This is a list of all the consonants which have a dedicated letter in the International Phonetic Alphabet, plus some of the consonants which require diacritics, ordered by place and manner of articulation.
| IPA: Pulmonic consonants | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| IPA: Non-pulmonic consonants | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| IPA: Co-articulated consonants |
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| Nasal n͡m Labial–alveolar ɳ͡m Labial–retroflex ŋ͡m Labial–velar Plosive t͡pd͡b Labial–alveolar ʈ͡pɖ͡b Labial–retroflex k͡pɡ͡b Labial–velar q͡ʡ Uvular–epiglottal q͡p Labial–uvular Fricative/approximant ɥ̊ɥ Labial–palatal ʍw Labial–velar ɧ Sj-sound (variable) Lateral approximant ɫ Velarized alveolar Implosive ɠ̊͜ɓ̥ ɠ͡ɓ Labial–velar Ejective t͡pʼ Labial–alveolar |
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Ordered by place of articulation
Labial consonants
(articulated by using the lips)
Bilabial consonants
- bilabial clicks etc.
- bilabial nasal (man)
- bilabial ejective
- voiced bilabial implosive
- voiceless bilabial plosive (spin)
- voiced bilabial plosive (bed)
- voiceless bilabial affricate
- voiced bilabial affricate
- voiceless bilabial fricative
- voiced bilabial fricative
- bilabial approximant
- bilabial trill
- bilabial percussive
Labiodental consonants
- labiodental approximant
- labiodental nasal (symphony)
- voiced labiodental fricative (van)
- Voiced labiodental plosive
- Voiced labiodental affricate
- voiceless labiodental fricative (fan)
- voiceless rounded velarized labiodental fricative
- Voiceless labiodental plosive
- Voiceless labiodental affricate
Bidental consonants
Coronal consonants
(articulated by using the tip of the tongue)
Dental consonants
- dental clicks etc.
- dental lateral clicks etc.
- dental ejective
- dental nasal
- voiced dental fricative (this)
- voiced dental implosive
- voiced dental plosive
- voiceless bidental fricative
- voiceless dental fricative (thing)
- voiceless dental plosive
- bidental percussive
Alveolar consonants
- alveolar lateral clicks etc.
- alveolar approximant (red)
- alveolar ejective
- alveolar ejective fricative
- alveolar flap
- alveolar lateral approximant (lead)
- alveolar lateral flap
- alveolar nasal (none)
- alveolar trill
- velarized alveolar lateral approximant
- voiced alveolar fricative (zoo)
- voiced alveolar implosive
- voiced alveolar lateral fricative
- voiced alveolar plosive (done)
- voiced alveolar affricate
- voiceless alveolar grooved fricative (son)
- voiceless alveolar retroflex fricative
- voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative
- voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
- voiceless alveolar plosive (ton)
- voiceless alveolar affricate
- voiceless alveolar lateral affricate
- ejective alveolar lateral affricate
- voiced alveolar lateral affricate
Postalveolar consonants
- (post)alveolar click etc.
- voiced palato-alveolar affricate (jug)
- voiced palato-alveolar fricative (vision)
- voiceless palato-alveolar affricate (chip)
- voiceless palato-alveolar fricative (ship)
Palatalized postalveolar consonants
- voiced palatalized postalveolar fricative
- voiceless palatalized postalveolar fricative
- voiced palatalized postalveolar affricate
- voiceless palatalized postalveolar affricate
Retroflex consonants
- retroflex clicks etc. (commonly written ⟨⟩)
- retroflex approximant
- retroflex flap
- retroflex lateral flap
- retroflex lateral approximant
- voiceless retroflex lateral fricative
- retroflex nasal
- voiced retroflex fricative
- voiced retroflex plosive
- voiced retroflex affricate
- voiceless retroflex fricative
- voiceless retroflex plosive
- voiceless retroflex affricate ,
Dorsal consonants
(articulated with the middle of the tongue)
Palatal consonants
- palatal clicks etc.
- palatal approximant (yes)
- palatal ejective
- palatal lateral approximant
- voiceless palatal lateral fricative
- palatal nasal
- voiced palatal fricative
- voiced palatal implosive
- voiced palatal plosive
- voiceless palatal fricative (human, but not hum)
- voiceless palatal plosive
- voiceless palatal lateral affricate
- ejective palatal lateral affricate
Labialized palatal consonants
Velar consonants
- velar approximant
- velar ejective
- velar lateral approximant
- voiceless velar lateral fricative
- voiced velar fricative
- voiced velar implosive
- voiced velar plosive (get)
- voiceless velar fricative
- voiceless velar plosive (kick, cat)
- ejective velar lateral affricate
Labialized velar consonants
- voiced labialized velar approximant (witch)
- voiceless labialized velar approximant (which, in some dialects)
Labial–velar consonants
Uvular consonants
- uvular ejective
- uvular nasal
- uvular trill
- voiced uvular fricative
- voiced uvular implosive
- voiced uvular plosive
- voiceless uvular fricative
- voiceless uvular plosive
Laryngeal consonants
(articulated with the throat)
Pharyngeal consonants
- pharyngeal plosive
- voiced pharyngeal fricative
- voiceless pharyngeal fricative
- voiced pharyngeal trill
- voiceless pharyngeal trill
Glottal consonants
- voiceless glottal affricate (hat)
- murmured glottal affricate
- murmured glottal fricative or transition & approximant (ahead)
- voiceless glottal fricative or transition & approximant (high)
- glottal plosive
- voiced glottal approximant
- voiceless nasal glottal approximant
Ordered by manner of articulation
- Pulmonic consonants
Nasal (stop) consonants
- bilabial nasal
- voiceless bilabial nasal
- labiodental nasal
- dental nasal
- alveolar nasal
- voiceless alveolar nasal
- retroflex nasal
- voiceless retroflex nasal
- palatal nasal
- voiceless palatal nasal
- velar nasal
- voiceless velar nasal
- uvular nasal
Fricative consonants
- Sibilant fricatives
- voiceless alveolar sibilant
- voiced alveolar sibilant
- voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant
- voiced palato-alveolar sibilant
- voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant (palatalized postalveolar)
- voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant
- voiceless retroflex sibilant
- voiced retroflex sibilant
- Central non-sibilant fricatives
- voiceless bilabial fricative
- voiced bilabial fricative
- voiceless labiodental fricative
- voiced labiodental fricative
- voiceless bidental fricative
- voiceless dental fricative
- voiced dental fricative
- voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative
- voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative
- voiceless palatal fricative
- voiced palatal fricative
- voiceless velar fricative
- voiced velar fricative
- voiceless uvular fricative
- voiceless pharyngeal fricative
- voiceless epiglottal fricative
- voiceless palatal-velar fricative (not possible)
- Lateral fricatives
- voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
- voiced alveolar lateral fricative
- voiceless retroflex lateral fricative
- voiceless palatal lateral fricative )
- voiceless velar lateral fricative )
- voiced velar lateral fricative
- both fricatives and approximants
- Pseudo-fricatives
Affricate consonants
- Sibilant affricates
- voiceless postalveolar affricate
- voiced postalveolar affricate
- voiceless alveolar affricate
- voiced alveolar affricate
- voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate
- voiced alveolo-palatal affricate
- voiceless retroflex affricate
- voiced retroflex affricate
- Fricated alveolar clicks (also voiced, nasalized, etc.)
- Non-sibilant affricates
- Voiceless bilabial affricate
- Voiceless bilabial-labiodental affricate
- Voiceless labiodental affricate
- Voiced labiodental affricate
- Voiceless dental affricate
- Voiced dental affricate
- Voiceless retroflex nonsibilant affricate
- Voiced retroflex nonsibilant affricate
- voiceless palatal affricate
- voiced palatal affricate
- Voiceless velar affricate
- Voiced velar affricate
- Voiceless uvular affricate
- Voiced uvular affricate
- Voiceless epiglottal affricate
- Lateral affricates
- voiceless alveolar lateral affricate
- voiced alveolar lateral affricate
- Voiceless palatal lateral affricate
- Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate
- Voiceless velar lateral affricate
- Voiced velar lateral affricate
Approximant consonants
- bilabial approximant
- labiodental approximant
- dental approximant
- alveolar approximant
- alveolar lateral approximant
- velarized alveolar lateral approximant
- retroflex approximant
- retroflex lateral approximant
- palatal approximant
- palatal lateral approximant
- nasal palatal approximant
- labialized palatal approximant
- velar approximant
- velar lateral approximant
- labialized velar approximant (voiced)
- voiceless labialized velar approximant
- nasal labialized velar approximant
- uvular approximant
- pharyngeal approximant
- epiglottal approximant
- voiced glottal approximant (murmured)
- voiceless glottal approximant
- voiceless nasal glottal approximant
Flap (tap) consonants
- bilabial flap
- labiodental flap
- alveolar flap
- alveolar lateral flap
- retroflex flap
- retroflex lateral flap
- palatal lateral flap
- uvular flap
- velar lateral flap
- epiglottal flap
Trill consonants
- bilabial trill
- alveolar trill
- alveolar fricative trill
- retroflex trill
- uvular trill
- epiglottal trill
Lateral consonants
- Approximants
- Alveolar lateral approximant
- Velarized alveolar lateral approximant
- Retroflex lateral approximant
- Palatal lateral approximant
- Velar lateral approximant
- Fricatives
- Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
- Voiced alveolar lateral fricative
- Voiceless retroflex lateral fricative
- Voiceless palatal lateral fricative
- Voiced velar lateral fricative
- Voiceless velar lateral fricative
- Affricates
- Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate
- Voiced alveolar lateral affricate
- Voiceless palatal lateral affricate
- Ejective palatal lateral affricate
- Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate
- Ejective retroflex lateral affricate
- Voiced velar lateral affricate
- Voiceless velar lateral affricate
- Ejective velar lateral affricate
- Flaps
- Ejective
- Clicks
- Dental lateral clicks etc.
- Alveolar lateral clicks etc.
Ejective consonants
- Plosives
- bilabial ejective
- dental ejective
- alveolar ejective
- retroflex ejective
- palatal ejective
- velar ejective
- uvular ejective
- Affricates
- alveolar ejective affricate
- palato-alveolar ejective affricate
- retroflex ejective affricate
- alveolo-palatal ejective affricate
- dental ejective affricate
- palatal lateral ejective affricate
- velar ejective affricate
- uvular ejective affricate
- alveolar lateral ejective affricate
- velar lateral ejective affricate
- Fricatives
- bilabial ejective fricative
- labiodental ejective fricative
- dental ejective fricative
- alveolar ejective fricative
- palato-alveolar ejective fricative
- alveolo-palatal ejective fricative
- retroflex ejective fricative
- palatal ejective fricative
- velar ejective fricative
- uvular ejective fricative
- pharyngeal ejective fricative
- alveolar lateral ejective fricative
- velar lateral ejective fricative
Implosive consonants
- voiced bilabial implosive
- voiceless bilabial implosive
- voiced dental implosive
- voiced alveolar implosive
- voiceless alveolar implosive
- voiced retroflex implosive
- voiced palatal implosive
- voiceless palatal implosive
- voiced velar implosive
- voiceless velar implosive
- voiced uvular implosive
- voiceless uvular implosive
Labialized consonants
- Plosives
- voiceless labialized velar plosive
- voiced labialized velar plosive
- Voiceless labialized labial-velar plosive
- voiceless labialized uvular plosive
- voiced labialized uvular plosive
- Fricatives
- voiceless labialized velar fricative
- voiced labialized velar fricative
- voiceless labialized uvular fricative
- voiced labialized uvular fricative
- Approximants
- labialized palatal approximant
- (voiced) labialized velar approximant
- voiceless labialized velar approximant
- nasal labialized velar approximant
Palatalized consonants
- voiced palatalized postalveolar fricative
- voiceless palatalized postalveolar fricative
- voiced palatalized postalveolar affricate
- voiceless palatalized postalveolar affricate
- voiceless palatalized velar plosive
Pharyngealized consonants
- voiceless pharyngealized alveolar sibilant
- voiced pharyngealized alveolar sibilant
- voiceless pharyngealized alveolar plosive
- voiced pharyngealized alveolar plosive
- voiceless pharyngealized dental fricative
- voiced pharyngealized dental fricative
- voiceless pharyngealized alveolar lateral fricative
- voiced pharyngealized alveolar lateral fricative
- pharyngealized glottal stop
- pharyngealized alveolar lateral approximant
- pharyngealized alveolar nasal
Velarized consonants
- Voiceless velarized alveolar sibilant
- Voiced velarized dental fricative
- Voiceless velarized alveolar plosive
- Velarized alveolar flap
- Voiceless velarized uvular plosive
- Voiceless velarized uvular fricative
- Voiced velarized uvular fricative
- Voiceless velarized alveolar lateral fricative
- Voiced velarized alveolar lateral fricative
- Velarized alveolar lateral approximant
Glottalized consonants
Reinforced airstream
Blocked airstream
- Voiced glottalized alveolar nasal
- Voiced glottalized alveolar plosive
- Voiced glottalized dental fricative
Restricted airstream
Whispery voice
- Breathy-voiced bilabial nasal
- Breathy-voiced bilabial plosive
- Breathy-voiced alveolar plosive
- Breathy-voiced velar plosive
Click consonants
The less common clicks, such as are found in Taa, are not included.
- Simple clicks
- bilabial clicks
- either velar:
- voiceless bilabial click
- voiced bilabial click
- bilabial nasal click
- or uvular:
- , ,
- dental clicks (= ⟨ʇ⟩)
- either velar:
- voiceless dental click
- voiced dental click
- dental nasal click
- or uvular:
- , ,
- (post)alveolar click (= ⟨ʗ⟩)
- either velar:
- voiceless alveolar click
- voiced alveolar click
- alveolar nasal click
- or uvular:
- , ,
- alveolar lateral clicks (= ⟨ʖ⟩)
- either velar:
- voiceless alveolar lateral click
- voiced alveolar lateral click
- alveolar lateral nasal click
- or uvular:
- , ,
- retroflex clicks (= ⟨‼⟩)
- either velar:
- voiceless retroflex click
- voiced retroflex click
- retroflex nasal click
- or uvular:
- , ,
- palatal clicks [ǂ (= ⟨ 𝼋 ⟩)
- either velar:
- voiceless palatal click
- voiced palatal click
- palatal nasal click
- or uvular:
- , ,
- velar (uvular clicks not shown):
- glottalized bilabial nasal click
- glottalized dental nasal click
- glottalized alveolar nasal click
- glottalized alveolar lateral nasal click
- glottalized retroflex nasal click
- glottalized palatal nasal click
- voiceless bilabial linguo-pulmonic stop
- voiced bilabial linguo-pulmonic stop
- voiceless dental linguo-pulmonic stop
- voiced dental linguo-pulmonic stop
- voiceless alveolar linguo-pulmonic stop
- voiced alveolar linguo-pulmonic stop
- voiceless alveolar lateral linguo-pulmonic stop
- voiced alveolar lateral linguo-pulmonic stop
- voiceless retroflex linguo-pulmonic stop
- voiced retroflex linguo-pulmonic stop
- voiceless palatal linguo-pulmonic stop
- voiced palatal linguo-pulmonic stop
- voiceless bilabial linguo-pulmonic affricate
- voiced bilabial linguo-pulmonic affricate
- voiceless dental linguo-pulmonic affricate
- voiced dental linguo-pulmonic affricate
- voiceless alveolar linguo-pulmonic affricate
- voiced alveolar linguo-pulmonic affricate
- voiceless alveolar lateral linguo-pulmonic affricate
- voiced alveolar lateral linguo-pulmonic affricate
- voiceless retroflex linguo-pulmonic affricate
- voiced retroflex linguo-pulmonic affricate
- voiceless palatal linguo-pulmonic affricate
- voiced palatal linguo-pulmonic affricate
- bilabial linguo-glottalic stop
- dental linguo-glottalic stop
- alveolar linguo-glottalic stop
- alveolar lateral linguo-glottalic stop
- retroflex linguo-glottalic stop
- palatal linguo-glottalic stop
- bilabial linguo-glottalic affricate
- dental linguo-glottalic affricate
- alveolar linguo-glottalic affricate
- alveolar lateral linguo-glottalic affricate
- retroflex linguo-glottalic affricate
- palatal linguo-glottalic affricate
Percussive consonants
These are not found in any language, but occur as phonetic detail or through speech defects.
