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Mizo
Mizo ṭawng or Duhlián ṭawng
Region	Mizoram, India Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh Chin State and Sagaing Region, Myanmar Other regions inhabited by the Mizo diaspora
Ethnicity	Mizo
Native speakers	1,000,000+ (2011–2022)
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman Central Tibeto-Burman (?) Kuki-Chin-Naga Kuki-Chin Central Mizo
Writing system	Latin (Mizo alphabet) Bengali-Assamese script
Official status
Official language in	Mizoram (India)
Language codes
ISO 639-2	lus
ISO 639-3	lus
Glottolog	lush1249
Regions where Mizo is educational, and official   Regions where Mizo is educational, but not official   Regions where Mizo is not official and not educational   Regions with significant Mizo speakers, and where Mizo is a working language
Mizo is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Mizo is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken mainly in the Indian state of Mizoram, where it is the official language and lingua franca. It is the mother tongue of the Mizo people and some members of the Mizo diaspora. Other than Mizoram, it is also spoken in Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura, and Assam states of India, Sagaing Region and Chin State in Myanmar, and Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. It is mainly based on the Lusei dialect but it has also derived many words from its surrounding Mizo clans.

The language is also known as Duhlian and Lushai, a colonial term, as the Duhlian people were the first among the Mizo people to be encountered by the British in the course of their colonial expansion.

Classification

Mizo is related to the other languages of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The Kuki-Chin-Mizo languages (which native Mizo speakers call Zohnahthlâk ṭawngho/Mizo ṭawngho) have a substantial number of words in common.

Phonology

Vowels

Monophthongs

Mizo has eight tones and intonations for each of the vowels a, aw, e, i and u, four of which are reduced tones and the other four long tones. The vowel o has only three tones, all of them of the reduced type. The vowels can be represented as follows:

Diphthongs

Triphthongs

Mizo has the following triphthongs:

• iai, as in iai, piai
• iau as in riau ruau, tiau tuau etc.
• uai, as in uai, zuai, tuai, vuai
• uau, as in riau ruau, tiau tuau, suau suau

Consonants

Mizo has the following consonants, with the first symbol being its orthographical form and the second one its representation in the IPA:

1. The glottal and glottalised consonants appear only in final position.

Tone

As Mizo is a tonal language, differences in pitch and pitch contour can change the meanings of words. Tone systems have developed independently in many daughter languages, largely by simplifications in the set of possible syllable-final and syllable-initial consonants. Typically, a distinction between voiceless and voiced initial consonants is replaced by a distinction between high and low tone, and falling and rising tones developed from syllable-final h and glottal stop, which themselves often reflect earlier consonants.

The eight tones and intonations that the vowel a (and the vowels aw, e, i, u, which constitutes all the tones in Mizo) can have are shown by the letter sequence p-a-n-g, as follows:

• long high tone: páng as in páng là (which has the same intonation as sáng in the sentence Thingküng sáng tak kan huanah a ding).
• long low tone: pàng as in Tui a kawt pàng pâng mai (which has the same intonation as vàng in the word vànglaini).
• peaking tone: pâng as in Tui a kawt pàng pâng mai (which has the same intonation as thlûk in I hla phuah thlûk chu a va mawi ve).
• dipping tone: päng as in Tuibur a hmuam päng mai (which has the same intonation as säm in Kan huan ka säm vêl mai mai).
• short rising tone: pǎng as in naupǎng (which has the same intonation as thǎng in Kan huanah thǎng ka kam).
• short falling tone: pȧng as in I va inkhuih pȧng ve? (which has the same intonation as pȧn in I lam ka rawn pȧn )
• short mid tone: pang as in A dik lo nghâl pang (which has the same tone as man in Sazu ka man )
• short low tone: pạng as in I pạng a sá a nih kha (which has the same tone as chạl in I chạlah thosí a fù ).

Note that the exact orthography of tones with diacritics is still not standardised (notably for differentiating the four short tones with confusive or conflicting choices of diacritics) except for the differentiation of long tones by using the circumflex from short tones. As well, the need of at least seven diacritics may cause complications to design easy keyboard layouts, even if they use dead keys and even if not all basic Latin letters are needed for Mizo itself, and so publications may represent the short tones using digrams (e.g. by appending some apostrophe or glottal letter) to reduce the number of diacritics needed to only four (those used now for the long tones) on only two dead keys.

Grammar

Verbs

Conjugation

In Mizo verb tense is indicated by the aspect and the addition of particles, such as:

• ang (simple future),
• tawh (simple past and past perfect),
• mék (progressive tenses, present and past),
• dáwn (simple future),
• dáwn mék (near future),

Modification of verbs

Mizo gerunds and past participles are formed by a change in word ending called tihdanglamna.

Nouns

Mizo nouns undergo declension into cases.

Nouns are pluralised by suffixing -te, -ho, -teho or -hote.

Pronouns

All Mizo pronouns occur in two forms, namely in free form and clitic form and are declined into cases.

Negation

For declarative sentences, negation is achieved by adding the particle lo (not) at the end of a sentence:

Cardinal numbers

• (pa)khat, 'one'
• (pa)hnih, 'two'
• (pa)thum, 'three'
• (pa)li, 'four'
• (pa)ngá, 'five'
• (pa)ruk, 'six'
• (pa)sarih, 'seven'
• (pa)riat, 'eight'
• (pa)kua, 'nine'

• sàwm, 'ten'
• sàwmpakhat, 'eleven'
• sàwmpakua, 'nineteen'
• sawmhnih, 'twenty'
• sawmthum, 'thirty'
• sawmküa, 'ninety'
• zà, 'one hundred'

• zangá, 'five hundred'
• säng(khat), 'one thousand'
• sïng(khat), 'ten thousand'
• nûaih(khat), 'one hundred thousand'
• maktadûaih, 'one million'
• vaibelchhia, 'ten million'
• vaibelchhetak, 'one hundred million'
• tlûklehdingäwn, 'one billion'

Writing system

The Mizo alphabet is based on the Roman alphabet and has 25 letters.

In its current form, it was devised by the first Christian missionaries of Mizoram, J. H. Lorrain and F. W. Savidge, based on the Hunterian system of transliteration.

A circumflex ^ was later added to the vowels to indicate long vowels, viz., Â, Ê, Î, Ô, Û, which were insufficient to fully express Mizo tone. Recently, a leading newspaper in Mizoram, Vanglaini, the magazine Kristian Ṭhalai, and other publishers began using Á, À, Ä, É, È, Ë, Í, Ì, Ï, Ó, Ò, Ö, Ú, Ù, Ü to indicate the long intonations and tones. However, this does not differentiate the different intonations that short tones can have.

Sample texts

The following is a sample text in Mizo of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

Mizo: Mi zawng zawng hi zalèna piang kan ni a, zahawmna leh dikna chanvoah intluk tlâng vek kan ni. Chhia leh ṭha hriatna fîm neia siam kan nih avangin kan mihring puite chungah inunauna thinlung kan pu tlat tur a ni.

English: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience. Therefore, they should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Literature

Mizo has a thriving literature, which has both written and oral traditions. It has undergone a considerable change in the 20th century.

The Mizoram Press Information Bureau lists some twenty Mizo daily newspapers just in Aizawl city, as of March 2013.

See also

• Hunterian transliteration
• Mizo grammar
• Mizo literature

Notelist

1. 830,846 in India, 189,000 in Myanmar, 70,000 in Bangladesh; in total, 1,089,846, not including the diaspora.

References

1. "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011". censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
2. Roy, Esha (28 November 2022). "Why is Bangladesh driving Kuki refugees into Mizoram, a year after Myanmar militias did the same from Rakhine?". The Indian Express. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
3. ^ "Mizo". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
4. "Kuki Mizo". Directorate of Kokborok & Other Minority Languages, Government of Tripura. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
5. "Ministry of Development of Northeastern Region, Mizoram State Information". Ministry of Development of Northeastern Region. 2 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
6. mzuir.inflibnet.ac.in (PDF)
7. Lalthangliana, B., 'Mizo tihin ṭawng a nei lo' tih kha Archived 13 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine, see also Matisoff, 'Language names' section
8. Mc Kinnon, John and Wanat Bruksasri (Editors): The Higlangders of Thailand, Kuala Lumpur, Oxford University Press, 1983, p. 65.
9. "Vanglaini". www.vanglaini.org. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
10. ^ Weidert, Alfons, Component Analysis of Lushai Phonology, Amsterdam Studies in the Theory and History of Linguistic Science, Series IV – Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, volume 2, Amsterdam: John Benjamins B.V., 1975.
11. Zoppen Club, Mizo ṭawng thumal thar
12. SCERT, Mizo Grammar, class XI & XII textbook (2002–).
13. SCERT, Mizo Grammar and Composition, 2002.
14. Chhangte, Lalnunthangi (1989). "The Grammar of Simple Clauses in Mizo" (PDF). SEALANG Projects. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
15. This form is also used as the accusative
16. Lalthangliana, B.: 2001, History and Culture of Mizo in India, Burma and Bangladesh, Aizawl. "Baptist Missionary Conference, 1892", p. 745
17. The Mizo Wiktionary uses the additional symbols ạ, ǎ, ȧ, and likewise for the other vowels aw, e, i and u, to differentiate these
18. "Wt/lus/Thlûkna chungchanga kaihhruaina - Wikimedia Incubator". incubator.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
19. "UDHR in Sino-Tibetan languages". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
20. Lalthangliana, B., 'Mizo tihin ṭawng a nei lo' tih kha
21. "See the website". Retrieved 14 January 2020.

Sources

1. K. S. Singh: 1995, People of India-Mizoram, Volume XXXIII, Anthropological Survey of India, Calcutta.
2. Grierson, G. A. (Ed.) (1904b). Tibeto-Burman Family: Specimens of the Kuki-Chin and Burma Groups, Volume III Part III of Linguistic Survey of India. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta.
3. Grierson, G. A: 1995, Languages of North-Eastern India, Gian Publishing House, New Delhi.
4. Lunghnema, V., Mizo chanchin (B.C. 300 aṭanga 1929 A.D.), 1993.
5. Zoramdinthara, Dr., Mizo Fiction: Emergence and Development. Ruby Press & Co.(New Delhi). 2013. ISBN 978-93-82395-16-4

External links

• Lorrain, J. Herbert (James Herbert) Dictionary of the Lushai language. Calcutta : Asiatic Society, 1940 (Bibliotheca Indica, 261).
• Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus database
• Mizoram.nic.in – official website of Mizoram.
• Mizo Language Resource collection of Mizo language documentation in the Computational Resource for South Asian Languages (CoRSAL) archive

v t e State of Mizoram
Capital: Aizawl
State symbols	Animal: Himalayan serow Bird: Mrs. Hume's pheasant Flower: Red Vanda Tree: Indian rose chestnut Fish: Burmese kingfish
History	2,400-year-old unknown civilisation in Vangchhia Lushai chiefdoms British rule Mizo District 1966 MNF uprising Union Territory Mizoram Peace Accord
Government	Governors Chief Ministers Legislative Assembly High Court Police
Districts	Aizawl Champhai Kolasib Lawngtlai Lunglei Mamit Siaha Serchhip Hnahthial Khawzawl Saitual
Urban Areas	Aizawl Bairabi Biate Champhai Darlawn Hnahthial Kolasib Khawhai Khawzawl Lawngtlai Lengpui Lunglei Mamit North Kawnpui North Vanlaiphai Sairang Saitual Serchhip Siaha Thenzawl Tlabung Vairengte Zawlnuam
Infrastructure	Aizawl Monorail Bairabi–Sairang Railway Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project Lengpui Airport Serlui B Dam Tuirial Dam Vankal Solar Park Vuakmual Airport
Education	Mizoram University National Institute of Technology, Mizoram Zoram Medical College Colleges Schools
Tourist attractions	Mt. Hmuifang Mt. Sakawrhmuituai Mt. Phawngpui Lalsavunga Park Mizo Poets' Square Palak Dil Reiek Peak Solomon's Temple Tam Dil Thenzawl Golf Course Tuirihiau Falls Vangchhia Vantawng Falls
Protected areas	Murlen National Park Phawngpui National Park Dampa Tiger Reserve
Culture	History Music Language Literature Cuisine People Sports
Topics	Geography Highest point Tourism Politics Elections Economy Education

v t e Languages of Bangladesh
Official language	Bengali
Indo-European	Assamese Goalpariya Kamrupi Bengali Chittagonian Dhakaiya Kutti Dobhashi Eastern Bengali Noakhailla Rangpuri Rarhi Sylheti Varendri Bihari Bishnupriya Chakma English Bangladeshi English Hajong Hindustani Dhakaiya Urdu Hindi Urdu Khotta Odia Persian Rohingya Sadri (Nagpuri)
Sino-Tibetan	Shö A'Tong Bawm Sak Kukish Falam Garo Hakha Chin (Laiholh) Khumi Koch Kokborok Megam Meitei (Manipuri) Mizo Mru Pangkhu Rakhine (Marma) Rengmitca Tanchangya
Austroasiatic	Khasi Koda Kol Mundari Pnar Santali War-Jaintia
Dravidian	Kurukh Sauria Paharia
Afro-Asiatic	Arabic
Sign	Indo-Pakistani Sign Language

• Mizo language
• Languages of Mizoram
• Languages of Bangladesh
• Kuki-Chin languages
• Object–subject–verb languages