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A homologous booster shot involves the administration of the same vaccine as previously administered, while a heterologous booster shot involves the administration of a different vaccine.

"Heterologous prime-boost immunization is administration of two different vectors or delivery systems expressing the same or overlapping antigenic inserts."

"An effective vaccine usually requires more than one time immunization in the form of prime-boost. Traditionally the same vaccines are given multiple times as homologous boosts. New findings suggested that prime-boost can be done with different types of vaccines containing the same antigens. In many cases such heterologous prime-boost can be more immunogenic than homologous prime-boost."

References

1. "WHO Technical Consultation: Heterologous Prime-Boost Immunization in Ebola vaccine development and testing, licensure and use; 21 November 2014" (PDF). World Health Organization. Geneva. 2015-02-09. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 December 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
2. Lu, S (June 2009). "Heterologous prime-boost vaccination". Current Opinion in Immunology. 21 (3): 346–51. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2009.05.016. PMC 3743086. PMID 19500964.

Further reading

• "Interim statement on booster doses for COVID-19 vaccination". World Health Organization.
• Liu, Xinxue; Shaw, Robert H.; Stuart, Arabella S. V.; Greenland, Melanie; Aley, Parvinder K.; Andrews, Nick J.; Cameron, J. Claire; Charlton, Sue; Clutterbuck, Elizabeth A.; Collins, Andrea M.; Dinesh, Tanya; England, Anna; Faust, Saul N.; Ferreira, Daniela M.; Finn, Adam; Green, Christopher A.; Hallis, Bassam; Heath, Paul T.; Hill, Helen; Lambe, Teresa; Lazarus, Rajeka; Libri, Vincenzo; Long, Fei; Mujadidi, Yama F.; Plested, Emma L.; Provstgaard-Morys, Samuel; Ramasamy, Maheshi N.; Ramsay, Mary; Read, Robert C.; Robinson, Hannah; Singh, Nisha; Turner, David P. J.; Turner, Paul J.; Walker, Laura L.; White, Rachel; Nguyen-Van-Tam, Jonathan S.; Snape, Matthew D.; Munro, Alasdair P. S.; Bartholomew, Jazz; Presland, Laura; Horswill, Sarah; Warren, Sarah; Varkonyi-Clifford, Sophie; Saich, Stephen; Adams, Kirsty; Ricamara, Marivic; Turner, Nicola; Ting, Nicole Y. Yee; Whittley, Sarah; Rampling, Tommy; Desai, Amisha; Brown, Claire H.; Qureshi, Ehsaan; Gokani, Karishma; Naker, Kush; Wright, Johanna K. Kellett; Williams, Rachel L.; Riaz, Tawassal; Penciu, Florentina D.; Maso, Claudio Di; Howe, Elizabeth G.; Vichos, Iason; Farooq, Mujtaba Ghulam; Noristani, Rabiullah; Yao, Xin L.; Oldfield, Neil J.; Hammersley, Daniel; Belton, Sue; Royal, Simon; Ramos, Alberto San Francisco; Hultin, Cecilia; Galiza, Eva P.; Shiham, Farah; Solórzano, Carla; Sainsbury, Hannah; Davies, Kelly; Ambrose, Pauline; Hitchins, Lisa; Baker, Natalie; Leung, Stephanie; Fothergill, Ross; Godwin, Kerry; Buttigieg, Karen; Shaik, Imam; Brown, Phill; Knight, Chanice; Lall, Paminder; Allen, Lauren (4 September 2021). "Safety and immunogenicity of heterologous versus homologous prime-boost schedules with an adenoviral vectored and mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (Com-COV): a single-blind, randomised, non-inferiority trial". The Lancet. 398 (10303): 856–869. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01694-9. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 8346248. PMID 34370971.
• Mukherjee, Debabrata. "Heterologous vs. Homologous Prime-Boost Schedules for COVID-19 Vaccines". American College of Cardiology. The authors concluded that the SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG concentrations of both heterologous schedules were higher than that of a licensed vaccine schedule (ChAd/ChAd) with proven efficacy against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease and hospitalization

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