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Blue-capped ifrit
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Superfamily:	Corvoidea
Family:	Ifritidae Schodde & Christidis, 2014
Genus:	Ifrita Rothschild, 1898
Species:	I. kowaldi
Binomial name
Ifrita kowaldi (De Vis, 1890)

The blue-capped ifrit (Ifrita kowaldi), also known as the blue-capped ifrita, is a small and insectivorous passerine species currently placed in the monotypic family, Ifritidae. Previously, the ifrit has been placed in a plethora of families including Cinclosomatidae or Monarchidae. Blue-capped ifrits are considered an ancient relict species endemic to New Guinea. This corvoid species originally dates back to the Oligocene epoch, on a series of proto-Papuan islands, with minimal known evolutionary divergences.

Description

The blue-capped ifrit is 16–17 cm (6.3–6.7 in) long and weighs 34-36 g (1.2–1.3 oz). Species plumage is yellowish brown with a blue-black crown atop their broad head. It is a sexually dimorphic species, with ear streak coloration being white in males and more tawny yellow in females. Ifrits tend to have more stout body shapes with broad sternums and shallow keels. Their wings are short and rounded while their legs are booted, having feathers down to their stout and clawed feet. Additionally, blue-capped ifrits have batrachotoxin within their feathers and skin.

Distribution and habitat

Blue-capped ifrits are endemic to New Guinea and Papua New Guinea, being found nowhere else on earth and having a distribution of 388,000 km. Ifrits inhabit montane rainforest of New Guinea, living in altitude ranges of 1,000–4,000 meters (3,280–13,123 feet) above sea level. Typically, they are found at altitudes of 1,500 meters (4,921 feet) or above.

Behaviour and ecology

As birds with weak flight abilities, blue-capped ifrits build nests about 1–3 meters (3–10 feet) above the ground in the branches of denser rainforest vegetation. These nests are made of plant fibers with some feathers. The parents tend to camouflage the outside of the nest with moss and liverworts. Ifrits lay small clutches with a typical nest containing only a single offspring. The nest camouflage, toxin excretion, and small clutch sizes may have derived from historically high rates of depredation and nest parasitism.

Toxin

Blue-capped ifrits are among a small group of avian species that are poisonous, the others being the little shrikethrush (Colluricincla), and several members of the Pitohui, also from New Guinea. Ifrits excrete batrachotoxin into their feathers and skin in order to defend themselves against predators. Generally, batrachotoxin binds and permanently opens the sodium channels in nerve cells and can cause paralysis. The accumulation of toxins varies in individuals based on the region they are found in and this could be due to the availability of Choresine beetles, which are speculated to be the dietary source of the toxin itself.

Conservation status

Ifrits are of least concern because they have a large range. Ifrits seem to have a stable population and are thought to have quite a large population size. Part of their range lies within conservation sites.

See also

• Batrachotoxin
• Toxic bird

References

1. BirdLife International (2016). "Ifrita kowaldi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22705379A94015555. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22705379A94015555.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
2. ^ Schodde, Richard; Christidis, Les (2014-04-14). "Relicts from Tertiary Australasia: undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds (Passeriformes) and their zoogeographic signal". Zootaxa. 3786 (5): 501–22. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3786.5.1. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 24869551.
3. ^ Donaghey, Richard H. (2015-09-07). "Nest and egg of the Dimorphic Fantail Rhipidura brachyrhyncha and a review of clutch-sizes in New Guinean passerines". Australian Field Ornithology. 32 (2).
4. Jønsson, Knud Andreas; Borregaard, Michael Krabbe; Carstensen, Daniel Wisbech; Hansen, Louis A.; Kennedy, Jonathan D.; Machac, Antonin; Marki, Petter Zahl; Fjeldså, Jon; Rahbek, Carsten (2017-11-02). "Biogeography and Biotic Assembly of Indo-Pacific Corvoid Passerine Birds". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 48 (1): 231–253. doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110316-022813. ISSN 1543-592X. S2CID 43763778.
5. ^ "Blue-capped Ifrit (Ifrita kowaldi)". www.hbw.com. Retrieved 2019-10-18.
6. Bartram, Stefan; Boland, Wilhelm (2001-11-05). "Chemistry and Ecology of Toxic Birds". ChemBioChem. 2 (11): 809–11. doi:10.1002/1439-7633(20011105)2:11<809::aid-cbic809>3.0.co;2-c. ISSN 1439-4227. PMID 11948866. S2CID 6259254.
7. "LC Blue-capped Ifrit (Ifrita kowaldi)". Bird Life International. Archived from the original on 2017-08-04. Retrieved 2019-01-27.
8. ^ Freeman, Benjamin G.; Mason, Nicholas A. (2014-01-08). "New Guinean passerines have globally small clutch-sizes". Emu - Austral Ornithology. 114 (4): 304–308. doi:10.1071/MU14023. ISSN 0158-4197. S2CID 83542583.
9. "Batrachotoxin", Misplaced Pages, 2019-10-26, retrieved 2019-11-19
10. Dumbacher, John P.; Wako, Avit; Derrickson, Scott R.; Samuelson, Allan; Spande, Thomas F.; Daly, John W. (2004-11-09). "Melyrid beetles (Choresine): A putative source for the batrachotoxin alkaloids found in poison-dart frogs and toxic passerine birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (45): 15857–15860. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10115857D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0407197101. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 528779. PMID 15520388.
11. "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2019-10-18.

Bibliography

• del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie D. (editors). (2007). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 12: Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-96553-42-2

External links

• BirdLife Species Factsheet
• The Intoxicating Birds of New Guinea by John Tidwell

v t e Genera of corvides and their extinct allies
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Order: Passeriformes Suborder: Passeri Infraorder: Corvides
Corvides Campephagidae Campephaga Campochaera Ceblepyris Celebesica Coracina Cyanograucalus Edolisoma Lalage Lobotos Malindangia Pericrocotus Cinclosomatidae Cinclosoma Ptilorrhoa Eulacestomatidae Eulacestoma Falcunculidae Falcunculus Mohouidae Mohoua Neosittidae Daphoenositta Oreoicidae Aleadryas Oreoica Ornorectes Oriolidae †Longmornis Oriolus Pitohui Sphecotheres †Turnagra Pachycephalidae Colluricincla Coracornis Melanorectes Pachycephala Pseudorectes Paramythiidae Oreocharis Paramythia Psophodidae Androphobus Psophodes Malaconotoidea See below ↓ Corvoidea See below ↓
Malaconotoidea Aegithinidae Aegithina Artamidae Artaminae Artamus Craticinae Cracticus Gymnorhina †Kurrartapu Melloria Strepera Peltopsinae Peltops Machaerirhynchidae Machaerirhynchus Malaconotidae Chlorophoneus Dryoscopus Laniarius Malaconotus Nilaus Rhodophoneus Tchagra Telophorus Pityriasidae Pityriasis Platysteiridae Batis Lanioturdus Platysteira Rhagologidae Rhagologus Vangidae Artamella Bias Calicalicus Cyanolanius Euryceros Falculea Hemipus Hypositta Leptopterus Megabyas Mystacornis Newtonia Oriolia Philentoma Prionops Pseudobias Schetba Tephrodornis Tylas Vanga Xenopirostris
Corvoidea Corcoracidae Corcorax Struthidea Corvidae Aphelocoma Calocitta Cissa Corvus Crypsirina Cyanocitta Cyanocorax Cyanolyca Cyanopica Dendrocitta Garrulus Gymnorhinus †Henocitta †Miocitta †Miocorvus †Miopica Nucifraga Perisoreus Pica Platysmurus Podoces †Protocitta Psilorhinus Ptilostomus Pyrrhocorax Temnurus Urocissa Zavattariornis Dicruridae Dicrurus Ifritidae Ifrita Laniidae Eurocephalus Lanius Melampittidae Megalampitta Melampitta Monarchidae Monarchinae Arses Carterornis Chasiempis Clytorhynchus Grallina Mayrornis Metabolus Monarcha Myiagra Neolalage Pomarea Symposiachrus Terpsiphoninae Hypothymis Terpsiphone Trochocercus Paradisaeidae Astrapia Cicinnurus Diphyllodes Drepanornis Epimachus Lophorina Lycocorax Manucodia Paradigalla Paradisaea Paradisornis Parotia Phonygammus Pteridophora Ptiloris Seleucidis Semioptera Platylophidae Platylophus Rhipiduridae Lamproliinae Chaetorhynchus Eutrichomyias Lamprolia Rhipidurinae Rhipidura Vireonidae Cyclarhis Erpornis Hylophilus Pachysylvia Pteruthius Tunchiornis Vireo Vireolanius

• IUCN Red List least concern species
• Passeri
• Birds of the New Guinea Highlands
• Birds described in 1890
• Taxa named by Charles Walter De Vis
• Endemic fauna of New Guinea
• Toxic birds