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The Right HonourableLester B. PearsonPC OM CC OBE
Pearson, c. 1963
14th Prime Minister of Canada
In office 22 April 1963 (1963-04-22) – 20 April 1968 (1968-04-20)
Monarch	Elizabeth II
Governors General	Georges Vanier Roland Michener
Preceded by	John Diefenbaker
Succeeded by	Pierre Trudeau
Leader of the Liberal Party
In office 16 January 1958 (1958-01-16) – 6 April 1968 (1968-04-06)
Preceded by	Louis St. Laurent
Succeeded by	Pierre Trudeau
Leader of the Opposition
In office 16 January 1958 (1958-01-16) – 22 April 1963 (1963-04-22)
Preceded by	Louis St. Laurent
Succeeded by	John Diefenbaker
Secretary of State for External Affairs
In office 10 September 1948 (1948-09-10) – 20 June 1957 (1957-06-20)
Prime Minister	W. L. Mackenzie King Louis St. Laurent
Preceded by	Louis St. Laurent
Succeeded by	John Diefenbaker
Ambassador of Canada to the United States
In office July 1944 (1944-07) – September 1946 (1946-09)
Prime Minister	W. L. Mackenzie King
Preceded by	Leighton McCarthy
Succeeded by	H. H. Wrong
7th President of the United Nations General Assembly
In office 14 October 1952 (1952-10-14) – 23 April 1953 (1953-04-23)
Preceded by	Luis Padilla Nervo
Succeeded by	Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit
Member of Parliament for Algoma East
In office 25 October 1948 (1948-10-25) – 23 April 1968 (1968-04-23)
Preceded by	Thomas Farquhar
Succeeded by	Riding dissolved
Personal details
Born	Lester Bowles Pearson (1897-04-23)23 April 1897 Newtonbrook, Ontario, Canada
Died	27 December 1972(1972-12-27) (aged 75) Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Resting place	Maclaren Cemetery, Wakefield, Quebec
Political party	Liberal
Spouse	Maryon Moody ​(m. 1925)​
Children	2, including Geoffrey
Education	University of Toronto (BA) St John's College, Oxford (BA, MA)
Profession	Diplomat historian soldier
Awards	Nobel Peace Prize (1957)
Signature
Nickname	Mike
Military service
Allegiance	Canada
Branch/service	Canadian Expeditionary Force Permanent Active Militia Royal Flying Corps
Years of service	1915–1918
Rank	Lieutenant Flying Officer
Battles/wars	World War I

Lester Bowles Pearson (23 April 1897 – 27 December 1972) was a Canadian politician, diplomat, statesman, and scholar who served as the 14th prime minister of Canada from 1963 to 1968. He also served as MP for Algoma East, whose largest municipality was the then-new City of Elliot Lake.

Born in Newtonbrook, Ontario (now part of Toronto), Pearson pursued a career in the Department of External Affairs. He served as Canadian ambassador to the United States from 1944 to 1946 and secretary of state for external affairs from 1948 to 1957 under Liberal Prime Ministers William Lyon Mackenzie King and Louis St. Laurent. He was a candidate to become secretary-general of the United Nations in 1953, but was vetoed by the Soviet Union. However, he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for organizing the United Nations Emergency Force to resolve the Suez Canal Crisis, which earned him attention worldwide. After the Liberals' defeat in the 1957 federal election, Pearson easily won the leadership of the Liberal Party in 1958. Pearson suffered two consecutive defeats by Progressive Conservative Prime Minister John Diefenbaker in 1958 and 1962, only to successfully challenge him for a third time in the 1963 federal election. Pearson would win re-election in 1965.

Pearson ran two back-to-back minority governments during his tenure, and the Liberals not having a majority in the House of Commons meant he needed support from the opposition parties. With that support, Pearson launched progressive policies such as universal health care, the Canada Student Loan Program, and the Canada Pension Plan. Pearson also introduced the Order of Canada and the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, and oversaw the creation of the Maple Leaf flag that was implemented in 1965. His government unified the Canadian Armed Forces and kept Canada out of the Vietnam War. In 1967, Canada became the first country in the world to implement a points-based immigration system. After a half-decade in power, Pearson resigned as prime minister and retired from politics.

With his government programs and policies, together with his groundbreaking work at the United Nations and in international diplomacy, which included his role in ending the Suez Crisis, Pearson is generally considered among the most influential Canadians of the 20th century and is ranked among the greatest Canadian prime ministers.

Early life, family, and education

Pearson was born in Newtonbrook (now a part of Toronto) in the township of York, Ontario, the son of Annie Sarah (née Bowles) and Edwin Arthur Pearson, a Methodist (later United Church of Canada) minister. Lester was the brother of Vaughan Whitier Pearson and Marmaduke (Duke) Pearson. When Pearson was one month old, his family moved to 1984 Yonge Street. Lester Pearson's father moved the young family north of Toronto to Aurora, Ontario, where he was the minister at Aurora Methodist Church on Yonge Street. Lester spent his early years in Aurora and attended the public school on Church Street. The family lived at 39 Catherine Avenue. Pearson was a member of the Aurora Rugby team.

Pearson graduated from Hamilton Collegiate Institute in Hamilton, Ontario, in 1913 at the age of 16. Later that same year, he entered Victoria College at the University of Toronto, where he lived in residence in Gate House and shared a room with his brother Duke. He was later elected to the Pi Gamma Mu social sciences honour society's chapter at the University of Toronto for his outstanding scholastic performance in history and psychology. Just as Norman Jewison, E. J. Pratt, Northrop Frye and his student Margaret Atwood would, Pearson participated in the sophomore theatrical tradition of The Bob Comedy Revue. After Victoria College, Pearson won a scholarship to study at St John's College, Oxford, from 1921 to 1923.

Sporting interests

At the University of Toronto, Pearson became a noted athlete, excelling in rugby union and also playing basketball. He later also played for the Oxford University Ice Hockey Club while on a scholarship at the University of Oxford, a team that won the first Spengler Cup in 1923. Pearson also excelled in baseball and lacrosse as a youth. His baseball talents as an infielder were strong enough for a summer of semi-pro play with the Guelph Maple Leafs of the Ontario Intercounty Baseball League. Pearson toured North America with a combined Oxford and Cambridge Universities lacrosse team in 1923. After he joined the University of Toronto's History Department as an instructor, he helped to coach the U of T's football and ice hockey teams. He played golf and tennis to high standards as an adult.

First World War

During World War I, Pearson volunteered for service as a medical orderly with the University of Toronto Hospital Unit. In 1915, he entered overseas service with the Canadian Army Medical Corps as a stretcher-bearer with the rank of private, and was subsequently promoted to corporal. During this period of service, he spent nearly two years in Southern Europe, being shipped to Egypt and thereafter served on the Salonika front. He also served alongside the Serbian Army as a medical orderly. On 2 August 1917, Pearson was commissioned a temporary lieutenant. The Royal Canadian Air Force did not exist at that time, so Pearson transferred to Britain's Royal Flying Corps, where he served as a flying officer. It was as a pilot that he received the nickname of "Mike", given to him by a flight instructor who felt that "Lester" was too mild a name for an airman: "That’s a sissy’s name. You’re Mike," the instructor said. Thereafter, Pearson would use the name "Lester" on official documents and in public life, but was always addressed as "Mike" by friends and family.

Pearson learned to fly at an air training school in Hendon, England. He survived an airplane crash during his first flight. In 1918, Pearson was hit by a bus in London during a citywide blackout and he was sent home to recuperate, but then he was discharged from the service.

Inter-war years

After the war, he returned to school, receiving his Bachelor of Arts degree (BA) from the University of Toronto in 1919. He was able to complete his degree after one more term, under a ruling in force at the time, since he had served in the military during the war. He and his brother Duke then spent a year working in Hamilton, Ontario, and in Chicago, in the meat-packing industry at Armour and Company (whose president at the time, Frank Edson White, was his uncle through marriage to Lillian Sophia Pearson White), which he did not enjoy.

Oxford

Upon receiving a scholarship from the Massey Foundation, he studied for two years at St John's College at the University of Oxford, where he received a BA degree with Second-Class honours in modern history in 1923, and the M.A. in 1925. After Oxford, he returned to Canada and taught history at the University of Toronto.

Marriage, family

In 1925, he married Maryon Moody, from Winnipeg, who had been one of his students at the University of Toronto. Together, they had one son, Geoffrey, and one daughter, Patricia. Maryon was confident and outspoken and she supported her husband in all his political endeavours.

Diplomat, public servant

In 1927, after scoring top marks on the Canadian foreign service entry exam, he then embarked on a career in the Department of External Affairs. Prime Minister R. B. Bennett was a noted talent spotter. He took note of, and encouraged, the young Pearson in the early 1930s, and appointed Pearson to significant roles on two major government inquiries: the 1931 Royal Commission on Grain Futures, and the 1934 Royal Commission on Price Spreads. Bennett saw that Pearson was recognized with an OBE after he shone in that work, arranged a bonus of CA$1,800, and invited him to a London conference. Pearson was assigned to the High Commission of Canada in the United Kingdom in 1935.

World War II and aftermath

Pearson continued to serve at Canada House during World War II from 1939 through 1942 as the second-in-command, where he coordinated military supply and refugee problems, serving under High Commissioner Vincent Massey.

Pearson returned to Ottawa for a few months, where he was an assistant under secretary from 1941 through 1942. In June 1942 he was posted to the Canadian Embassy in Washington, D.C., as a ministerial counsellor. He served as second-in-command for nearly two years. Promoted minister plenipotentiary in 1944, he became the second Canadian ambassador to the United States on 1 January 1945. He remained in this position through September 1946.

Pearson had an important part in founding both the United Nations and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

Pearson nearly became the first secretary-general of the United Nations in 1946, but he was vetoed by the Soviet Union. He was also the leading candidate for Secretary-General in the 1953 selection, when the British conducted a vigorous campaign on his behalf. He placed first with 10 out of 11 votes in the Security Council, but the lone negative vote was another Soviet veto. The Security Council instead settled on Dag Hammarskjöld of Sweden; all UN Secretaries-General would come from neutral countries for the rest of the Cold War.

The Canadian prime minister, Mackenzie King, tried to recruit Pearson into his government as the war wound down. Pearson felt honoured by King's approach, but he resisted at the time, due to his personal dislike of King's poor personal style and political methods. Pearson did not make the move into politics until a few years later, after King had announced his retirement as the Prime Minister of Canada.

Secretary of State for External Affairs (1948–1957)

In 1948, before his retirement, Prime Minister King appointed Pearson Secretary of State for External Affairs in the Liberal government. Shortly afterward, Pearson won a seat in the House of Commons, for the federal riding of Algoma East in Northern Ontario. Pearson then served as Secretary of State for External Affairs for Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent, until the defeat of the St. Laurent government in 1957.

Vetoed by the Soviet Union

On 10 November 1952, Trygve Lie announced his resignation as Secretary-General of the United Nations. Several months of negotiations ensued between the Western powers and the Soviet Union without reaching an agreement on his successor. On 13 and 19 March 1953, the Security Council voted on four candidates. This came one week after Stalin's death but before Khrushchev's rise to power. Pearson was the only candidate to receive the required majority, but he was vetoed by the Soviet Union.

Role in Suez crisis leads to Nobel Peace Prize

In 1957, for his role in resolving the Suez Crisis through the United Nations one year earlier, Pearson was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. The selection committee argued that Pearson had "saved the world", but critics accused him of betraying the motherland and Canada's ties with the UK. Pearson and UN secretary-general Dag Hammarskjöld are considered the fathers of the modern concept of peacekeeping. Together, they were able to organize the United Nations Emergency Force by way of a five-day fly-around in early November 1956 after the First emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly. His Nobel medal was on permanent display in the front lobby of the Lester B. Pearson Building, the headquarters of Global Affairs Canada in Ottawa until 2017 when the medal was loaned to the Canadian Museum of History, to be displayed in the 'Canadian History Hall'.

Party leadership

St. Laurent was defeated by the Progressive Conservatives under John Diefenbaker in the election of 1957. After just a few months as Leader of the Opposition, St. Laurent retired, and he endorsed Pearson as his successor. Pearson was elected leader of the Liberal Party at its leadership convention of 1958, defeating his chief rival, former cabinet minister Paul Martin Sr.

At his first parliamentary session as opposition leader, Pearson asked Diefenbaker to give power back to the Liberals without an election, because of a recent economic downturn. This strategy backfired when Diefenbaker showed a classified Liberal document saying that the economy would face a downturn in that year. This contrasted heavily with the Liberals' campaign promises of 1957.

Consequently, Pearson's party was routed in the federal election of 1958. Diefenbaker's Conservatives won the largest majority ever seen in Canada to that point (208 of 265 seats). The Liberals lost over half their seats and were cut down to only 48 seats, the fewest in their history at the time. Furthermore, the election cost the Liberals their stronghold in Quebec. This province had voted largely Liberal in federal elections since the Conscription Crisis of 1917, but Quebec had no favourite son leader, as it had had since 1948.

Pearson convened a significant "Thinkers' Conference" at Kingston, Ontario in 1960. This event developed many of the ideas later implemented when he became the Prime Minister.

In the federal election of 1962, the Liberals, led by Pearson, recovered much of what they had lost in their severe defeat four years earlier. Liberal gains and the surprise election of 30 Social Credit MP's deprived the Tories of their majority. As a consequence, Diefenbaker now had to preside over a minority government.

Not long after the election, Pearson capitalized on the Conservatives' indecision on accepting American nuclear warheads on Canadian BOMARC missiles. Defence Minister Douglas Harkness resigned from Cabinet on 4 February 1963, because of Diefenbaker's opposition to accepting the warheads. On the next day, the government lost two nonconfidence motions on the issue, forcing a national election for a House only a year old. The Liberals raced out to a large lead in opinion polling, and for a time the only question was how large Pearson's majority would be. However, Pearson was forced off the hustings for a time due to ill health. Additionally, when the United States Department of Defense leaked documents detailing the proposed missile defences, the Tories claimed a Liberal government would let Canada be a decoy in the event of a nuclear exchange with the Soviets.

By election day, the Liberals had recovered their momentum and took 129 seats to the Tories' 95. The Liberals won 41 percent of the vote, normally enough for a majority. However, their gains were heavily concentrated in Ontario, Quebec and the Atlantic; they only won three seats on the Prairies, leaving them five short of a majority. After six Social Credit MPs from Quebec announced their support for the Liberals, Pearson was able to guarantee stable government to the Governor-General. Rather than face certain defeat in the Commons, Diefenbaker resigned, allowing Pearson to form a minority government. He was sworn in as prime minister on 22 April 1963. While the créditistes repudiated this statement days later, Pearson was able to stay in office with the support of the New Democratic Party.

Prime Minister (1963–1968)

Domestic policy and events

Pearson campaigned during the 1963 election promising "60 Days of Decision" and supported the Bomarc surface-to-air missile program. Pearson never had a majority in the House of Commons, but he brought in many of Canada's major updated social programs, including universal health care (though that credit should be shared with Tommy Douglas, who as premier of Saskatchewan had introduced the country's first medicare system), the Canada Pension Plan, and Canada Student Loans. Pearson instituted a new national flag, the Maple Leaf flag, after a national debate known as the Great Canadian flag debate. He also instituted the 40-hour work week, two weeks vacation time, and a new minimum wage for workers in federally-regulated areas.

In hopes of winning an outright majority, Pearson called an election for November 1965, three years before it was due. Ultimately, the Liberals were only able to pick up three more seats, leaving them two short of a majority. As in 1963, the Liberals were almost nonexistent in the Prairies, winning only one seat there.

Pearson also started a number of royal commissions, including the Royal Commission on the Status of Women and the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism. These suggested changes that helped create legal equality for women and brought official bilingualism into being. After Pearson's term in office, French was made an official language, and the Canadian government provided services in both English and French. Pearson himself had hoped that he would be the last unilingual Prime Minister of Canada and fluency in both English and French became an unofficial requirement for candidates for Prime Minister after Pearson left office.

In 1967, Pearson's government introduced a discrimination-free points-based system which encouraged immigration to Canada, making it the first country in the world to do so.

Pearson oversaw Canada's centennial celebrations in 1967 before retiring. The Canadian news agency, The Canadian Press, named him "Newsmaker of the Year" that year, citing his leadership during the centennial celebrations, which brought the Centennial Flame to Parliament Hill.

Foreign policy

On 15 January 1964, Pearson became the first Canadian Prime Minister to make an official state visit to France.

In 1967, French president Charles de Gaulle made a visit to Quebec. A staunch advocate of Quebec separatism, de Gaulle went so far as to say that his procession in Montreal reminded him of his return to Paris after it was freed from the Nazis during the Second World War. President de Gaulle also gave his "Vive le Québec libre" speech during the visit. Given Canada's efforts in aiding France during both world wars, Pearson was enraged. He rebuked de Gaulle in a speech the following day, remarking that "Canadians do not need to be liberated", and made it clear that de Gaulle was no longer welcome in Canada.

Pearson signed the Canada–United States Automotive Agreement (or Auto Pact) in January 1965, and unemployment fell to its lowest rate in over a decade.

While in office, Pearson declined U.S. requests to send Canadian combat troops into the Vietnam War. Pearson spoke at Temple University in Philadelphia on 2 April 1965 and voiced his support for a pause in the American bombing of North Vietnam, so that a diplomatic solution to the crisis might unfold. To President Lyndon B. Johnson, this criticism of American foreign policy on American soil was intolerable. Before Pearson had finished his speech, he was invited to Camp David, Maryland, to meet with Johnson the next day. Johnson, who was notorious for his personal touch in politics, reportedly grabbed Pearson by the lapels and shouted, "You pissed on my rug!" Text of his Philadelphia speech, however, showed that Pearson in fact supported President Johnson's policy in Vietnam, even stating "The government and great majority of people of my country have supported wholeheartedly the US peacekeeping and peacemaking policies in Vietnam."

After this incident, Johnson and Pearson did have further contacts, including two more meetings together, both times in Canada. Canada's exported raw materials and resources helped fuel and sustain American efforts in the Vietnam War.

Military

Pearson's government endured significant controversy in Canada's military services throughout the mid-1960s, following the tabling of the White Paper on Defence in March 1964. This document laid out a plan to merge the Royal Canadian Navy, the Royal Canadian Air Force, and the Canadian Army to form a single service called the Canadian Forces. Military unification took effect on 1 February 1968, when The Canadian Forces Reorganization Act received Royal Assent.

Supreme Court appointments

Pearson chose the following jurists to be appointed as justices of the Supreme Court of Canada by the Governor General:

• Robert Taschereau (as chief justice, 22 April 1963 – 1 September 1967; appointed a puisne justice under Prime Minister King, 9 February 1940)
• Wishart Flett Spence (30 May 1963 – 29 December 1978)
• John Robert Cartwright (as Chief Justice, 1 September 1967 – 23 March 1970; appointed a Puisne Justice under Prime Minister St. Laurent, 22 December 1949)
• Louis-Philippe Pigeon (21 September 1967 – 8 February 1980)

Retirement

After his 14 December 1967 announcement that he was retiring from politics, a leadership convention was held. Pearson's successor was Pierre Trudeau, whom Pearson had recruited and made justice minister in his cabinet. Two other cabinet ministers Pearson had recruited, John Turner and Jean Chrétien, served as prime ministers following Trudeau's retirement.

After politics

From 1968 to 1969, Pearson served as chairman of the Commission on International Development (Pearson Commission on International Development), which was sponsored by the World Bank. Following his retirement, he lectured at Carleton University in Ottawa while writing his memoirs. From 1970 to 1972, he was the first chairman of the Board of Governors of the International Development Research Centre. From 1969 until his death in 1972, he was chancellor of Carleton University.

Pearson had planned to write a three-volume set of memoirs with the title "Mike: The Memoirs of the Rt. Hon. Lester B. Pearson". The first volume was published in 1972. The other two volumes, after his death, were published in 1973 and 1975 but they lack the authenticity due to apparent bias from the ghostwriters who wrote them.

Illness and death

In 1970, Pearson underwent a surgery to have his right eye removed to remove a tumor in that area.

In November 1972, it was reported that he was admitted to the hospital for further unspecified treatment, but the prognosis was poor. He tried to write at this juncture the story of his prime ministerial career, but his condition, which was already precarious, deteriorated rapidly by Christmas Eve.

On 27 December 1972, it was announced that the cancer had spread to the liver and Pearson had lapsed into a coma. He died at 11:40 pm ET on 27 December 1972 in his Ottawa home.

Pearson is buried at Maclaren Cemetery in Wakefield, Quebec (just north of Gatineau), next to his close External Affairs colleagues H. H. Wrong and Norman Robertson.

Honours and awards

Ribbon	Description	Notes
	Order of Merit (OM)	1971
	Companion of the Order of Canada (CC)	Awarded on 28 June 1968.
	Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (OBE)	During the brief revival of Imperial Honours during the premiership of the Right Honourable Richard Bedford Bennett between 1931 and 1935.
	1914–15 Star	As a member of the Canadian Armed Forces
	British War Medal	As a member of the Canadian Armed Forces
	Victory Medal (United Kingdom)	As a member of the Canadian Armed Forces
	Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal	1953 As a member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada and an elected Member of the House of Commons of Canada, the then Honourable Lester B. Pearson, P.C., O.B.E., M.P., would be awarded the medal as a member of the Canadian order of precedence.
	Centennial Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal	1967 As the Prime Minister of Canada and an elected Member of the House of Commons of Canada, the Right Honourable Lester B. Pearson would be awarded the medal as a member of the Canadian order of precedence.

• Elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1957.
• The Canadian Press named Pearson "Newsmaker of the Year" nine times, a record he held until his successor, Pierre Trudeau, surpassed it in 2000. He was also only one of two prime ministers to have received the honour both before and when prime minister (the other being Brian Mulroney).
• Pearson was inducted into the Canadian Peace Hall of Fame in 2000.
• The Pearson Medal of Peace, first awarded in 1979, is an award given out annually by the United Nations Association in Canada to recognize an individual Canadian's "contribution to international service".
• A plaque, placed by the Ontario Heritage Trust, is on the grounds of Newtonbrook United Church, the successor congregation to the one that owned the manse.
• In a survey by Canadian historians of the first 20 Prime Ministers through Jean Chrétien, Pearson ranked No. 6.
• In a survey by Canadian historians of the Canadian prime ministers who served after World War II, Pearson was ranked first "by a landslide".

Order of Canada Citation

Pearson was appointed a Companion of the Order of Canada on 28 June 1968. His citation reads:

Former Prime Minister of Canada. For his services to Canada at home and abroad.

Educational and academic institutions

• The Lester B. Pearson United World College, opened in 1974 as the second United World College, near Victoria, British Columbia.
• The Pearson Peacekeeping Centre, established in 1994, is an independent not-for-profit institution providing research and training on all aspects of peace operations.
• The Lester B. Pearson School Board is the largest English-language school board in Quebec. The majority of the schools of the Lester B. Pearson School Board are located on the western half of the island of Montreal, while a few of its schools located off the island.
• Lester B. Pearson High School lists five so-named schools, in Burlington, Calgary, Montreal, Ottawa, and Toronto.
• There are Lester B. Pearson elementary schools in Ajax, Ontario; Aurora, Ontario; Brampton, Ontario; London, Ontario; Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; Waterloo, Ontario and Wesleyville, Newfoundland.
• Mike's Place, the Graduate Student Pub at Carleton University was named in 1973 in honour of Lester B. Pearson with permission of his estate.
• The Lester B. Pearson International Student Scholarship is the most prestigious scholarship for international students at the University of Toronto. It covers the tuition, books, incidental fees, and full residence support.

Civic and civil infrastructure

• Toronto Pearson International Airport, first opened in 1939 and re-christened with its current name in 1984, is Canada's busiest airport.
• The Lester B. Pearson Building, completed in 1973, is the headquarters for the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, a tribute to his service as external affairs minister.
• Lester B. Pearson Civic Centre in Elliot Lake, Ontario was heavily damaged in February 2019.
• Lester B. Pearson Garden for Peace and Understanding, E.J. Pratt Library in the University of Toronto, completed in 2004
• Lester B. Pearson Place, completed in 2006, is a four-storey affordable housing building in Newtonbrook, Toronto, near his place of birth, and adjacent to Newtonbrook United Church.
• Lester B. Pearson Park in St. Catharines, Ontario.
• Pearson Avenue is located near Highway 407 and Yonge Street in Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada; less than five miles from his place of birth.
• Pearson Way is an arterial access road located in a new subdivision in Milton, Ontario; many ex-prime ministers are being honoured in this growing community, including Prime Ministers Pierre Trudeau and Wilfrid Laurier.
• Pearson Plaza, a mall being developed in Elliot Lake to replace the Algo Centre Mall.
• Pearson Park, a playground built in 2013 in Wesleyville, Newfoundland.

Sports

• The award for the best National Hockey League player as voted by members of the National Hockey League Players' Association (NHLPA) was known as the Lester B. Pearson Award from its inception in 1971 to 2010, when its name was changed to the Ted Lindsay Award to honour one of the union's pioneers.
• Pearson was inducted into the Sports Hall of Fame at the University of Toronto in 1987.
• Pearson was inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame in 1983.
• The Pearson Cup was a baseball competition between the Toronto Blue Jays and Montreal Expos. Pearson also served as Expos' Honorary Club President from 1969 to 1972.

Honorary degrees

Honorary Degrees

Location	Date	School	Degree
Ontario	1945	University of Toronto	Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
New York	1947	University of Rochester	Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Ontario	May 1948	McMaster University	Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Maine	1 June 1951	Bates College	Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Massachusetts	1953	Harvard University	Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
New Jersey	1956	Princeton University	Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
British Columbia	25 September 1958	University of British Columbia	Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Indiana	9 June 1963	University of Notre Dame	Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Ontario	29 May 1964	University of Western Ontario	Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Newfoundland and Labrador	September 1964	Memorial University of Newfoundland	Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Ontario	December 1964	Waterloo Lutheran University	Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Maryland	1964	Johns Hopkins University	Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Ontario	1965	Laurentian University	Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Saskatchewan	17 May 1965	University of Saskatchewan (Regina Campus)	Doctor of Civil Law (DCL)
Quebec	28 May 1965	McGill University	Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Ontario	1965	Queen's University	Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Nova Scotia	1967	Dalhousie University	Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Alberta	29 March 1967	University of Calgary
Prince Edward Island	1967	Prince of Wales College
California	1967	University of California, Santa Barbara
Ontario	1967	University of Ottawa	Doctor of Political Science
Ontario	22 May 1971	Royal Military College of Canada	Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
New York		Columbia University
England		University of Oxford	Doctor of Civil Law (DCL)

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (May 2018)

Freedom of the City

• 1967: London

Electoral record

Bibliography

Archives

Lester B. Pearson fonds at Library and Archives Canada

Works by Pearson

Pearson published one memoir in his lifetime. The other two were written after his death by ghostwriters and they lack the authenticity.

• Pearson, Lester B. (1972). Mike: The Memoirs of the Rt. Hon. Lester B. Pearson. Vol. 1. University of Toronto Press.
• Pearson, Lester B.; Munro, John A.; Inglis, Alexander I. (1973). Mike: The Memoirs of the Rt. Hon. Lester B. Pearson: 1948–1957. Vol. 2. University of Toronto Press.online free
• Mike: The Memoirs of the Rt. Hon. Lester B. Pearson: 1957–1968 vol 3 online free

Works about Pearson

• Bothwell, R. Pearson (1978)
• Canadian Encyclopedia. "Lester B. Pearson" (2015)online
• English, John. Shadow of heaven : the life of Lester Pearson: Volume 1 1897–1948 (1990) online free
• John English (2011). The Worldly Years: vol. 2: Life of Lester Pearson 1949–1972. Random House Digital, Inc. ISBN 978-0-307-37539-1.
• Ferguson, Will (1999). Bastards and Boneheads: Canada's Glorious Leaders, Past and Present. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 978-1-55054-737-5. OCLC 44883908.
• Pearson, Lester B; Fry, Michael G (1975). "Freedom and change" : essays in honour of Lester B. Pearson. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 978-0-7710-3187-8. OCLC 2692327. Also OCLC 463535217 and OCLC 300360332 online free.
• Hillmer, Norman; Granatstein, J L (1999). Prime ministers: ranking Canada's leaders. Toronto: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-200027-7. OCLC 41432030. Also ISBN 978-0-00-638563-9.
• Hutchison, Bruce (1964). Mr. Prime Minister 1867–1964. Don Mills, Ont: Longmans Canada. OCLC 5024890. Also OCLC 422290909.
• Lester Pearson's Peacekeeping: The Truth May Hurt by Yves Engler Publication Date: Feb 2012 Pages: 160
• Pearson, Geoffrey A.H. (1993). Seize the Day: Lester B. Pearson and Crisis Diplomacy. Ottawa: Carleton University Press. ISBN 9780773573840.

See also

• List of prime ministers of Canada
• Canada and the Vietnam War
• Great Canadian Flag Debate
• Landon Pearson
• Canada and the United Nations

References

1. ^ MacDonald, L. Ian. "The Best Prime Minister of the Last 50 Years — Pearson, by a landslide", Policy Options, June–July 2003. Accessed 3 April 2014.
2. S. Azzi, N. Hillmer. "Ranking Canada's best and worst prime ministers",Maclean's, October 2016. Accessed 27 May 2017
3. ^ "Pearson, Lester Bowles". Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, 2019 –2018 (Volume XX). University of Toronto/Université Laval. 2000. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
4. O'Grady, Conner Archived 16 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine "Despite cuts and critics, Bob carries on"; the newspaper; University of Toronto; 18 December 2013.
5. ^ English (1989–1992), Volume I
6. Politika (15 November 2008). "Najstarija plomba na svetu" (in Serbian). Retrieved 1 July 2012.
7. "No. 30237". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 August 1917. p. 8512.
8. "'Mike' Pearson". The Dictionary of Canadian Politics. Parli. 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
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External links

• Lester B. Pearson on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture* on 11 December 1957 The Four Faces of Peace
• Biography at the Library and Archives Canada
• Lester B. Pearson – Parliament of Canada biography
• Lester B. Pearson: From Peacemaker to Prime Minister at the CBC Digital Archives
• Lester Bowles Pearson at The Canadian Encyclopedia
• An in-depth exploration of Pearson’s diplomacy during the Suez Crisis of 1956, created by National Dream Productions in conjunction with The Historica Dominion Institute

Links to related articles

v t e Cabinet of Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson (1963–68) Lester B. Pearson William Moore Benidickson Edgar Benson Léo Cadieux Lucien Cardin Lionel Chevrier Jean Chrétien John Joseph Connolly Jean-Pierre Côté Azellus Denis Jean-Paul Deschatelets Charles Drury Yvon Dupuis Guy Favreau Jack Garland Walter L. Gordon Charles Granger Joe Greene Harry Hays Paul Hellyer Arthur Laing Judy LaMarsh Maurice Lamontagne William Ross Macdonald Allan MacEachen George McIlraith Bryce Mackasey John Watson MacNaught Jean Marchand Paul Martin Sr. John Robert Nicholson Lawrence Pennell Jean-Luc Pépin Jack Pickersgill Hédard Robichaud Maurice Sauvé Mitchell Sharp Roger Teillet René Tremblay Pierre Trudeau John Turner Robert Winters v t e Cabinet of Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent (1948–57) Louis St. Laurent Douglas Abbott Ernest Bertrand Frederick Gordon Bradley Ralph Campney Lionel Chevrier Brooke Claxton Alcide Côté Alphonse Fournier James Garfield Gardiner Stuart Garson Colin W. G. Gibson Milton Fowler Gregg Walter Harris Paul Hellyer C. D. Howe Joseph Jean Hugues Lapointe Jean Lesage James Joseph McCann William Ross Macdonald James Angus MacKinnon George Carlyle Marler Paul Martin Sr. Robert Wellington Mayhew Humphrey Mitchell Lester B. Pearson Jack Pickersgill Roch Pinard George Prudham Édouard Rinfret Wishart McLea Robertson James Sinclair Robert Winters v t e Prime ministers of Canada Macdonald Mackenzie Macdonald Abbott Thompson Bowell Tupper Laurier Borden Meighen King Meighen King Bennett King St. Laurent Diefenbaker Pearson P. E. Trudeau Clark P. E. Trudeau Turner Mulroney Campbell Chrétien Martin Harper J. Trudeau Category List v t e Ministers of foreign affairs Secretaries of state for external affairs (1909–83) Murphy Roche Borden Meighen King Meighen King Bennett King St. Laurent Pearson Diefenbaker Smith Diefenbaker (acting) Green Martin Sharp MacEachen Jamieson MacDonald MacGuigan Ministers of external affairs (1983–95) MacEachen Chrétien Clark McDougall Beatty Ouellet Ministers of foreign affairs (1995–) Ouellet Axworthy Manley Graham Pettigrew MacKay Bernier Emerson Cannon Baird Fast (Acting) Nicholson Dion Freeland Champagne Garneau Joly v t e Leaders of the Official Opposition in Canada Mackenzie Macdonald Mackenzie Blake Laurier Tupper Borden Laurier McKenzie King Meighen King Guthrie Bennett King Bennett Manion Hanson Graydon Bracken Drew Rowe Drew Rowe Diefenbaker St. Laurent Pearson Diefenbaker Starr Stanfield Clark Trudeau Clark Nielsen Mulroney Turner Gray Chrétien Bouchard Duceppe Gauthier Duceppe Manning Grey Day Reynolds Harper Hill Harper Graham Dion Ignatieff Layton Turmel Mulcair Ambrose Scheer O'Toole Bergen Poilievre v t e Canadian ambassadors to the United States Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary (1926–1943) Massey Wrong (Chargé d'Affaires a.i.) Herridge Wrong (Chargé d'Affaires a.i.) Marler Christie McCarthy Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary (1943–present) McCarthy Pearson Wrong Heeney Robertson C. Ritchie E. Ritchie Cadieux Warren Towe Gotlieb Burney de Chastelain Chrétien Kergin McKenna Wilson Doer MacNaughton Hillman v t e Liberal Party of Canada Affiliated parties Current New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island Former Alberta (1905–1976) British Columbia (1903–1987) Manitoba (1870–1917) North-West Territories (1898–1905) Ontario (1867–1976) Quebec (1867–1964) Saskatchewan (1905–2009) Yukon National leaders Leaders Brown Mackenzie Blake Laurier McKenzie King St. Laurent Pearson P. E. Trudeau Turner Chrétien Martin Graham Dion Ignatieff Rae J. Trudeau Deputy Leaders Copps Gray Manley McLellan Robillard Ignatieff Goodale Leadership elections 1919 1948 1958 1968 1980 1984 1990 2003 2006 2009 2013 Cabinets Governments Mackenzie Laurier King I II III St. Laurent Pearson P. E. Trudeau I II Turner Chrétien Martin J. Trudeau Shadow cabinets Graham/Dion Dion/Ignatieff Rae/Trudeau Parliamentary election candidates 1867 1878 1887 1891 1896 1900 1904 1908 1911 1917 1921 1925 1926 1930 1935 1940 1945 1949 1957 1958 1962 1963 1965 1968 1972 1974 1979 1980 1984 1988 1993 1997 2000 2004 2006 2008 2011 2015 2019 2021 Predecessors History Clear Grits (c. 1850–58) Institut canadien de Montréal (1844–80) Parti canadien (c. 1800–38) Parti rouge (1848–61) Reformers (c. 1830–54) in Newfoundland Related parties Liberal Protectionist Liberal-Progressive Liberal–Labour Laurier Liberals Liberal–Unionist National Liberal Progressive v t e Presidents of the United Nations General Assembly 1940s Spaak (  BEL) Aranha (  BRA) Arce (  ARG) Evatt (  AUS) Rómulo (  PHI) 1950s Entezam (  IRI) Nervo (  MEX) Pearson (  CAN) Pandit (  IND) van Kleffens (  NED) Maza (  CHI) Ortega (  CHI) Prince Wan Waithayakon (  THA) Munro (  NZL) C. Malik (  LIB) Belaúnde (  PER) 1960s Boland (  IRL) Slim (  TUN) Khan (  PAK) Rodriguez (  VEN) Quaison-Sackey (  GHA) Fanfani (  ITA) Pazhwak (  AFG) Mănescu (  ROM) Catalán (  GUA) Brooks (  LBR) 1970s Hambro (  NOR) A. Malik (  INA) Trepczyński (  POL) Benites (  ECU) Bouteflika (  ALG) Thorn (  LUX) Amerasinghe (  SRI) Mojsov (  YUG) Liévano (  COL) Salim (  TAN) 1980s von Wechmar (  BRD) Kittani (  IRQ) Hollai (  HUN) Illueca (  PAN) Lusaka (  ZAM) Piniés (  ESP) Choudhury (  BAN) Florin (  DDR) Caputo (  ARG) Garba (  NGR) 1990s de Marco (  MLT) Shihabi (  KSA) Ganev (  BUL) Insanally (  GUY) Essy (  CIV) Freitas (  POR) Razali (  MAS) Udovenko (  UKR) Opertti (  URU) Gurirab (  NAM) 2000s Holkeri (  FIN) Han (  KOR) Kavan (  CZE) Hunte (  LCA) Ping (  GAB) Eliasson (  SWE) Al-Khalifa (  BAH) Kerim (  MKD) d'Escoto (  NIC) Treki (  LIB) 2010s Deiss (  SUI) Nasser (  QAT) Jeremić (  SRB) Ashe (  ANT) Kutesa (  UGA) Lykketoft (  DEN) Thomson (  FIJ) Lajčák (  SVK) Espinosa (  ECU) Muhammad-Bande (  NGA) 2020s Bozkir (  TUR) Shahid (  MDV) Kőrösi (  HUN) Francis (  TTO) v t e Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize 1901–1925 1901: Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy 1902: Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat 1903: Randal Cremer 1904: Institut de Droit International 1905: Bertha von Suttner 1906: Theodore Roosevelt 1907: Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault 1908: Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer 1909: A. M. F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant 1910: International Peace Bureau 1911: Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried 1912: Elihu Root 1913: Henri La Fontaine 1914 1915 1916 1917: International Committee of the Red Cross 1918 1919: Woodrow Wilson 1920: Léon Bourgeois 1921: Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange 1922: Fridtjof Nansen 1923 1924 1925: Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes 1926–1950 1926: Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann 1927: Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde 1928 1929: Frank B. Kellogg 1930: Nathan Söderblom 1931: Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler 1932 1933: Norman Angell 1934: Arthur Henderson 1935: Carl von Ossietzky 1936: Carlos Saavedra Lamas 1937: Robert Cecil 1938: Nansen International Office for Refugees 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944: International Committee of the Red Cross 1945: Cordell Hull 1946: Emily Balch / John Mott 1947: Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee 1948 1949: John Boyd Orr 1950: Ralph Bunche 1951–1975 1951: Léon Jouhaux 1952: Albert Schweitzer 1953: George C. Marshall 1954: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1955 1956 1957: Lester B. Pearson 1958: Georges Pire 1959: Philip Noel-Baker 1960: Albert Luthuli 1961: Dag Hammarskjöld 1962: Linus Pauling 1963: International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies 1964: Martin Luther King Jr. 1965: UNICEF 1966 1967 1968: René Cassin 1969: International Labour Organization 1970: Norman Borlaug 1971: Willy Brandt 1972 1973: Lê Đức Thọ (declined award) / Henry Kissinger 1974: Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō 1975: Andrei Sakharov 1976–2000 1976: Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan 1977: Amnesty International 1978: Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin 1979: Mother Teresa 1980: Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 1981: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1982: Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles 1983: Lech Wałęsa 1984: Desmond Tutu 1985: International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War 1986: Elie Wiesel 1987: Óscar Arias 1988: UN Peacekeeping Forces 1989: Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama) 1990: Mikhail Gorbachev 1991: Aung San Suu Kyi 1992: Rigoberta Menchú 1993: Nelson Mandela / F. W. de Klerk 1994: Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat 1995: Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat 1996: Carlos Belo / José Ramos-Horta 1997: International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams 1998: John Hume / David Trimble 1999: Médecins Sans Frontières 2000: Kim Dae-jung 2001–present 2001: United Nations / Kofi Annan 2002: Jimmy Carter 2003: Shirin Ebadi 2004: Wangari Maathai 2005: International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei 2006: Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus 2007: Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2008: Martti Ahtisaari 2009: Barack Obama 2010: Liu Xiaobo 2011: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman 2012: European Union 2013: Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons 2014: Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai 2015: Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet 2016: Juan Manuel Santos 2017: International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons 2018: Denis Mukwege / Nadia Murad 2019: Abiy Ahmed 2020: World Food Programme 2021: Maria Ressa / Dmitry Muratov 2022: Ales Bialiatski / Memorial / Center for Civil Liberties 2023: Narges Mohammadi 2024: Nihon Hidankyo v t e 1957 Nobel Prize laureates Chemistry The Lord Todd (Great Britain) Literature (1957) Albert Camus (France) Peace Lester B. Pearson (Canada) Physics Chen Ning Yang (China) Tsung-Dao Lee (China) Physiology or Medicine Daniel Bovet (Italy) Nobel Prize recipients 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 v t e Canadian Newsmaker of the Year Igor Gouzenko 1946 Barbara Ann Scott 1947 William Lyon Mackenzie King 1948 Louis St. Laurent 1949 Lester B. Pearson 1950–1953 Marilyn Bell 1954 Lester B. Pearson 1955–1956 John Diefenbaker 1957–1960 Joey Smallwood 1959 James Coyne 1961 Réal Caouette 1962 Lester B. Pearson 1963–1964 Lucien Rivard 1965 John Diefenbaker 1966 Lester B. Pearson 1967 Pierre Trudeau 1968–1975 René Lévesque 1976–1977 Pierre Trudeau 1978 Joe Clark 1979 Terry Fox 1980–1981 Wayne Gretzky 1982 Brian Mulroney 1983–1984 Steve Fonyo 1985 Rick Hansen 1986–1987 Ben Johnson 1988 Michael Wilson 1989 Elijah Harper 1990 Brian Mulroney 1991 The referendum on the Charlottetown Accord 1992 Kim Campbell 1993 Jacques Parizeau 1994 Lucien Bouchard 1995 Donovan Bailey 1996 Sheldon Kennedy 1997 Jean Chrétien 1998 Pierre Trudeau 1999, as Newsmaker of the 20th Century Pierre Trudeau 2000 Stockwell Day 2001 Jean Chrétien 2002 Paul Martin 2003–2004 John Gomery 2005 The Canadian Soldier 2006 RCMP 2007 Stephen Harper 2008–2009 Russell Williams 2010 Jack Layton 2011 Luka Magnotta 2012 Rob Ford 2013 Patrice Vincent and Nathan Cirillo 2014 Justin Trudeau 2015 Gord Downie 2016–2017 Humboldt Broncos 2018 Jody Wilson-Raybould 2019 Front-line workers in the COVID-19 pandemic 2020 Children lost in residential schools 2021 Canada convoy protesters 2022 Pierre Poilievre 2023 History portal Canada portal v t e Members of the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame Players, managers, and coaches Bob Addy Roberto Alomar Felipe Alou Sparky Anderson Jimmy Archer Jason Bay George Bell Reno Bertoia Ted Bowsfield Tom Burgess Helen Callaghan Gary Carter Joe Carter Nig Clarke Jimmy Claxton Reggie Cleveland Frank Colman Murray Cook Rhéal Cormier Charlie Culver Andre Dawson Carlos Delgado Ryan Dempster Rob Ducey Tony Fernández Russ Ford Dick Fowler Jeff Francis Hippo Galloway Cito Gaston George Gibson Roland Gladu Jack Graney Vladimir Guerrero Roy Halladay Vern Handrahan Bill Harris Jeff Heath Tom Henke Pat Hentgen John Hiller Arthur Irwin Ferguson Jenkins Oscar Judd Corey Koskie Tony Kubek Tommy Lasorda Phil Marchildon Dennis Martínez Pedro Martínez Kirk McCaskill Manny McIntyre Dave McKay Larry McLean Roy Miller Justin Morneau Lloyd Moseby Rocky Nelson Wayne Norton Tip O'Neill Frank O'Rourke John Olerud Bill Phillips Ron Piché Terry Puhl Paul Quantrill Tim Raines Claude Raymond Sherry Robertson Jackie Robinson Steve Rogers Goody Rosen Jean-Pierre Roy George Selkirk Pop Smith Matt Stairs Rusty Staub Ron Stead Dave Stieb Ron Taylor Fred Thomas Larry Walker Tim Wallach Duane Ward Pete Ward Ernie Whitt Jimmy Williams George Wood Miscellaneous Gord Ash Nat Bailey Paul Beeston Richard Bélec Andy Bilesky Charles Bronfman Bob Brown Carmen Bush James F. Cairns Ray Carter Tom Cheek Jack Kent Cooke Ronald Cullen Jacques Doucet John Ducey Bob Elliot Bob Emslie Jim Fanning Pat Gillick Calvin Griffith John Haar Peter Hardy Ron Hayter Doug Hudlin William Humber Joseph Lannin George "Knotty" Lee Bobby Mattick Don McDougall John McHale Jim McKean Doug Melvin Joe Page Lester B. Pearson Bob Prentice Ernie Quigley Hector Racine Jimmy Rattlesnake Jim Ridley Ron Roncetti Allan Roth Gladwyn Scott Frank Shaughnessy Dave Shury William Shuttleworth Harry Simmons Allan Simpson Bill Slack George Sleeman Bernie Soulliere Howard Starkman Rob Thomson Dave Van Horne Peter Widdrington Roy Yamamura Harold Younker Groups Canadian-born players of the AAGPBL Beachville & Zorra teams, 1838 London Tecumsehs, 1877 National youth team, 1991 Team Canada, 2011 Team Canada, 2015 Vancouver Asahi

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