andecovirus Wigeon coronavirus HKU20 Buldecovirus Bulbul coronavirus HKU11 Common moorhen coronavirus HKU21 Coronavirus HKU15 Munia coronavirus HKU13 White-eye coronavirus HKU16 Herdecovirus Night heron coronavirus HKU19
Letovirinae Alphaletovirus Milecovirus Microhyla letovirus 1
Source: ICTV –– Wikispecies

• Alphacoronaviruses
• Viral respiratory tract infections