Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge

(Redirected from HKZMB) Fixed link consisting of tunnel and multiple bridges

Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge 港珠澳大橋港珠澳大桥 Ponte de Hong Kong-Macau-Zhuhai

Coordinates	22°16′59″N 113°46′50″E / 22.28306°N 113.78056°E / 22.28306; 113.78056
Carries	6 lanes of the G94 Pearl River Delta Ring Expressway
Crosses	Pearl River Estuary Lingding Channel Jiuzhou Channel
Locale	Pearl River Delta
Official name	Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge
Other name(s)	HZMB, HZM Bridge
Maintained by	National Immigration Administration (mainland China) Immigration Department (Hong Kong) Public Security Police Force (Macau)
Characteristics
Design	Bridge–tunnel system
Total length	55 kilometres (34 mi)
No. of spans	3
No. of lanes	3 lanes per direction
Design life	120 years
History
Construction start	15 December 2009; 15 years ago (2009-12-15)
Construction end	6 February 2018; 6 years ago (2018-02-06)
Construction cost	¥127 billion (US$18.8 billion)
Opened	24 October 2018, 09:00 UTC+8
Inaugurated	23 October 2018; 6 years ago (2018-10-23)
Statistics
Daily traffic	5,826 vehicles (12.76m in 6th anniversary since opening)
Toll	¥80 - ¥300
Building details

Website
hzmb.org (mainland China) customs.gov.cn (mainland China) hzmb.gov.hk (Hong Kong) td.gov.hk (Hong Kong) dsat.gov.mo/hzmb (Macau) fsm.gov.mo (Macau)

Location

Map of the bridge highway and the undersea tunnel (shown dotted) route of the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge, between Hong Kong and Macau.

Chinese name

Traditional Chinese

港珠澳大橋

Simplified Chinese

港珠澳大桥

Jyutping

gong2 zyu1 ou3 daai6 kiu4

Hanyu Pinyin

Gǎngzhū'ào Dàqiáo

Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Gǎngzhū'ào Dàqiáo
Bopomofo	ㄍㄤˇ ㄓㄨㄠˋ ㄉㄚˋ ㄑㄧㄠˊ
Wade–Giles	Kang-chu-ao Ta-chʻiao
Tongyong Pinyin	Gǎng-zhu-ào Dà-ciáo
IPA
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	Góngjyūou Daaihkìuh
Jyutping	gong2 zyu1 ou3 daai6 kiu4
IPA

Portuguese name

Portuguese

Ponte Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau

The Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge (HZMB) is a 55-kilometre (34 mi) bridge–tunnel system consisting of a series of three cable-stayed bridges, an undersea tunnel, and four artificial islands. It is both the longest sea crossing and the longest open-sea fixed link in the world. The HZMB spans the Lingding and Jiuzhou channels, connecting Hong Kong and Macau with Zhuhai— a major city on the Pearl River Delta in China.

The HZM Bridge was designed to last for 120 years and cost ¥127 billion (US$18.8 billion) to build. The cost of constructing the Main Bridge was estimated at ¥51.1 billion (US$7.56 billion) funded by bank loans and shared among the governments of mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau.

Originally set to be opened to traffic in late 2016, the structure was completed on 6 February 2018 and journalists were subsequently taken for a ride over the bridge. On 24 October 2018 the HZMB was opened to the public after its inauguration a day earlier by Chinese leader Xi Jinping.

Planning

Background

Hopewell Holdings founder and then-managing director Gordon Wu proposed the concept of a bridge-tunnel linking Mainland China, British Hong Kong and Portuguese Macau in the 1980s. Wu stated that he got the idea in 1983 from the Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel. In 1988 Wu pitched the concept to Guangdong and Beijing officials. He envisaged a link farther north than the current design, beginning at Black Point near Tuen Mun, Hong Kong and crossing the Pearl River estuary via Nei Lingding Island and Qi'ao Island. His proposed bridge would have ended at the Chinese village of Tangjia, and a new road would have continued south through Zhuhai before terminating at Macau. Discussions stalled after the Tiananmen Square protests in mid-1989 "unnerved" Wu and other foreign investors, and caused Hopewell's Hong Kong share prices to plunge.

The route proposed by Wu was promoted by the Zhuhai government under the name Lingdingyang Bridge. In the mid-1990s, Zhuhai built a bridge between the Zhuhai mainland and Qi'ao Island that was intended as the first phase of this route, though the full scheme had not been approved by either the Chinese or Hong Kong governments at the time. China's central government showed support for this project on 30 December 1997. The new Hong Kong government was reluctant, stating that it was still awaiting cross-border traffic study results, and Hong Kong media questioned the environmental impact of the project with regard to air pollution, traffic and marine life.

In December 2001 the Legislative Council of Hong Kong passed a motion urging the Administration to develop the logistics industry including the construction of a bridge connecting Hong Kong, Zhuhai and Macao. In September 2002, the China/Hong Kong Conference on Co-ordination of Major Infrastructure Projects agreed to a joint study on a transport link between Hong Kong and Pearl River West.

Preparation

To coordinate the project, the Advance Work Coordination Group of HZMB was set up in 2003. Officials from three sides solved issues such as landing points and alignments of the bridge, operation of the Border Crossing Facilities, and project financing.

In August 2008, China's central government, the governments of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macau agreed to finance 42 percent of the total costs. The remaining 58% consisted of loans (approximately ¥22 billion or US$3.23 billion) from the Bank of China.

In March 2009, it was further reported that China's central government, Hong Kong and Macau agreed to finance 22 percent of the total costs. The remaining 78 percent consisted of loans (approximately ¥57.3 billion or US$8.4 billion) from a consortium of banks led by Bank of China.

Construction

Construction of the HZMB project began on 15 December 2009 on the Chinese side, with the Politburo Standing member and Vice Premier of China Li Keqiang holding a commencement ceremony. Construction of the Hong Kong section of the project began in December 2011 after a delay caused by a legal challenge regarding the environmental impact of the bridge.

The last bridge tower was erected on 2 June 2016. The last straighted-element of the 4,860-metre-long (15,940 ft) straight section of the undersea tunnel was installed on 12 July 2016. While the final tunnel joint was installed on 2 May 2017. Construction of the Main Bridge, consisting of a viaduct and an undersea tunnel was completed on 6 July 2017. The entire construction project was completed on 6 February 2018. During the construction 19 workers died.

Hong Kong section under construction in 2015 off the coast of Lantau Island
The eastern artificial island in May 2017
The Artificial Island in May 2018
The completed Hong Kong section of the bridge in November 2018

Sections and elements

The 55-km (34 mi) HZMB consists of three main sections: the Main Bridge (29.6 km or 18.4 mi) in the middle of the Pearl River estuary, the Hong Kong Link Road (12 km or 7.5 mi) in the east and the Zhuhai Link Road (13.4 km or 8.3 mi) in the west of the estuary.

Main Bridge

The Main Bridge, the largest part of the HZMB project, is a bridge-tunnel system constructed by the mainland Chinese authorities. It connects Zhuhai-Macao Port Artificial Island, an artificial island housing the Boundary Crossing Facilities (BCF) for both mainland China and Macau in the west, to the Hong Kong Link Road in the east.

This section includes a 22.9-km (14.2 mi) bridge construction and a 6.7-km (4.2 mi) immersed tube undersea tunnel that runs between two artificial islands, the Blue Dolphin Island on the west and the White Dolphin Island on the east. The bridge construction crosses the Pearl River estuary with three cable-stayed bridges spanning between 280 and 460 metres (920 and 1,510 ft), allowing shipping traffic to pass underneath.

Hong Kong Link Road

Zhuhai Link Road

The Zhuhai Link Road starts from Zhuhai-Macao Port Artificial Island, passes through the developed area of Gongbei via a tunnel towards Zhuhai, and connects to three major expressways, namely, the Jing-Zhu Expressway, Guang-Zhu West Expressway and Jiang-Zhu Expressway.

Macau Bridge Link

Opened in October 2024, the 3km long bridge provided alternative access to Taipa Island from the HZMB boundary office.

Left- and right-hand traffic

Although the HZMB connects two left-hand traffic (LHT) areas, namely Hong Kong and Macau, the crossing itself is right-hand traffic (RHT), the same as in Zhuhai and other regions of mainland China (the bridge is technically in Zhuhai for most of its length). Thus, drivers from Hong Kong and Macau need to make use of crossing viaducts to switch to RHT upon entering the bridge, and back to LHT upon leaving the bridge when they are back to Hong Kong and Macau. Traffic between Zhuhai and the bridge requires no left-right conversion as they are both RHT.

Transport

Shuttle buses

The HZMBus shuttle bus service (colloquially referred as the "golden buses") runs 24 hours a day with bus departures as frequent as every five minutes. The journey across the HZMB takes about 40 minutes.

The HZMB Hong Kong Port can be reached from Hong Kong by taxi or various buses including Cityflyer airport routes A10, A11, A12, A17, A21, A22, A23, A25, A26, A28 and A29, Long Win Bus airport routes A30, A31, A32, A33X, A34, A36, A37, A38, A41, A41P, A42, A43, A46 and A47X, NLB airport route A35, Green Minibus route 901, the B4 shuttle bus from Hong Kong International Airport, the B5 shuttle bus from Sunny Bay MTR station, or the B6 bus from Tung Chung. In addition, all overnight airport buses (NA-prefixed routes) which are operated by Cityflyer or Long Win stops or terminates at the Hong Kong Port.

The HZMB Zhuhai Port can be reached from Zhuhai by taxis or the L1 bus which uses historic tourist vehicles, or Line-12, 23, 25 or 3 buses.

The HZMB Macau Port can be reached from Macau by taxis or various buses including the 101X bus and the 102X bus from St Paul's and Taipa, or the HZMB Integrated Resort Connection bus from Taipa Ferry Terminal or the Exterior Ferry terminal, connecting with free casino shuttle buses.

Private vehicles

Since the Hong Kong government imposes significant fees, taxes and administrative paperwork on private vehicle ownership and usage to deal with road congestion, driving a car on the HZMB would incur the same restrictions as current cross-border traffic. These include applying for separate driving licenses for both Hong Kong and mainland China, a Hong Kong Closed Road Permit for cross-boundary vehicles, and an Approval Notice from the Guangdong Public Security Bureau. Vehicle owners also need to ensure they have the appropriate insurance coverage for the regions they are travelling to.

By the end of 2017 only 10,000 permits for private vehicles to drive across the HZMB from Hong Kong to Zhuhai had been issued. In addition, the number of vehicles permitted to enter Hong Kong and Macau from other regions is subject to a daily quota.

In addition, to help compact Macau tackle its road congestion problems, drivers arriving from other regions are strongly encouraged to use a park and ride scheme, leaving their vehicles at a car park on the edge of Macau. A small quota of 300 vehicles are allowed to enter Macau directly.

In 2023 the permit/quota system relaxed further, allowing more Hong Kong and Macau vehicles to enter Guangdong Province via the Northbound Travel scheme. A similar Southbound Travel scheme is planned for 2025.

Economic effects

The HZMB links three major cities—Hong Kong, Zhuhai, and Macau—which are geographically close but separated by water. With the bridge in place, travelling time between Zhuhai and Hong Kong was cut down from about 4 hours to 30 minutes on the road.

The HZMB project is part of a Beijing-driven strategy to create an economic hub and promote the economic development of the whole area of the Pearl River Delta, which is also known as Greater Bay Area. Hoping to leverage the bridge and create an economic zone linking the three cities, Zhuhai's Hengqin area was designated as a free trade zone in 2015.

Controversies

White elephant project

Some residents have complained that the bridge had been a waste of taxpayers' money due to the restrictive criteria to be met and large amount of administrative paperwork needed in order to use the bridge with their own vehicle. Consequently an average of only 8,900 vehicles per day have used the bridge in 2023. This is a huge difference compared to the similar Shenzhen-Zhongshan Link where over 3 million vehicles have used the bridge alone in its first month of opening.

Delays and budget overruns

The artificial island housing the Hong Kong Boundary Crossing Facilities (HKBCF) was reported drifting due to an unconventional method, hitherto unused in Hong Kong, for land reclamation using a row of circular steel cells pile-driven into the mud and filled with inert material to form a seawall.

The drifting of parts of the reclaimed island allegedly caused a delay in the HZMB project. The Highways Department denied various reports of movement up to 20 metres (66 ft) but admitted that parts of the reclaimed land had moved "up to six or seven metres", claiming that some movement was expected and safety had not been jeopardised.

Mainland contractors also reportedly had difficulty constructing immersed tubes for their section of the project, with the director of the Guangdong National Development and Reform Commission stating that 2020 would be a difficult target to meet.

By 2017, the Main Bridge of the HZMB project had experienced a cost overrun of about ¥10 billion, blamed on increased labour and material costs, as well as changes to the design and construction schemes.

Worker deaths and injuries

The number of deaths and injuries during the construction project came under scrutiny in Hong Kong. In addition to nine fatalities on the mainland side, more than ten deaths were reported on the Hong Kong side of the construction project, plus between 234 and 600 injuries, depending on the source. In April 2017, the Construction Site Workers General Union, the Labour Party and the Confederation of Trade Unions demonstrated at the Central Government Complex, demanding the government take action.

Lawmaker Fernando Cheung also expressed concern over the unknown death toll on the Chinese side of the project, speculating: "the project is known as the 'bridge of blood and tears' and we are only talking about the Hong Kong side. We don't even know what is happening in China. I suppose the situation could be 10 times worse than that in Hong Kong." He said that the Hong Kong Government had a responsibility to consider worker safety on the Chinese side.

Faked safety testing

In 2017, Hong Kong's Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) arrested 21 employees (2 senior executives, 14 laboratory technicians, and 5 laboratory assistants) of Jacobs China Limited, a contractor of the Civil Engineering and Development Department for falsifying concrete test results, thus potentially risking the safety of the bridge for public use. In December 2017, a lab technician pleaded guilty and was sentenced to imprisonment for eight months, while the others await sentencing. Hong Kong's Highways Department conducted tests again after the falsified results were exposed and found all test results met safety standards.

Seawall integrity

In April 2018, the public and media raised questions over the integrity of the seawalls protecting the artificial islands at both ends of the undersea tunnel. In footage taken by drone users and mariners, the dolosse installed at the edges of the artificial islands appear to have dislodged. Some civil engineers suggested that there was an error in design. In dismissing the safety concerns, the HZMB Authority said the dolosse were designed to be submerged and the design was working as intended. Director of Highways Department Daniel Chung denied on 8 April 2018 that the breakwater components had been washed away by waves.

Subsequent aerial footage posted online showed a section of the dolosse breakwater completely underwater. Civil engineer So Yiu-kwan told Hong Kong media on 12 April 2018 that the water level, at the time the photos were taken, was about 1.74 mPD (metres above Principal Datum), but the maximum water level could reach 2.7 mPD. He said the dolosse would offer no wave protection if entirely submerged, and further alleged that they had been installed backwards.

Impact on wildlife

Conservationists at WWF Hong Kong blamed the construction of the HZMB for the falling number of white dolphins in the waters near the bridge. The dolphins found near waters of Lantau were worst hit with numbers dropping by 60 percent between April 2015 and March 2016.

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External links

Official website (Chinese website) Archived 3 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine
Official website (Hong Kong website)
- Official Project website (Hong Kong Project website)
- Highways Department page
Official website (Macau website)
Official website (shuttle bus operator)
Save our Shoreline
Designing HK, Tung Chung Sustainable Development Archived 6 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge at Structurae
Three cities, one bridge, graphics package by South China Morning Post with Landsat satellite images of the bridge

v t e Bridge–tunnels
Asia	Busan–Geoje Fixed Link Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel and Bridge Shenzhen–Zhongshan Link Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line Tuen Mun–Chek Lap Kok Link
Europe	Dartford Crossing Great Belt Fixed Link Kristiansund Mainland Connection Oosterweel Link Øresund Bridge Triangle Link
North America	Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel Hampton Roads Bridge–Tunnel Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine Bridge–Tunnel Monitor–Merrimac Memorial Bridge–Tunnel Norfolk–Portsmouth Bridge–Tunnel

Transport in China

Government
agencies

Ministry of Transport
- Rail
- Aviation
- Mail
- Sea
Space
Hong Kong*
Macau*

Road

Rail

Water

Ports	Chongqing Dalian Guangzhou Lianyungang Ningbo-Zhoushan Qingdao Rizhao Shanghai Yangshan Shenzhen Suzhou Tangshan Tianjin Xiamen Yingkou Hong Kong*
Canals	Grand Canal Lingqu Red Flag Canal Zhengguo Canal
Industry	Shipping industry China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation China State Shipbuilding Corporation Ship lifts

Aviation

Major airlines	Air China Cathay Pacific* China Southern Airlines China Eastern Airlines Hainan Airlines Shandong Airlines Shanghai Airlines Shenzhen Airlines Sichuan Airlines XiamenAir
Airports	By traffic Major Airports: Beijing Capital Beijing Daxing Chengdu Shuangliu Chengdu Tianfu Guangzhou Baiyun Hong Kong* Shenzhen Bao'an Shanghai Pudong Shanghai Hongqiao
Industry	Aviation Industry Corporation of China China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition Comac

Space

v t e Transport in Hong Kong
History
Government agencies	Transport and Housing Bureau Transport Department Highways Department Civil Aviation Department Marine Department Hong Kong Maritime Rescue Co-ordination Centre (HKMRCC)
Road	Expressways Buses (Bus history) Roads and streets Routes Licence plates Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge
Rail	MTR MTR Corporation Kowloon–Canton Railway Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation Peak Tram Hong Kong Tramways
Water	Port Kwai Chung Container Terminals River Trade Terminal Ocean Terminal Kai Tak Cruise Terminal
Air	Aviation history List of airports Hong Kong International Airport (Kai Tak Chek Lap Kok) Shek Kong Airfield Cathay Pacific HAECO Hong Kong Airlines HK Express
Other topics	List of tunnels and bridges Octopus card
Category

v t e Bridges and tunnels in Macau
Bridges	Governor Nobre de Carvalho Bridge Amizade Bridge Sai Van Bridge Lótus Bridge Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge
Tunnels	Guia Hill Tunnel University of Macau Hengqin Campus Tunnel Taipa Tunnel Ká-Hó Tunnel

v t e Economy of Hong Kong
History	Seamen's strike of 1922 Black Saturday (1983) Four Asian Tigers Ting Hai effect 1997 Asian financial crisis Stock disasters in Hong Kong Brand Hong Kong Positive non-interventionism Taipan Poverty Campaign: Speak Up Pearl River Delta
Currency	Hong Kong dollar Hong Kong Mint Hong Kong Note Printing Banknotes of the Hong Kong dollar Coins of the Hong Kong dollar
Industry and business	List of companies of Hong Kong Agriculture and aquaculture in Hong Kong Hong Kong Export Credit Insurance Corporation
Government agencies	Hong Kong Trade Development Council Hong Kong Monetary Authority Commerce and Economic Development Bureau Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau Trade and Industry Department Office of the Government Economist Inland Revenue Department Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department State enterprises in Hong Kong
Employment and tax	Employment in Hong Kong Estate Duty Ordinance Goepfert case Inland Revenue Ordinance Partnership taxation Profits tax Rates (tax) Salaries tax Minimum Wage Ordinance Stamp Duty Ordinance Stamp duty Goods and Service Tax
Infrastructure and Transport	Port of Hong Kong Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge Hong Kong International Airport Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link MTR
Rankings	International rankings of Hong Kong
Finance and banking	Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Hong Kong Futures Exchange Securities and Futures Commission Linked exchange rate Red chip H share Electronic Payment Services Growth Enterprise Market Hong Kong Mercantile Exchange Hang Seng Index Hang Seng China Enterprises Index Hang Seng China-Affiliated Corporations Index CSI Cross-Straits 500 Index
Agreements	CEPA Ship Registration in Hong Kong Outward Processing Arrangement
Energy	List of power stations in Hong Kong
Other	Water supply in Hong Kong Individual Visit Scheme Economic freedom Four big families of Hong Kong
See also: Economy of Macau Economy of Asia

v t e Immigration control points in Hong Kong
Airport China Ferry Terminal Heung Yuen Wai ~~Hung Hom Station~~ Kai Tak Cruise Terminal Lo Wu Lok Ma Chau Lok Ma Chau Spur Line Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge Macau Ferry Terminal Man Kam To Ocean Terminal ~~Sha Tau Kok~~ Shenzhen Bay West Kowloon Station
Shipping control points	Harbour Control River Trade Terminal
Defunct	Hong Kong, Canton & Macao Pier Kai Tak Airport Sham Shui Po Ferry Pier Tai Kok Tsui Ferry Pier
~~Delete line~~ represents the control points that are temporarily closed

v t e China – Macau border crossings
China	Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge Port Fuyong Port Gongbei Port Hengqin Port Humen Port Zhuhai-Macau Cross Border Industrial Zone Port [zh-cn] Jiuzhou Port Qingmao Port Shekou Port Wanzai Port
Macau	Posto de Migração das Portas do Cerco Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge Checkpoint Coloane Pier Checkpoint [zh-tw] Cotai Checkpoint Zhuhai-Macau Cross-border Industrial Zone Checkpoint [zh-tw] Inner Harbour Checkpoint Outer Harbour Checkpoint Edifício Posto Fronteiriço de Macau do Posto Fronteiriço Qingmao [yue] Taipa Ferry Terminal Checkpoint
See also Portas do Cerco Ponte Flor de Lótus