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The term magnate, from the late Latin magnas, a great man, itself from Latin magnus, "great", means a man from the higher nobility, a man who belongs to the high office-holders or a man in a high social position, by birth, wealth or other qualities in Western Christian countries since the medieval period. It also includes the members of the higher clergy, such as bishops, archbishops and cardinals. In reference to the medieval, the term is often used to distinguish higher territorial landowners and warlords, such as counts, earls, dukes, and territorial-princes from the baronage. In Poland the szlachta (nobles) constituted one of the largest proportions of the population (around 10-12%) and 'magnat' refers to the richest nobles, or nobles of the nobility - even though they had equal voting rights in Poland's electoral monarchy.
England
In England, the magnate class went through a change in the later Middle Ages. It had previously consisted of all tenants-in-chief of the crown, a group of more than a hundred families. The emergence of Parliament led to the establishment of a parliamentary peerage that received personal summons, rarely more than sixty families. A similar class in the Gaelic world were the Flatha. In the Middle Ages, a bishop sometimes held territory as a magnate, collecting the revenue of the manors and the associated knights' fees.
In the Tudor period, after Henry VII defeated Richard III at Bosworth Field, Henry made a point of executing or neutralising as many magnates as possible. Henry would make parliament attaint undesirable nobles and magnates, thereby stripping them of their wealth, protection from torture, and power. Henry also used the Court of the Star Chamber to have powerful nobles executed. Henry VIII continued this approach in his reign; he inherited a survivalistic mistrust of nobles from his father. Henry VIII ennobled very few men, and the ones he did were all "new men": novi homines, greatly indebted to him and with very limited power.
Hungary
The term was specifically applied to the members of the Upper House of the Diet of Hungary in the Apostolic Kingdom of Hungary, the Főrendiház, that can be translated as the House of Magnates, an equivalent to the British Peers.
Japan
Main article: DaimyoIn feudal Japan, the most powerful landholding magnates were known as daimyo. In the 11th and 12th centuries, the daimyo became military lords of samurai clans with territorial and proprietary control over private estates.
Poland and Lithuania
Main article: Magnates of Poland and Lithuania Further information: Transportation and travel during the Polish–Lithuanian CommonwealthMagnates were a social class of wealthy and influential nobility in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and later the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Serbia and Croatia
Main article: VelikašVelikaš is the Serbo-Croatian word for 'magnate', derived from veliko ('great, large, grand'). It was used to refer to the highest nobility of Serbia in the Middle Ages and Croatia in the Middle Ages.
Spain
In Spain, since the late Middle Ages, the highest class of nobility hold the appellation of Grandee of Spain and was known earlier as ricohombres.
Sweden
Further information: Swedish nobilityIn Sweden, the wealthiest medieval lords were known as storman (plural stormän), "great men", a similar description and meaning as the English term magnate.
See also
- Aristocracy
- Boyar, in Eastern Europe
- Magnat (film)
- Szlachta, in Poland
References
- Pugh, T. B. (1972). "The magnates, knights and gentry". In S. B. Chrimes, C. D. Ross and R. A. Griffiths (ed.). Fifteenth-Century England, 1399–1509: Studies in Politics and Society. Manchester University Press. p. 86. ISBN 9780064911269. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
- Daimyo. Britanica.
Sources
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Magnate". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.