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Kiwaian languages

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(Redirected from Kiwai languages) Language family of New Guinea
Kiwaian
Geographic
distribution
Papua New Guinea
Linguistic classificationa primary language family
Language codes
Glottologkiwa1251
Map: The Kiwaian languages of New Guinea   The Kiwaian languages   Trans–New Guinea languages   Other Papuan languages   Austronesian languages   Uninhabited

The Kiwaian languages form a language family of New Guinea. They are a dialect cluster of half a dozen closely related languages. They are grammatically divergent from the Trans–New Guinea languages, and typically have singular, dual, trial, and plural pronouns.

Classification

The Trans–New Guinea identity of Kiwaiian is supported by a relatively large number of basic lexical items. Ross (2005) tentatively linked Kiwaiian to the erstwhile language isolate Porome. However, the evidence is only two pronouns, and the connection has not been accepted by other researchers.

Languages

Kiwaian languages and respective demographic information listed by Evans (2018) are provided below.

List of Kiwaian languages
Language Location Population Alternate names
Southern Kiwai Kiwai Rural LLG 20,000 Island Kiwai
Wabuda Kiwai Rural LLG 2,750
Bamu south Bamu Rural LLG 6,310
Northeast Kiwai West Kikori Rural LLG 6,000 Urama
Kerewo West Kikori Rural LLG 1,090
Morigi West Kikori Rural LLG ?

Proto-language

Phonemes

Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:

*m *n
*p *t *s *k
*b *d *g
*w
*i *u
*e *o
*a

Pronouns

Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as,

sg pl
1 *mo *nimo
2 *oɾo *nigo
3 ? *nei

Basic vocabulary

Some lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:

gloss Proto-Kiwai
head/hair *kepuɾu
hair/feather *mus
ear *gaɾe
eye *idomaɾi
nose *wodi
tooth *ibo(-nVɾV)
tongue *uototoɾoe
leg/foot *sakiɾo
blood *kaɾima; *sai
bone *soɾo
skin/bark *tama
breast *amo
louse *nimo
dog *umu
bird *wowogo
egg/fruit *kikopu
tree *nuk₂a; *kota
man/male *dubu
woman *oɾobo; *upi
sun/day *saɾik₂i; *siio
moon *sagomi; *owe
water *kobo
fire *keɾa
stone *(nok₂oɾa-)kopi
path *gabo
name *paini, *paina
eat/drink *oɾuso (sg.), *iɾiso (pl.)
one *nak
two *netoa

Evolution

See also: Kiwai language § Evolution

Kiwaian reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:

Southern Kiwai language:

  • magota ‘mouth’ < *maŋgat
  • amo ‘breast < *amu
  • gare ‘ear’ < *kand(e,i)k(V]
  • pitu ‘fingernail’ < *mb(i,u)t(i,u)
  • baba ‘father’ < *mbapa
  • sagana ‘moon’ < *takVn
  • tuwo ‘ashes’ < *sumbu
  • era ‘tree’ < *inda
  • nimo ‘louse’ < *niman
  • epuru ‘head’ < *kV(mb,p)utu
  • kopu ‘short’ < *kutu(p,mb)a
  • abida ‘sister’ < *pi(n,nd)a

Other languages:

  • Waboda kepuru < *kV(mb,p)utu
  • Kerewo bena ‘shoulder’ < *mbena ‘arm’
  • Morigi kota ‘leg’ < *k(a,o)ndok
  • N.E. Kiwai modi ‘nose’ < *mundu
  • Bamu kukamu ‘cold’ < *kukam(o,u)

References

  1. "Kiwai - newguineaworld".
  2. ^ Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
  3. Evans, Nicholas (2018). "The languages of Southern New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 641–774. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
  4. ^ New Guinea World, Kiwai

Further reading

  • Wurm, S.A. "The Kiwaian Language Family". In Franklin, K. editor, The linguistic situation in the Gulf District and adjacent areas, Papua New Guinea. C-26:217-260. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1973. doi:10.15144/PL-C26.21
  • Wurm, Stefan. 1951. Studies in the Kiwai Languages, Fly Delta, Papua, New Guinea. Wien: Herold.

External links

Kiwaian languages
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See also
  • Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
  • Families in italics have no living members.
  • Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.
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