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Sovereign states
A
- Abkhazia – Principality of Abkhazia
Aceh – Sultanate of Aceh
Andorra – Principality of Andorra- Ahom – Ahom Kingdom
- Arakkal – Kingdom of Cannanore
Avar – Avar Khanate
Ayutthaya – Ayutthaya Kingdom
B
- Bajhang
- Bastar – Bastar State
- Benin – Benin Empire
- Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan
- Bono – Bono state
Brunei – Sultanate of Brunei- Bukhara – Khanate of Bukhara
- Burma – Burmese Empire
C
- Calicut – Zamorin of Calicut
Cambodia – Kingdom of Cambodia- Catalonia – Catalan Republic
- Cayor – Kingdom of Cayor
- China – Great Qing Empire
- Chamba – Chamba State
- Champa – Kingdom of Champa
- Chitradurga – Chitradurga Nayak Kingdom
- Chutiya – Chutiya Kingdom
- Circassia
- Cochin – Kingdom of Cochin
- Cooch Behar – Cooch Behar State
Cospaia – Republic of Cospaia
D
- Đại Việt – Kingdom of Đại Việt
- Dendi – Dendi Kingdom
Denmark-Norway – United Kingdoms of Denmark and Norway- Dhenkanal – Dhenkanal State
- Dremoshong – Kingdom of Dremoshong
- Durdzuki
- Dzungar – Dzungar Khanate
E
F
France – Kingdom of France
G
- Garhwal – Garhwal Kingdom
- Garo – Kingdom of Garo
- Gazikumukh – Gazikumukh Khanate
Genoa – Republic of Genoa- Gingee – Gingee Nayak Kingdom
- Gorkha – Gorkha Kingdom
H
- Hawwara
Holy Roman Empire – Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation
Austria – Archduchy of Austria
Bavaria – Electorate of Bavaria
Brandenburg – Margraviate of Brandenburg (in personal union with Prussia)
Cologne – Electorate of Cologne
Electoral Palatinate – County Palatine of the Rhine
Lorraine – Duchy of Lorraine
Mainz – Electorate of Mainz
Saxony – Electorate of Saxony
Trier – Electorate of Trier
Württemberg – Duchy of Württemberg
I
J
- Jaintia – Jaintia Kingdom
- Janjero – Kingdom of Janjero
- Japan – Tokugawa shogunate
- Johor – Sultanate of Johor
- Jolof – Kingdom of Jolof
- Jumla
K
- Kabardia – Principality of Kabardia
- Kachar – Kachari Kingdom
- Kaffa – Kingdom of Kaffa
- Kalahandi – Kalahandi State
Kalmyk – Kalmyk Khanate
Kangleipak – Kangleipak State- Kangra – Kangra State
- Kandy – Kingdom of Kandy
- Kanker – Kanker State
- Kazakh – Kazakh Khanate
- Keladi – Keladi Nayak Kingdom
- Keonjhar – Keonjhar State
- Khiva – Khanate of Khiva
- Khoshut – Khoshut Khanate
Kongo – Kingdom of Kongo- Korea – Kingdom of Joseon
- Koya – Kingdom of Koya
- Kuba – Kuba Kingdom
- Kumaon – Kumaon Kingdom
L
M
- Madurai – Madurai Nayak dynasty
Malta – Order of Saint John
Mantua – Duchy of Mantua- Massa – Principality of Massa
Masserano – Principality of Masserano- Mayurbhanj – Mayurbhanj State
Modena – Duchy of Modena and Reggio
Monaco – Principality of Monaco
Montferrat – Duchy of Montferrat
Morocco – Saadi Sultanate- Mrauk U – Kingdom of Mrauk U
Mughal Empire- Mysore – Kingdom of Mysore
N
- Ndongo – Kingdom of Ndongo
- Nepal – Malla dynasty of Nepal
Netherlands – Republic of the Seven United Netherlands- Ngoyo – Kingdom of Ngoyo
Noli – Republic of Noli
O
- Odanad
Oman – Imamate of Oman- Ossetia
Ottoman Empire – Sublime Ottoman State- Oyo – Oyo Empire
P
Papal States – State of the Church
Parma – Duchy of Parma- Patna – Patna State
- Piombino – Principality of Piombino
Poland–Lithuania – Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Portugal – Kingdom of Portugal
Prussia – Duchy of Prussia (in personal union with Brandenburg)
R
S
San Marino – Republic of San Marino
Savoy – Duchy of Savoy
Scotland – Kingdom of Scotland (in personal union with England)
Seborga – Principality of Seborga- Senarica – Republic of Senarica
- Sennar – Funj sultanate of Sinnar
- Sonepur – Sonepur State
- Southern Ming – Great Ming Empire
Spain – Monarchy of Spain- Suket – Suket State
Sulu – Sultanate of Sulu
Sweden – Swedish Empire- Switzerland – Swiss Confederacy
T
- Tarki – Shamkhalate of Tarki
- Thanjavur – Thanjavur Nayak Kingdom
Torriglia – Marquisate of Torriglia
Tuscany – Grand Duchy of Tuscany- Twipra – Twipra Kingdom
U
V
W
Y
Non-sovereign territories
England
Notes
- Philip IV sometimes used the title of "King of Spain", but actually ruled over a dynastic union consisting of the Crown of Aragon (at the same time a dynastic union of Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, Mallorca, Naples, Sardinia, and Sicily), the Crown of Castile (Castile and León) and the Spanish Netherlands. This empire did not have a national flag in 1648.
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