Lists of flowering plants of South Africa

(Redirected from List of Canellales of South Africa) List of lists of flowering plants recorded from South Africa

The anthophytes are a grouping of plant taxa bearing flower-like reproductive structures. They were formerly thought to be a clade comprising plants bearing flower-like structures. The group contained the angiosperms - the extant flowering plants, such as roses and grasses - as well as the Gnetales and the extinct Bennettitales.

Detailed morphological and molecular studies have shown that the group is not actually monophyletic, with proposed floral homologies of the gnetophytes and the angiosperms having evolved in parallel. This makes it easier to reconcile molecular clock data that suggests that the angiosperms diverged from the gymnosperms around 300 million years ago.

Some more recent studies have used the word anthophyte to describe a group which includes the angiosperms and a variety of fossils (glossopterids, Pentoxylon, Bennettitales, and Caytonia), but not the Gnetales.

23,420 species of vascular plant have been recorded in South Africa, making it the sixth most species-rich country in the world and the most species-rich country on the African continent. Of these, 153 species are considered to be threatened. Nine biomes have been described in South Africa: Fynbos, Succulent Karoo, desert, Nama Karoo, grassland, savanna, Albany thickets, the Indian Ocean coastal belt, and forests.

The 2018 South African National Biodiversity Institute's National Biodiversity Assessment plant checklist lists 35,130 taxa in the phyla Anthocerotophyta (hornworts (6)), Anthophyta (flowering plants (33534)), Bryophyta (mosses (685)), Cycadophyta (cycads (42)), Lycopodiophyta (Lycophytes(45)), Marchantiophyta (liverworts (376)), Pinophyta (conifers (33)), and Pteridophyta (cryptogams (408)).

Listing

The flowering plant diversity checklists include historical taxa recorded from the region, and the recognised taxa with which they are considered synonymous. Endemic, indigenous, and invasive taxa are labelled.

Acorales

List of Acorales of South Africa – Order: Acorales,

One family is represented:

Family:Acoraceae, (1 species)
- Acorus calamus L. not indigenous

Alismatales

List of Alismatales of South Africa – Order: Alismatales.

11 families are represented:

Apiales

List of Apiales of South Africa – Order: Apiales,

Two families are represented:

Aquifoliales

List of Aquifoliales of South Africa – Order: Aquifoliales,

One family is represented:

Family: Aquifoliaceae,
- Ilex crocea Thunb. accepted as Elaeodendron croceum (Thunb.) DC.
- Ilex mitis (L.) Radlk. indigenous
- Ilex mitis (L.) Radlk. var. mitis, indigenous

Arecales

List of Arecales of South Africa – Order: Arecales:

One family is represented:

Family: Arecaceae,
- Borassus aethiopum Mart. indigenous
- Hyphaene coriacea Gaertn. indigenous
- Hyphaene petersiana Klotzsch ex Mart. indigenous
- Jubaeopsis afra Becc. endemic
- Livistona chinensis (Jacq.) R.Br. ex Mart. not indigenous, cultivated
- Phoenix canariensis Chabaud, not indigenous, cultivated, invasive
- Phoenix reclinata Jacq. indigenous
- Raphia australis Oberm. & Strey, indigenous
- Washingtonia filifera (L.Linden) H.Wendl. not indigenous, cultivated
- Washingtonia robusta H.Wendl. not indigenous, cultivated, invasive

Asparagales

List of Asparagales of South Africa – Order: Asparagales,

14 families are represented:

Asterales

List of Asterales of South Africa – Order: Asterales,

Five families are represented:

Family: Asteraceae,
Family: Campanulaceae,
Family: Goodeniaceae,
Family: Lobeliaceae,
Family: Menyanthaceae,

Boraginales

List of Boraginales of South Africa – Order: Boraginales,

One family is represented:

Family: Boraginaceae

Brassicales

List of Brassicales of South Africa – Order: Brassicales,

Six families are represented:

Family: Brassicaceae,
Family: Capparaceae,
Family: Cleomaceae,
Family: Resedaceae,
Family: Salvadoraceae,
Family: Tropaeolaceae,

Bruniales

List of Bruniales of South Africa – Order: Bruniales,

One family is represented:

Family: Bruniaceae,

Buxales

List of Buxales of South Africa – Order: Buxales,

One family is represented:

Family: Buxaceae,
- Buxus macowanii Oliv. endemic
- Buxus natalensis (Oliv.) Hutch. endemic

Canellales

List of Canellales of South Africa – Order: Canellales,

One family is represented:

Family: Canellaceae,
- Warburgia salutaris (G.Bertol.) Chiov. indigenous

Caryophyllales

List of Caryophyllales of South Africa – Order: Caryophyllales,

21 families are represented:

Family: Aizoaceae,
Family: Amaranthaceae,
Family: Anacampserotaceae,
Family: Basellaceae,
Family: Cactaceae,
Family: Caryophyllaceae,
Family: Corbichoniaceae,
Family: Didiereaceae,
Family: Droseraceae,
Family: Frankeniaceae,
Family: Gisekiaceae,
Family: Kewaceae,
Family: Limeaceae,
Family: Lophiocarpaceae,
Family: Molluginaceae,
Family: Nyctaginaceae,
Family: Phytolaccaceae,
Family: Plumbaginaceae,
Family: Polygonaceae,
Family: Portulacaceae,
Family: Tamaricaceae,

Celastrales

List of Celastrales of South Africa – Order: Celastrales,

One family is represented:

Family: Celastraceae,

Ceratophyllales

List of Ceratophyllales of South Africa – Order: Ceratophyllales,

One family is represented:

Family: Ceratophyllaceae,

Ceratophyllum demersum L. indigenous
- Ceratophyllum demersum L. var. demersum, indigenous
- Ceratophyllum demersum L. var. demersum forma demersum, accepted as Ceratophyllum demersum L. var. demersum, present
Ceratophyllum muricatum Cham. indigenous
- Ceratophyllum muricatum Cham. subsp. muricatum, indigenous
Ceratophyllum submersum L. indigenous
- Ceratophyllum submersum L. subsp. muricatum (Cham.) Wilmot-Dear var. echinatum, accepted as Ceratophyllum muricatum Cham. subsp. muricatum, present
- Ceratophyllum submersum L. subsp. submersum var. submersum, indigenous

Commelinales

List of Commelinales of South Africa – Order: Commelinales,

Three families are represented:

Family: Commelinaceae,
Family: Haemodoraceae,
Family: Pontederiaceae,

Cornales

List of Cornales of South Africa – Order: Cornales,

Four families are represented:

Family: Curtisiaceae,
- Curtisia dentata (Burm.f.) C.A.Sm. indigenous
Family: Grubbiaceae,
- Grubbia rosmarinifolia P.J.Bergius, indigenous
  - Grubbia rosmarinifolia P.J.Bergius subsp. gracilis (T.M.Salter) Carlquist, endemic
  - Grubbia rosmarinifolia P.J.Bergius subsp. hirsuta (E.Mey. ex DC.) Carlquist, endemic
  - Grubbia rosmarinifolia P.J.Bergius subsp. rosmarinifolia var. pinifolia, endemic
  - Grubbia rosmarinifolia P.J.Bergius subsp. rosmarinifolia var. rosmarinifolia, endemic
- Grubbia rourkei Carlquist, endemic
- Grubbia tomentosa (Thunb.) Harms, endemic
Family: Hydrostachyaceae,
- Hydrostachys polymorpha Klotzsch ex A.Br. indigenous
Family: Loasaceae,
- Kissenia capensis Endl. indigenous

Crossosomatales

List of Crossosomatales of South Africa – Order: Crossosomatales,

Two families are represented:

Family: Aphloiaceae,
- Aphloia theiformis (Vahl) Benn. indigenous
Family: Geissolomataceae,
- Geissoloma marginatum (L.) Juss. endemic

Cucurbitales

List of Cucurbitales of South Africa – Order: Cucurbitales,

Two families are represented:

Family: Begoniaceae,
Family: Cucurbitaceae,

Dioscoreales

List of Dioscoreales of South Africa – Order: Dioscoreales,

Three families are represented:

Family: Burmanniaceae,
Family: Dioscoreaceae,
Family: Nartheciaceae,

Dipsacales

List of Dipsacales of South Africa – Order: Dipsacales,

Three families are represented:

Family: Caprifoliaceae,
Family: Dipsacaceae,
Family: Valerianaceae,

Ericales

List of Ericales of South Africa – Order: Ericales,

11 families are represented:

Family: Actinidiaceae,
Family: Balsaminaceae,
Family: Ebenaceae,
Family: Ericaceae,
Family: Lecythidaceae,
Family: Maesaceae,
Family: Myrsinaceae,
Family: Primulaceae,
Family: Roridulaceae,
Family: Sapotaceae,
Family: Theophrastaceae,

Escallionales

List of Escalloniales of South Africa – Order: Escalloniales,

One family is represented:

Family: Escalloniaceae,

Choristylis rhamnoides Harv., accepted as Itea rhamnoides (Harv.) Kubitzki, indigenous
Itea rhamnoides (Harv.) Kubitzki, indigenous

Fabales

List of Fabales of South Africa – Order: Fabales,

Two families are represented:

Family: Fabaceae,
Family: Polygalaceae,

Fagales

List of Fagales of South Africa – Order: Fagales,

Five families are represented:

Family: Betulaceae,
Family: Casuarinaceae,
Family: Fagaceae,
Family: Juglandaceae,
Family: Myricaceae,

Gentianales

List of Gentianales of South Africa – Order: Gentianales,

Five families are represented:

Family: Apocynaceae,
Family: Asclepiadaceae,
Family: Gentianaceae,
Family: Loganiaceae,
Family: Rubiaceae,

Geraniales

List of Geraniales of South Africa – Order: Geraniales,

Two families are represented:

Family: Geraniaceae,
Family: Melianthaceae,

Gunnerales

List of Gunnerales of South Africa – Order: Gunnerales,

Two families are represented:

Family: Gunneraceae,
- Gunnera perpensa L. indigenous
Family: Myrothamnaceae,
- Myrothamnus flabellifolius Welw. indigenous

Huerteales

List of Huerteales of South Africa – Order: Huerteales,

One family is represented:

Family: Gerrardinaceae,
- Genus Gerrardina
  - Gerrardina foliosa Oliv. indigenous

Icacinales

List of Icacinales of South Africa – Order: Icacinales,

One family is represented:

Family: Icacinaceae,
- Genus Apodytes
  - Apodytes abbottii Potgieter & A.E.van Wyk, endemic
  - Apodytes dimidiata E.Mey. ex Arn. indigenous
    - Apodytes dimidiata E.Mey. ex Arn. subsp. Dimidiata, indigenous
  - Apodytes geldenhuysii A.E.van Wyk & Potgieter, endemic
- Genus Cassinopsis
  - Cassinopsis ilicifolia (Hochst.) Kuntze, indigenous
  - Cassinopsis tinifolia Harv. indigenous
- Genus Pyrenacantha
  - Pyrenacantha grandiflora Baill. indigenous
  - Pyrenacantha kaurabassana Baill. indigenous
  - Pyrenacantha scandens Planch. ex Harv. indigenous

Lamiales

List of Lamiales of South Africa – Order: Lamiales,

15 families are represented:

Family: Acanthaceae,
Family: Bignoniaceae,
Family: Gesneriaceae,
Family: Lamiaceae,
Family: Lentibulariaceae,
Family: Linderniaceae,
Family: Martyniaceae,
Family: Oleaceae,
Family: Orobanchaceae,
Family: Paulowniaceae,
Family: Pedaliaceae,
Family: Plantaginaceae,
Family: Scrophulariaceae,
Family: Stilbaceae,
Family: Verbenaceae,

Laurales

List of Laurales of South Africa – Order: Laurales,

Two families are represented:

Family: Lauraceae,
- Genus Cassytha
  - Cassytha ciliolata Nees, indigenous
  - Cassytha filiformis L. indigenous
  - Cassytha pondoensis Engl. endemic
    - Cassytha pondoensis Engl. var. pondoensis, not indigenous, naturalised
- Genus Cinnamomum
  - Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl, indigenous
- Genus Cryptocarya
  - Cryptocarya angustifolia E.Mey. ex Meisn. endemic
  - Cryptocarya latifolia Sond. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
  - Cryptocarya liebertiana Engl. endemic
  - Cryptocarya myrtifolia Stapf, endemic
  - Cryptocarya transvaalensis Burtt Davy, indigenous
  - Cryptocarya woodii Engl. endemic
  - Cryptocarya wyliei Stapf, indigenous
- Genus Dahlgrenodendron
  - Dahlgrenodendron natalense (J.H.Ross) J.J.M.van der Merwe & A.E.van Wyk, indigenous
- Genus Gyrocarpus
  - Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq. endemic
    - Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq. subsp. africanus Kubitzki, endemic
- Genus Litsea
  - Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
  - Litsea sebifera Pers. not indigenous, naturalised
- Genus Ocotea
  - Ocotea bullata (Burch.) Baill. indigenous
  - Ocotea kenyensis (Chiov.) Robyns & R.Wilczek, indigenous
- Genus Persea
  - Persea americana Mill. not indigenous, cultivated, naturalised, invasive
Family: Monimiaceae,
- Genus Xymalos
  - Xymalos monospora (Harv.) Baill. indigenous

Liliales

List of Liliales of South Africa – Order: Liliales,

Five families are represented:

Family: Alstroemeriaceae,
Family: Colchicaceae,
Family: Liliaceae,
Family: Melanthiaceae,
Family: Smilacaceae,

Magnoliales

List of Magnoliales of South Africa – Order: Magnoliales,

One family is represented:

Family: Annonaceae,

Malpighiales

List of Malpighiales of South Africa – Order: Malpighiales,

20 families are represented:

Family: Achariaceae,
Family: Chrysobalanaceae,
Family: Clusiaceae,
Family: Dichapetalaceae,
Family: Elatinaceae,
Family: Erythroxylaceae,
Family: Euphorbiaceae,
Family: Hypericaceae,
Family: Linaceae,
Family: Malpighiaceae,
Family: Ochnaceae,
Family: Passifloraceae,
Family: Phyllanthaceae,
Family: Picrodendraceae,
Family: Podostemaceae,
Family: Putranjivaceae,
Family: Rhizophoraceae,
Family: Salicaceae,
Family: Turneraceae,
Family: Violaceae,

Malvales

List of Malvales of South Africa – Order: Malvales,

Six families are represented:

Family: Balanophoraceae,
Family: Cistaceae,
Family: Cytinaceae,
Family: Malvaceae,
Family: Neuradaceae,
Family: Thymelaeaceae,

Myrtales

List of Myrtales of South Africa – Order: Myrtales,

10 families are represented:

Family: Combretaceae,
Family: Heteropyxidaceae,
Family: Lythraceae,
Family: Melastomataceae,
Family: Memecylaceae,
Family: Myrtaceae,
Family: Oliniaceae,
Family: Onagraceae,
Family: Penaeaceae,
Family: Rhynchocalycaceae,

Nymphaeales

List of Nymphaeales of South Africa – Order: Nymphaeales,

Two families are represented:

Family: Cabombaceae,

Genus Brasenia
- Brasenia schreberi J.F.Gmel. indigenous

Family: Nymphaeaceae,

Genus Nymphaea
- Nymphaea lotus L. indigenous
- Nymphaea mexicana Zucc. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
- Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. indigenous
  - Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. var. caerulea (Savigny) Verdc. indigenous
  - Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. var. zanzibariensis (Casp.) Verdc. indigenous

Oxalidales

List of Oxalidales of South Africa – Order: Oxalidales,

Four families are represented:

Family: Connaraceae,
Family: Cunoniaceae,
Family: Elaeocarpaceae,
Family: Oxalidaceae,

Pandanales

List of Pandanales of South Africa – Order: Pandanales,

One family is represented:

Family: Velloziaceae,

Piperales

List of Piperales of South Africa – Order: Piperales,

Four families are represented:

Family: Aristolochiaceae,

Genus Aristolochia
- Aristolochia elegans Mast. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive

Family: Hydnoraceae,

Genus Hydnora
- Hydnora abyssinica A.Br. indigenous
- Hydnora africana Thunb. indigenous
- Hydnora johannis Becc. var. johannis accepted as Hydnora abyssinica A.Br. present
- Hydnora triceps Drege & E.Mey. indigenous
- Hydnora visseri Bolin, E.Maass & Musselman, indigenous

Family: Piperaceae,

Genus Peperomia
- Peperomia blanda (Jacq.) Kunth, indigenous
  - Peperomia blanda (Jacq.) Kunth var. leptostachya (Hook. & Arn.) Dull, accepted as Peperomia blanda (Jacq.) Kunth, present
- Peperomia retusa (L.f.) A.Dietr. indigenous
  - Peperomia retusa (L.f.) A.Dietr. var. bachmannii (C.DC.) Dull, indigenous
  - Peperomia retusa (L.f.) A.Dietr. var. retusa, indigenous
- Peperomia rotundifolia (L.) Kunth, indigenous
- Peperomia tetraphylla (G.Forst.) Hook. & Arn. indigenous
Genus Piper
- Piper capense L.f. var. capense, indigenous

Family: Saururaceae,

Genus Houttuynia
- Houttuynia cordata Thunb. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive

Poales

List of Poales of South Africa – Order: Poales,

10 families are represented:

Family: Bromeliaceae,
Family: Cyperaceae,
Family: Eriocaulaceae,
Family: Flagellariaceae,
Family: Juncaceae,
Family: Poaceae,
Family: Restionaceae,
Family: Thurniaceae,
Family: Typhaceae,
Family: Xyridaceae,

Proteales

List of Proteales of South Africa – Order: Proteales,

Two families are represented:

Family: Platanaceae,
Family: Proteaceae,

Ranunculales

List of Ranunculales of South Africa – Order: Ranunculales,

Five families are represented:

Family: Berberidaceae,
Family: Fumariaceae,
Family: Menispermaceae,
Family: Papaveraceae,
Family: Ranunculaceae,

Rosales

List of Rosales of South Africa – Order: Rosales,

Six families are represented:

Family: Cannabaceae,
Family: Moraceae,
Family: Rhamnaceae,
Family: Rosaceae,
Family: Ulmaceae,
Family: Urticaceae,

Santalales

List of Santalales of South Africa – Order: Santalales,

Three families are represented:

Family: Loranthaceae,
Family: Olacaceae,
Family: Santalaceae,

Sapindales

List of Sapindales of South Africa – Order: Sapindales,

Eight families are represented:

Family: Anacardiaceae,
Family: Burseraceae,
Family: Kirkiaceae,
Family: Meliaceae,
Family: Peganaceae,
Family: Rutaceae,
Family: Sapindaceae,
Family: Simaroubaceae,

Saxifragales

List of Saxifragales of South Africa – Order: Saxifragales,

Four families are represented:

Family: Altingiaceae,
Family: Crassulaceae,
Family: Haloragaceae,
Family: Hamamelidaceae,

Solanales

List of Solanales of South Africa – Order: Solanales,

Four families are represented:

Family: Convolvulaceae,
Family: Montiniaceae,
Family: Solanaceae,
Family: Sphenocleaceae,

Vahliales

List of Vahliales of South Africa – Order: Vahliales,

One family is represented:

Family: Vahliaceae,

Genus Vahlia
- Vahlia capensis (L.f.) Thunb. indigenous
  - Vahlia capensis (L.f.) Thunb. subsp. capensis, indigenous
  - Vahlia capensis (L.f.) Thunb. subsp. ellipticifolia Bridson, indigenous
  - Vahlia capensis (L.f.) Thunb. subsp. vulgaris Bridson var. latifolia, endemic
  - Vahlia capensis (L.f.) Thunb. subsp. vulgaris Bridson var. linearis, indigenous
  - Vahlia capensis (L.f.) Thunb. subsp. vulgaris Bridson var. longifolia, indigenous
  - Vahlia capensis (L.f.) Thunb. subsp. vulgaris Bridson var. vulgaris, indigenous

Vitales

List of Vitales of South Africa – Order: Vitales,

One family is represented:

Family: Vitaceae,

Zingiberales

List of Zingiberales of South Africa – Order: Zingiberales,

Five families are represented:

Family: Cannaceae,

Genus Canna
- Canna edulis Ker Gawl. accepted as Canna indica L. not indigenous, naturalised
- Canna flaccida Salisb. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
- Canna glauca L. not indigenous, naturalised
- Canna indica L. not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
- Canna x generalis L.H.Bailey, not indigenous, naturalised, invasive

Family: Marantaceae,

Genus Maranta
- Maranta leuconeura E.Morren, not indigenous, cultivated, naturalised

Family: Musaceae,

Genus Ensete
- Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman, indigenous

Family: Strelitziaceae,

Genus Strelitzia
- Strelitzia alba (L.f.) Skeels, endemic
- Strelitzia caudata R.A.Dyer, indigenous
- Strelitzia juncea (Ker Gawl.) Link, endemic
- Strelitzia nicolai Regel & Korn. indigenous
- Strelitzia parvifolia W.T.Aiton var. juncea Ker Gawl. accepted asStrelitzia juncea (Ker Gawl.) Link, indigenous
- Strelitzia reginae Banks, indigenous
  - Strelitzia reginae Banks subsp. mzimvubuensis Van Jaarsv. indigenous
  - Strelitzia reginae Banks subsp. reginae, indigenous
  - Strelitzia reginae Banks var. juncea (Ker Gawl.) H.E.Moore Strelitzia juncea (Ker Gawl.) Link, indigenous

Family: Zingiberaceae,

Genus Alpinia
- Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm., not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
Genus Hedychium
- Hedychium coccineum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm., not indigenous, cultivated, naturalised, invasive
- Hedychium coronarium J.Konig, not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
- Hedychium flavescens Roscoe, not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
- Hedychium gardnerianum Ker Gawl., not indigenous, naturalised, invasive
Genus Siphonochilus
- Siphonochilus aethiopicus (Schweinf.) B.L.Burtt, indigenous
- Siphonochilus natalensis (Schltr. & K.Schum.) J.M.Wood & Franks, accepted as Siphonochilus aethiopicus (Schweinf.) B.L.Burtt, present

Zygophyllales

List of Zygophyllales of South Africa – Order: Zygophyllales,

One family is represented:

Family: Zygophyllaceae,

References

Doyle, J. A.; Donoghue, M. J. (1986). "Seed plant phylogeny and the origin of the angiosperms - an experimental cladistic approach". Botanical Review. 52 (4): 321–431. doi:10.1007/bf02861082. S2CID 44844947.
Coiro, Mario; Chomicki, Guillaume; Doyle, James A. (August 2018). "Experimental signal dissection and method sensitivity analyses reaffirm the potential of fossils and morphology in the resolution of the relationship of angiosperms and Gnetales". Paleobiology. 44 (3): 490–510. doi:10.1017/pab.2018.23. ISSN 0094-8373. S2CID 91488394.
Crepet, W. L. (2000). "Progress in understanding angiosperm history, success, and relationships: Darwin's abominably "perplexing phenomenon"". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (24): 12939–41. Bibcode:2000PNAS...9712939C. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.24.12939. PMC 34068. PMID 11087846.
Nam J.; et al. (2003). "Antiquity and Evolution of the MADS-Box Gene Family Controlling Flower Development in Plants". Mol. Biol. Evol. 20 (9): 1435–1447. doi:10.1093/molbev/msg152. PMID 12777513.
Soltis, D. E.; Bell, CD; Kim, S; Soltis, PS (June 2008). "The Year in Evolutionary Biology 2008". Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1133 (1): 3–25. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.463.7533. doi:10.1196/annals.1438.005. PMID 18559813. S2CID 17688086. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009.
Butler, Rhett A. (1 July 2019). "Total number of plant species by country". Mongabay. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
"Vegetation of South Africa". PlantZAfrica.com. SA National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
^ "species_checklist_20180710.csv". South African National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
Mucina, L. (2018). "Classifying Subtropical Forests of South Africa: Data Sources and Methods". Vegetation Survey and Classification of Subtropical Forests of Southern Africa. Geobotany Studies. Springer, Cham. pp. 7–46. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67831-3_2. ISBN 978-3-319-67830-6. Nomenclature crosswalk between names used in Mucina et al. (2007) report and the current book. This crosswalk captures nomenclature changes during the period 2007–2017 in South African taxonomic literature. Current name = name in Mucina et al. (2007) Itea rhamnoides = Choristylis rhamnoides

Biodiversity of South Africa

National taxon checklists

Plants

Flowering
plants

Acorales
Alismatales
Apiales
- Apiaceae
Aquifoliales
Arecales
Asparagales
- Asphodelaceae
- Hyacinthaceae
- Iridaceae
- Orchidaceae
Asterales
- Asteraceae
Boraginales
Brassicales
Bruniales
Buxales
Canellales
Caryophyllales
- Aizoaceae
Celastrales
Ceratophyllales
Commelinales
Cornales
Crossosomatales
Cucurbitales
Dioscoreales
Dipsacales
Ericales
Escalloniales
Fabales
Fagales
Gentianales
- Apocynaceae
- Rubiaceae
Geraniales
Gunnerales
Huerteales
Icacinales
Lamiales
- Acanthaceae
- Lamiaceae
- Scrophulariaceae
Laurales
Liliales
Magnoliales
Malpighiales
- Euphorbiaceae
Malvales
Myrtales
Nymphaeales
Oxalidales
Pandanales
Piperales
Poales
- Poaceae
Proteales
Ranunculales
Rosales
Santalales
Sapindales
Saxifragales
Solanales
Vahliales
Vitales
Zingiberales
Zygophyllales

Animals

Ascidians
Bryozoans
Comb jellies
Echinoderms
Nematodes
Polychaetes
Marine cnidarians
Marine flatworms
Sponges
Tardigrades

Arthropods

Marine crustaceans
- Sea spiders
Centipedes
Millipedes
Entognatha

Arachnids

Harvestmen
Microwhip scorpions
Pseudoscorpions
Scorpions
Shorttailed whipscorpions
Solifugae
Araneae
Ixodida
Whip spiders and tailless whip scorpions

Insects

Alderflies, dobsonflies and fishflies
Beetles
Booklice, barklice and barkflies
Butterflies and moths
Caddisflies
Cockroaches and termites
Dragonflies and damselflies
Earwigs
Fleas
Flies
Jumping bristletails
Lice
Mantises
Mayflies
Net-winged insects
Notoptera
Orthoptera
Sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants
Scorpionflies
Silverfish and firebrats
Stick and leaf insects
Stoneflies
Strepsiptera
Termites
Thrips
True bugs
Webspinners

Molluscs

Vertebrates

Seaweeds

Fungi

Regional taxon checklists and other minor lists
List of marine invertebrates of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay List of marine vertebrates of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay List of green seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay List of brown seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay List of red seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay Related: Timber trees of Gauteng

Biodiversity hotspots and Centres of diversity

Ecoregions

List of ecoregions in South Africa

Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests	Knysna–Amatole montane forests KwaZulu–Cape coastal forest mosaic Maputaland coastal forest mosaic
Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands	Kalahari Acacia-Baikiaea woodlands Southern Africa bushveld Zambezian and mopane woodlands
Montane grasslands and shrublands	Drakensberg alti-montane grasslands and woodlands Drakensberg montane grasslands, woodlands and forests Highveld grasslands Maputaland–Pondoland bushland and thickets
Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub	Albany thickets Lowland fynbos and renosterveld Montane fynbos and renosterveld
Deserts and xeric shrublands	Kalahari xeric savanna Nama Karoo Succulent Karoo
Tundra	Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra
Mangroves	Southern Africa mangroves
Marine ecoregions	Agulhas ecoregion Benguela ecoregion Delagoa ecoregion Natal ecoregion Southeast Atlantic ecoregion Southwest Indian ecoregion

Biomes and Vegetation classification

List of vegetation types of South Africa

Savanna	Andesite Mountain Bushveld Aoub Duneveld Barberton Serpentine Sourveld Bhisho Thornveld Cathedral Mopane Bushveld Central Sandy Bushveld Delagoa Lowveld Dwaalboom Thornveld Dwarsberg-Swartruggens Mountain Bushveld Eastern Valley Bushveld Gabbro Grassy Bushveld Gauteng Shale Mountain Bushveld Ghaap Plateau Vaalbosveld Gold Reef Mountain Bushveld Gordonia Duneveld Gordonia Kameeldoring Bushveld Gordonia Plains Shrubland Granite Lowveld Gravelotte Rocky Bushveld Kaalrug Mountain Bushveld Kathu Bushveld Kimberley Thornveld Koranna-Langeberg Mountain Bushveld Kuruman Mountain Bushveld Kuruman Thornveld Kuruman Vaalbosveld KwaZulu-Natal Hinterland Thornveld KwaZulu-Natal Sandstone Sourveld Lebombo Summit Sourveld Legogote Sour Bushveld Limpopo Ridge Bushveld Limpopo Sweet Bushveld Loskop Mountain Bushveld Loskop Thornveld Lowveld Rugged Mopaneveld Madikwe Dolomite Bushveld Mafikeng Bushveld Makatini Clay Thicket Makhado Sweet Bushveld Makuleke Sandy Bushveld Malelane Mountain Bushveld Mamabolo Mountain Bushveld Marikana Thornveld Molopo Bushveld Moot Plains Bushveld Mopane Basalt Shrubland Mopane Gabbro Shrubland Musina Mopane Bushveld Ngongoni Veld Norite Koppies Bushveld Northern Lebombo Bushveld Northern Zululand Sourveld Nossob Bushveld Nwambyia-Pumbe Sandy Bushveld Ohrigstad Mountain Bushveld Olifantshoek Plains Thornveld Phalaborwa-Timbavati Mopaneveld Pilanesberg Mountain Bushveld Polokwane Plateau Bushveld Postmasburg Thornveld Poung Dolomite Mountain Bushveld Pretoriuskop Sour Bushveld Roodeberg Bushveld Schmidtsdrif Thornveld Schweizer-Reneke Bushveld Sekhukhune Mountain Bushveld Sekhukhune Plains Bushveld South Eastern Coastal Thornveld Southern Lebombo Bushveld Soutpansberg Mountain Bushveld Springbokvlakte Thornveld Stella Bushveld Swaziland Sour Bushveld Tembe Sandy Bushveld Thukela Thornveld Thukela Valley Bushveld Tsende Mopaneveld Tshokwane-Hlane Basalt Lowveld Tzaneen Sour Bushveld Vaalbos Rocky Shrubland VhaVenda Miombo Waterberg Mountain Bushveld Western Maputaland Clay Bushveld Western Maputaland Sandy Bushveld Western Sandy Bushveld Zeerust Thornveld Zululand Coastal Thornveld Zululand Lowveld
Grassland	Aliwal North Dry Grassland Amathole Mistbelt Grassland Amathole Montane Grassland Amersfoort Highveld Clay Grassland Barberton Montane Grassland Basotho Montane Shrubland Bedford Dry Grassland Besemkaree Koppies Shrubland Bloemfontein Dry Grassland Bloemfontein Karroid Shrubland Carletonville Dolomite Grassland Central Free State Grassland Drakensberg Afroalpine Heathland Drakensberg Foothill Moist Grassland Drakensberg-Amathole Afromontane Fynbos East Griqualand Grassland Eastern Free State Clay Grassland Eastern Free State Sandy Grassland Eastern Highveld Grassland Egoli Granite Grassland Frankfort Highveld Grassland Income Sandy Grassland Ithala Quartzite Sourveld KaNgwane Montane Grassland Karoo Escarpment Grassland Klerksdorp Thornveld KwaZulu-Natal Highland Thornveld Leolo Summit Sourveld Lesotho Highland Basalt Grassland Low Escarpment Moist Grassland Lydenburg Montane Grassland Lydenburg Thornveld Mabela Sandy Grassland Midlands Mistbelt Grassland Mooi River Highland Grassland Mthatha Moist Grassland Northern Drakensberg Highland Grassland Northern Escarpment Afromontane Fynbos Northern Escarpment Dolomite Grassland Northern Escarpment Quartzite Sourveld Northern Free State Shrubland Northern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland Northern KwaZulu-Natal Shrubland Northern Zululand Mistbelt Grassland Paulpietersburg Moist Grassland Queenstown Thornveld Rand Highveld Grassland Sekhukhune Montane Grassland Senqu Montane Shrubland Southern Drakensberg Highland Grassland Southern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland Soutpansberg Summit Sourveld Soweto Highveld Grassland Steenkampsberg Montane Grassland Stormberg Plateau Grassland Strydpoort Summit Sourveld Tarkastad Montane Shrubland Tsakane Clay Grassland Tsomo Grassland uKhahlamba Basalt Grassland Vaal Reefs Dolomite Sinkhole Woodland Vaal-Vet Sandy Grassland Vredefort Dome Granite Grassland Wakkerstroom Montane Grassland Waterberg-Magaliesberg Summit Sourveld Western Free State Clay Grassland Western Highveld Sandy Grassland Western Lesotho Basalt Shrubland Winburg Grassy Shrubland Wolkberg Dolomite Grassland Woodbush Granite Grassland Xhariep Karroid Grassland Zastron Moist Grassland
Fynbos	Agulhas Limestone Fynbos Agulhas Sand Fynbos Albertinia Sand Fynbos Algoa Sandstone Fynbos Atlantis Sand Fynbos Bokkeveld Sandstone Fynbos Boland Granite Fynbos Breede Alluvium Fynbos Breede Quartzite Fynbos Breede Sand Fynbos Breede Shale Fynbos Canca Limestone Fynbos Cape Flats Sand Fynbos Cape Winelands Shale Fynbos Cederberg Sandstone Fynbos Central Coastal Shale Band Vegetation Central Inland Shale Band Vegetation De Hoop Limestone Fynbos Eastern Coastal Shale Band Vegetation Eastern Inland Shale Band Vegetation Elgin Shale Fynbos Elim Ferricrete Fynbos Garden Route Granite Fynbos Garden Route Shale Fynbos Graafwater Sandstone Fynbos Greyton Shale Fynbos Grootrivier Quartzite Fynbos Hangklip Sand Fynbos Hawequas Sandstone Fynbos Hopefield Sand Fynbos Kamiesberg Granite Fynbos Kango Conglomerate Fynbos Knysna Sand Fynbos Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos Kouebokkeveld Alluvium Fynbos Kouebokkeveld Shale Fynbos Kouga Grassy Sandstone Fynbos Kouga Sandstone Fynbos Leipoldtville Sand Fynbos Loerie Conglomerate Fynbos Lourensford Alluvium Fynbos Matjiesfontein Quartzite Fynbos Matjiesfontein Shale Fynbos Montagu Shale Fynbos Namaqualand Sand Fynbos North Hex Sandstone Fynbos North Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos North Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos North Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos North Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos North Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos North Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos Northern Inland Shale Band Vegetation Olifants Sandstone Fynbos Overberg Sandstone Fynbos Peninsula Granite Fynbos Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos Piketberg Sandstone Fynbos Potberg Ferricrete Fynbos Potberg Sandstone Fynbos Robertson Granite Fynbos South Hex Sandstone Fynbos South Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos South Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos South Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos South Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos South Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos South Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos Southern Cape Dune Fynbos Stinkfonteinberge Quartzite Fynbos Suurberg Quartzite Fynbos Suurberg Shale Fynbos Swartberg Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos Swartberg Shale Fynbos Swartland Alluvium Fynbos Swartruggens Quartzite Fynbos Swellendam Silcrete Fynbos Tsitsikamma Sandstone Fynbos Western Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos Western Coastal Shale Band Vegetation Winterhoek Sandstone Fynbos
Renosterveld	Baviaanskloof Shale Renosterveld Breede Alluvium Renosterveld Breede Shale Renosterveld Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld Central Ruêns Shale Renosterveld Ceres Shale Renosterveld Eastern Ruêns Shale Renosterveld Hantam Plateau Dolerite Renosterveld Humansdorp Shale Renosterveld Kango Limestone Renosterveld Langkloof Shale Renosterveld Matjiesfontein Shale Renosterveld Montagu Shale Renosterveld Mossel Bay Shale Renosterveld Namaqualand Granite Renosterveld Nieuwoudtville Shale Renosterveld Nieuwoudtville-Roggeveld Dolerite Renosterveld Peninsula Shale Renosterveld Robertson Granite Renosterveld Roggeveld Shale Renosterveld Ruêns Silcrete Renosterveld Swartberg Shale Renosterveld Swartland Alluvium Renosterveld Swartland Granite Renosterveld Swartland Shale Renosterveld Swartland Silcrete Renosterveld Uniondale Shale Renosterveld Vanrhynsdorp Shale Renosterveld Western Ruêns Shale Renosterveld
Succulent Karoo	Aggeneys Gravel Vygieveld Agter-Sederberg Shrubland Anenous Plateau Shrubland Bushmanland Inselberg Shrubland Central Knersvlakte Vygieveld Central Richtersveld Mountain Shrubland Citrusdal Vygieveld Die Plate Succulent Shrubland Doringrivier Quartzite Karoo Eastern Little Karoo Eenriet Plains Succulent Shrubland Goariep Mountain Succulent Shrubland Hantam Karoo Kamiesberg Mountains Shrubland Klawer Sandy Shrubland Knersvlakte Dolomite Vygieveld Knersvlakte Quartz Vygieveld Knersvlakte Shale Vygieveld Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo Kosiesberg Succulent Shrubland Lekkersing Succulent Shrubland Little Karoo Quartz Vygieveld Namaqualand Arid Grassland Namaqualand Blomveld Namaqualand Coastal Duneveld Namaqualand Heuweltjie Strandveld Namaqualand Heuweltjieveld Namaqualand Inland Duneveld Namaqualand Klipkoppe Shrubland Namaqualand Shale Shrubland Namaqualand Spinescent Grassland Namaqualand Strandveld Northern Knersvlakte Vygieveld Northern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld Northern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld Oograbies Plains Sandy Grassland Piketberg Quartz Succulent Shrubland Platbakkies Succulent Shrubland Prince Albert Succulent Karoo Richtersveld Coastal Duneveld Richtersveld Red Duneveld Richtersveld Sandy Coastal Scorpionstailveld Riethuis-Wallekraal Quartz Vygieveld Robertson Karoo Roggeveld Karoo Rooiberg Quartz Vygieveld Rosyntjieberg Succulent Shrubland Southern Namaqualand Quartzite Klipkoppe Shrubland Southern Richtersveld Inselberg Shrubland Southern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld Southern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld Steytlerville Karoo Stinkfonteinberge Eastern Apron Shrubland Swartruggens Quartzite Karoo Tanqua Escarpment Shrubland Tanqua Karoo Tatasberg Mountain Succulent Shrubland Umdaus Mountains Succulent Shrubland Upper Annisvlakte Succulent Shrubland Vanrhynsdorp Gannabosveld Vyftienmyl se Berge Succulent Shrubland Western Bushmanland Klipveld Western Gwarrieveld Western Little Karoo Willowmore Gwarrieveld
Albany Thicket and Strandveld	Albany Arid Thicket Albany Bontveld Albany Mesic Thicket Albany Valley Thicket Baviaans Valley Thicket Bethelsdorp Bontveld Blombos Strandveld Buffels Mesic Thicket Buffels Valley Thicket Cape Flats Dune Strandveld Crossroads Grassland Thicket Doubledrift Karroid Thicket Eastern Gwarrieveld Elands Forest Thicket Escarpment Arid Thicket Escarpment Mesic Thicket Escarpment Valley Thicket Fish Arid Thicket Fish Mesic Thicket Fish Valley Thicket Gamka Arid Thicket Gamka Valley Thicket Geluk Grassland Thicket Goukamma Dune Thicket Gouritz Valley Thicket Grahamstown Grassland Thicket Grassridge Bontveld Groot Brak Dune Strandveld Hamburg Dune Thicket Hartenbos Dune Thicket Kasouga Dune Thicket Koedoeskloof Karroid Thicket Lambert's Bay Strandveld Langebaan Dune Strandveld Mons Ruber Fynbos Thicket Motherwell Karroid Thicket Nanaga Savanna Thicket Oudshoorn Karroid Thicket Overberg Dune Strandveld Saldanha Flats Strandveld Saldanha Granite Strandveld Saldanha Limestone Strandveld Saltaire Karroid Thicket Sardinia Forest Thicket St Francis Dune Thicket Subtropical Dune Thicket Sundays Arid Thicket Sundays Mesic Thicket Sundays Valley Thicket Thorndale Forest Thicket Umtiza Forest Thicket Vanstadens Forest Thicket Western Gwarrieveld Willowmore Gwarrieveld
Nama Karoo and desert	Albany Broken Veld Blouputs Karroid Thornveld Bushmanland Arid Grassland Bushmanland Basin Shrubland Bushmanland Sandy Grassland Eastern Lower Karoo Eastern Upper Karoo Gamka Karoo Kalahari Karroid Shrubland Lower Gariep Broken Veld Lower Karoo Gwarrieveld Northern Upper Karoo Upper Karoo Hardeveld Western Upper Karoo Alexander Bay Coastal Duneveld Eastern Gariep Plains Desert Eastern Gariep Rocky Desert Helskloof Canyon Desert Kahams Mountain Desert Kwaggarug Mountain Desert Namib Lichen Fields Noms Mountain Desert Northern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert Richtersberg Mountain Desert Richtersveld Sheet Wash Desert Southern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert Western Gariep Hills Desert Western Gariep Lowland Desert Western Gariep Plains Desert
Azonal	Albany Alluvial Vegetation Albany Dune Strandveld Algoa Dune Strandveld Arid Estuarine Salt Marshes Bushmanland Vloere Cape Estuarine Salt Marshes Cape Inland Salt Pans Cape Lowland Alluvial Vegetation Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetlands Cape Seashore Vegetation Cape Vernal Pools Drakensberg Wetlands Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands Fynbos Riparian Vegetation Highveld Alluvial Vegetation Highveld Salt Pans Lesotho Mires Lower Gariep Alluvial Vegetation Muscadel Riviere Namaqualand Riviere Namaqualand Salt Pans Namaqualand Seashore Vegetation Namib Seashore Vegetation Southern Kalahari Mekgacha Southern Kalahari Salt Pans Southern Karoo Riviere Subantarctic Kelp Bed Vegetation Subtropical Alluvial Vegetation Subtropical Dune Thicket Subtropical Estuarine Salt Marshes Subtropical Freshwater Wetlands Subtropical Salt Pans Subtropical Seashore Vegetation Tanqua Wash Riviere Upper Gariep Alluvial Vegetation
Forest and Coastal belt	KwaZulu-Natal Coastal Belt Maputaland Coastal Belt Maputaland Wooded Grassland Pondoland-Natal Sandstone Coastal Sourveld Transkei Coastal Belt Ironwood Dry Forest Lowveld Riverine Forest Mangrove Forest Northern Afrotemperate Forest Northern Coastal Forest Northern Mistbelt Forest Sand Forest Scarp Forest Southern Afrotemperate Forest Southern Coastal Forest Southern Mistbelt Forest Swamp Forest
Subantarctic biome	Subantarctic Biotic Herbfield and Grassland Subantarctic Cinder Cone Vegetation Subantarctic Coastal Vegetation Subantarctic Drainage Line Vegetation Subantarctic Fellfield Subantarctic Fernbrake Vegetation Subantarctic Mire Subantarctic Polar Desert
not on VEGMAP	List of forests of South Africa List of forests of the Eastern Cape Forests of KwaZulu-Natal KwaZulu-Natal Dune Forest KwaZulu-Natal coastal lowland forest List of forests of the Western Cape

Protected areas of South Africa

Index of protected areas of South Africa

South
African
National
Parks

Biosphere
reserves

Marine
protected
areas of
South
Africa

Coastal

Offshore

Management
organisations

Biodiversity research in SA

Research organisations	Animal Demography Unit BirdLife South Africa South African Association for Marine Biological Research South African Environmental Observation Network South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity South African National Biodiversity Institute
Research projects	African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme National Biodiversity Assessment National Vegetation Map Project Reef Atlas Project SeaKeys
Citizen science databases	iNaturalist iSpot Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology Virtual Museum
Botanical gardens	Durban Botanic Gardens Free State National Botanical Garden Garden Route Botanical Garden Hantam National Botanical Garden Harold Porter National Botanical Garden Johannesburg Botanical Garden Karoo Desert National Botanical Garden Kwelera National Botanical Garden Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden KwaZulu-Natal National Botanical Garden Lowveld National Botanical Garden Makana Botanical Gardens Manie van der Schijff Botanical Garden North-West University Botanical Garden Pretoria National Botanical Garden Stellenbosch University Botanical Garden Thohoyandou National Botanical Garden University of KwaZulu-Natal Botanical Garden Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden
Taxonomists	List of authors of South African botanical taxa List of authors of South African animal taxa

Regional biodiversity	Biodiversity of Cape Town List of nature reserves in Cape Town
Legislation	Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998 National Environmental Management Act, 1998 National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 10 of 2004 National Environmental Management: Integrated Coastal Management Act, 24 of 2008 National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 57 of 2003
Publications	List of field guides to South African biota

Categories: Biodiversity of South Africa
Index

Categories:

Listing

Acorales

Alismatales

Apiales

Aquifoliales

Arecales

Asparagales

Asterales

Boraginales

Brassicales

Bruniales

Buxales

Canellales

Caryophyllales

Celastrales

Ceratophyllales

Commelinales

Cornales

Crossosomatales

Cucurbitales

Dioscoreales

Dipsacales

Ericales

Escallionales

Fabales

Fagales

Gentianales

Geraniales

Gunnerales

Huerteales

Icacinales

Lamiales

Laurales

Liliales

Magnoliales

Malpighiales

Malvales

Myrtales

Nymphaeales

Oxalidales

Pandanales

Piperales

Poales

Proteales

Ranunculales

Rosales

Santalales

Sapindales

Saxifragales

Solanales

Vahliales

Vitales

Zingiberales

Zygophyllales

See also

References