Misplaced Pages

Microsoft Excel

A simple bar graph being created in Excel, running on Windows 11
Developer(s)	Microsoft
Initial release	September 30, 1985; 39 years ago (1985-09-30)
Stable release(s)
Microsoft 365 & Retail (Windows) 2411 (Build 18227.20162) / 10 December 2024; 9 days ago (2024-12-10) Microsoft 365 (Mac) 16.92.0 (Build 24120731) / 10 December 2024; 9 days ago (2024-12-10) Office 2021 (LTSC) 2108 (Build 14332.20828) / 10 December 2024; 9 days ago (2024-12-10) Office 2019 (LTSC) 1808 (Build 10416.20027) / 10 December 2024; 9 days ago (2024-12-10)
Written in	C++ (back-end)
Operating system	Microsoft Windows
Type	Spreadsheet
License	Trialware or Proprietary commercial software
Website	microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/excel

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet editor developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android, iOS and iPadOS. It features calculation or computation capabilities, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). Excel forms part of the Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Office suites of software and has been developed since 1985.

Features

Basic operation

Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets, using a grid of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter-named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering, and financial needs. In addition, it can display data as line graphs, histograms and charts, and with a very limited three-dimensional graphical display. It allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors for different perspectives (using pivot tables and the scenario manager). A PivotTable is a tool for data analysis. It does this by simplifying large data sets via PivotTable fields. It has a programming aspect, Visual Basic for Applications, allowing the user to employ a wide variety of numerical methods, for example, for solving differential equations of mathematical physics, and then reporting the results back to the spreadsheet. It also has a variety of interactive features allowing user interfaces that can completely hide the spreadsheet from the user, so the spreadsheet presents itself as a so-called application, or decision support system (DSS), via a custom-designed user interface, for example, a stock analyzer, or in general, as a design tool that asks the user questions and provides answers and reports. In a more elaborate realization, an Excel application can automatically poll external databases and measuring instruments using an update schedule, analyze the results, make a Word report or PowerPoint slide show, and e-mail these presentations on a regular basis to a list of participants.

Microsoft allows for a number of optional command-line switches to control the manner in which Excel starts.

Functions

Excel 2016 has 484 functions. Of these, 360 existed prior to Excel 2010. Microsoft classifies these functions into 14 categories. Of the 484 current functions, 386 may be called from VBA as methods of the object "WorksheetFunction" and 44 have the same names as VBA functions.

With the introduction of LAMBDA, Excel became Turing complete.

Macro programming

VBA programming

The Windows version of Excel supports programming through Microsoft's Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), which is a dialect of Visual Basic. Programming with VBA allows spreadsheet manipulation that is awkward or impossible with standard spreadsheet techniques. Programmers may write code directly using the Visual Basic Editor (VBE), which includes a window for writing code, debugging code, and code module organization environment. The user can implement numerical methods as well as automating tasks such as formatting or data organization in VBA and guide the calculation using any desired intermediate results reported back to the spreadsheet.

VBA was removed from Mac Excel 2008, as the developers did not believe that a timely release would allow porting the VBA engine natively to Mac OS X. VBA was restored in the next version, Mac Excel 2011, although the build lacks support for ActiveX objects, impacting some high level developer tools.

A common and easy way to generate VBA code is by using the Macro Recorder. The Macro Recorder records actions of the user and generates VBA code in the form of a macro. These actions can then be repeated automatically by running the macro. The macros can also be linked to different trigger types like keyboard shortcuts, a command button or a graphic. The actions in the macro can be executed from these trigger types or from the generic toolbar options. The VBA code of the macro can also be edited in the VBE. Certain features such as loop functions and screen prompt by their own properties, and some graphical display items, cannot be recorded but must be entered into the VBA module directly by the programmer. Advanced users can employ user prompts to create an interactive program, or react to events such as sheets being loaded or changed.

Macro Recorded code may not be compatible with Excel versions. Some code that is used in Excel 2010 cannot be used in Excel 2003. Making a Macro that changes the cell colors and making changes to other aspects of cells may not be backward compatible.

VBA code interacts with the spreadsheet through the Excel Object Model, a vocabulary identifying spreadsheet objects, and a set of supplied functions or methods that enable reading and writing to the spreadsheet and interaction with its users (for example, through custom toolbars or command bars and message boxes). User-created VBA subroutines execute these actions and operate like macros generated using the macro recorder, but are more flexible and efficient.

History

From its first version Excel supported end-user programming of macros (automation of repetitive tasks) and user-defined functions (extension of Excel's built-in function library). In early versions of Excel, these programs were written in a macro language whose statements had formula syntax and resided in the cells of special-purpose macro sheets (stored with file extension .XLM in Windows.) XLM was the default macro language for Excel through Excel 4.0. Beginning with version 5.0 Excel recorded macros in VBA by default but with version 5.0 XLM recording was still allowed as an option. After version 5.0 that option was discontinued. All versions of Excel, including Excel 2021, are capable of running an XLM macro, though Microsoft discourages their use.

Python programming

In 2023 Microsoft announced Excel would support the Python programming language directly. As of January 2024, Python in Excel is available in the Microsoft 365 Insider Program.

Charts

Excel supports charts, graphs, or histograms generated from specified groups of cells. It also supports Pivot Charts that allow for a chart to be linked directly to a Pivot table. This allows the chart to be refreshed with the Pivot Table. The generated graphic component can either be embedded within the current sheet or added as a separate object.

These displays are dynamically updated if the content of cells changes. For example, suppose that the important design requirements are displayed visually; then, in response to a user's change in trial values for parameters, the curves describing the design change shape, and their points of intersection shift, assisting the selection of the best design.

Add-ins

Additional features are available using add-ins. Several are provided with Excel, including:

• Analysis ToolPak: Provides data analysis tools for statistical and engineering analysis (includes analysis of variance and regression analysis)
• Analysis ToolPak VBA: VBA functions for Analysis ToolPak
• Euro Currency Tools: Conversion and formatting for euro currency
• Solver Add-In: Tools for optimization and equation solving

Data storage and communication

Number of rows and columns

Versions of Excel up to 7.0 had a limitation in the size of their data sets of 16K (2 = 16384) rows. Versions 8.0 through 11.0 could handle 64K (2 = 65536) rows and 256 columns (2 as label 'IV'). Version 12.0 onwards, including the current Version 16.x, can handle over 1M (2 = 1048576) rows, and 16384 (2, labeled as column 'XFD') columns.

File formats

Up until the 2007 version, Microsoft Excel used a proprietary binary file format called Excel Binary File Format (.XLS) as its primary format. Excel 2007 uses Office Open XML as its primary file format, an XML-based format that followed after a previous XML-based format called "XML Spreadsheet" ("XMLSS"), first introduced in Excel 2002.

Although supporting and encouraging the use of new XML-based formats as replacements, Excel 2007 remained backwards-compatible with the traditional, binary formats. In addition, most versions of Microsoft Excel can read CSV, DBF, SYLK, DIF, and other legacy formats. Support for some older file formats was removed in Excel 2007. The file formats were mainly from DOS-based programs.

Binary

OpenOffice.org has created documentation of the Excel format. Two epochs of the format exist: the 97-2003 OLE format, and the older stream format. Microsoft has made the Excel binary format specification available to freely download.

XML Spreadsheet

The XML Spreadsheet format introduced in Excel 2002 is a simple, XML based format missing some more advanced features like storage of VBA macros. Though the intended file extension for this format is .xml, the program also correctly handles XML files with .xls extension. This feature is widely used by third-party applications (e.g. MySQL Query Browser) to offer "export to Excel" capabilities without implementing binary file format. The following example will be correctly opened by Excel if saved either as Book1.xml or Book1.xls:

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<Workbook xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:spreadsheet"
 xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"
 xmlns:x="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:excel"
 xmlns:ss="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:spreadsheet"
 xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">
 <Worksheet ss:Name="Sheet1">
  <Table ss:ExpandedColumnCount="2" ss:ExpandedRowCount="2" x:FullColumns="1" x:FullRows="1">
   <Row>
    <Cell><Data ss:Type="String">Name</Data></Cell>
    <Cell><Data ss:Type="String">Example</Data></Cell>
   </Row>
   <Row>
    <Cell><Data ss:Type="String">Value</Data></Cell>
    <Cell><Data ss:Type="Number">123</Data></Cell>
   </Row>
  </Table>
 </Worksheet>
</Workbook>

Current file extensions

Microsoft Excel 2007, along with the other products in the Microsoft Office 2007 suite, introduced new file formats. The first of these (.xlsx) is defined in the Office Open XML (OOXML) specification.

Old file extensions

Using other Windows applications

Windows applications such as Microsoft Access and Microsoft Word, as well as Excel can communicate with each other and use each other's capabilities. The most common is Dynamic Data Exchange: although strongly deprecated by Microsoft, this is a common method to send data between applications running on Windows, with official MS publications referring to it as "the protocol from hell". As the name suggests, it allows applications to supply data to others for calculation and display. It is very common in financial markets, being used to connect to important financial data services such as Bloomberg and Reuters.

OLE Object Linking and Embedding allows a Windows application to control another to enable it to format or calculate data. This may take on the form of "embedding" where an application uses another to handle a task that it is more suited to, for example a PowerPoint presentation may be embedded in an Excel spreadsheet or vice versa.

Using external data

Excel users can access external data sources via Microsoft Office features such as (for example) .odc connections built with the Office Data Connection file format. Excel files themselves may be updated using a Microsoft supplied ODBC driver.

Excel can accept data in real-time through several programming interfaces, which allow it to communicate with many data sources such as Bloomberg and Reuters (through addins such as Power Plus Pro).

• DDE: "Dynamic Data Exchange" uses the message passing mechanism in Windows to allow data to flow between Excel and other applications. Although it is easy for users to create such links, programming such links reliably is so difficult that Microsoft, the creators of the system, officially refer to it as "the protocol from hell". In spite of its many issues DDE remains the most common way for data to reach traders in financial markets.
• Network DDE Extended the protocol to allow spreadsheets on different computers to exchange data. Starting with Windows Vista, Microsoft no longer supports the facility.
• Real Time Data: RTD although in many ways technically superior to DDE, has been slow to gain acceptance, since it requires non-trivial programming skills, and when first released was neither adequately documented nor supported by the major data vendors.

Alternatively, Microsoft Query provides ODBC-based browsing within Microsoft Excel.

Export and migration of spreadsheets

Programmers have produced APIs to open Excel spreadsheets in a variety of applications and environments other than Microsoft Excel. These include opening Excel documents on the web using either ActiveX controls, or plugins like the Adobe Flash Player. The Apache POI open-source project provides Java libraries for reading and writing Excel spreadsheet files.

Password protection

Microsoft Excel protection offers several types of passwords:

• Password to open a document
• Password to modify a document
• Password to unprotect the worksheet
• Password to protect workbook
• Password to protect the sharing workbook

All passwords except password to open a document can be removed instantly regardless of the Microsoft Excel version used to create the document. These types of passwords are used primarily for shared work on a document. Such password-protected documents are not encrypted, and data sources from a set password are saved in a document's header. Password to protect workbook is an exception – when it is set, a document is encrypted with the standard password "VelvetSweatshop", but since it is known to the public, it actually does not add any extra protection to the document. The only type of password that can prevent a trespasser from gaining access to a document is the password to open a document. The cryptographic strength of this kind of protection depends strongly on the Microsoft Excel version that was used to create the document.

In Microsoft Excel 95 and earlier versions, the password to open is converted to a 16-bit key that can be instantly cracked. In Excel 97/2000 the password is converted to a 40-bit key, which can also be cracked very quickly using modern equipment. As regards services that use rainbow tables (e.g. Password-Find), it takes up to several seconds to remove protection. In addition, password-cracking programs can brute-force attack passwords at a rate of hundreds of thousands of passwords a second, which not only lets them decrypt a document but also find the original password.

In Excel 2003/XP the encryption is slightly better – a user can choose any encryption algorithm that is available in the system (see Cryptographic Service Provider). Due to the CSP, an Excel file cannot be decrypted, and thus the password to open cannot be removed, though the brute-force attack speed remains quite high. Nevertheless, the older Excel 97/2000 algorithm is set by the default. Therefore, users who do not change the default settings lack reliable protection of their documents.

The situation changed fundamentally in Excel 2007, where the modern AES algorithm with a key of 128 bits started being used for decryption, and a 50,000-fold use of the hash function SHA1 reduced the speed of brute-force attacks down to hundreds of passwords per second. In Excel 2010, the strength of the protection by the default was increased two times due to the use of a 100,000-fold SHA1 to convert a password to a key.

Other platforms

Excel for mobile

Excel Mobile is a spreadsheet program that can edit XLSX files. It can edit and format text in cells, calculate formulas, search within the spreadsheet, sort rows and columns, freeze panes, filter the columns, add comments, and create charts. It cannot add columns or rows except at the edge of the document, rearrange columns or rows, delete rows or columns, or add spreadsheet tabs. The 2007 version has the ability to use a full-screen mode to deal with limited screen resolution, as well as split panes to view different parts of a worksheet at one time. Protection settings, zoom settings, autofilter settings, certain chart formatting, hidden sheets, and other features are not supported on Excel Mobile, and will be modified upon opening and saving a workbook. In 2015, Excel Mobile became available for Windows 10 and Windows 10 Mobile on Windows Store.

Excel for the web

Excel for the web is a free lightweight version of Microsoft Excel available as part of Office on the web, which also includes web versions of Microsoft Word and Microsoft PowerPoint.

Excel for the web can display most of the features available in the desktop versions of Excel, although it may not be able to insert or edit them. Certain data connections are not accessible on Excel for the web, including with charts that may use these external connections. Excel for the web also cannot display legacy features, such as Excel 4.0 macros or Excel 5.0 dialog sheets. There are also small differences between how some of the Excel functions work.

Microsoft Excel Viewer

Microsoft Excel Viewer was a freeware program for Microsoft Windows for viewing and printing spreadsheet documents created by Excel. Microsoft retired the viewer in April 2018 with the last security update released in February 2019 for Excel Viewer 2007 (SP3).

The first version released by Microsoft was Excel 97 Viewer. Excel 97 Viewer was supported in Windows CE for Handheld PCs. In October 2004, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2003. In September 2007, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2003 Service Pack 3 (SP3). In January 2008, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2007 (featuring a non-collapsible Ribbon interface). In April 2009, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2007 Service Pack 2 (SP2). In October 2011, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2007 Service Pack 3 (SP3).

Microsoft advises to view and print Excel files for free to use the Excel Mobile application for Windows 10 and for Windows 7 and Windows 8 to upload the file to OneDrive and use Excel for the web with a Microsoft account to open them in a browser.

Limitations and errors

In addition to issues with spreadsheets in general, other problems specific to Excel include numeric precision, misleading statistics functions, mod function errors, date limitations and more.

Numeric precision

Despite the use of 15-figure precision, Excel can display many more figures (up to thirty) upon user request. But the displayed figures are not those actually used in its computations, and so, for example, the difference of two numbers may differ from the difference of their displayed values. Although such departures are usually beyond the 15th decimal, exceptions do occur, especially for very large or very small numbers. Serious errors can occur if decisions are made based upon automated comparisons of numbers (for example, using the Excel If function), as equality of two numbers can be unpredictable.

In the figure, the fraction 1/9000 is displayed in Excel. Although this number has a decimal representation that is an infinite string of ones, Excel displays only the leading 15 figures. In the second line, the number one is added to the fraction, and again Excel displays only 15 figures. In the third line, one is subtracted from the sum using Excel. Because the sum in the second line has only eleven 1's after the decimal, the difference when 1 is subtracted from this displayed value is three 0's followed by a string of eleven 1's. However, the difference reported by Excel in the third line is three 0's followed by a string of thirteen 1's and two extra erroneous digits. This is because Excel calculates with about half a digit more than it displays.

Excel works with a modified 1985 version of the IEEE 754 specification. Excel's implementation involves conversions between binary and decimal representations, leading to accuracy that is on average better than one would expect from simple fifteen digit precision, but that can be worse. See the main article for details.

Besides accuracy in user computations, the question of accuracy in Excel-provided functions may be raised. Particularly in the arena of statistical functions, Excel has been criticized for sacrificing accuracy for speed of calculation.

As many calculations in Excel are executed using VBA, an additional issue is the accuracy of VBA, which varies with variable type and user-requested precision.

Statistical functions

The accuracy and convenience of statistical tools in Excel has been criticized, as mishandling situations when data is missing, as returning incorrect values due to inept handling of round-off and large numbers, as only selectively updating calculations on a spreadsheet when some cell values are changed, and as having a limited set of statistical tools. Microsoft has announced that some of these issues are addressed in Excel 2010.

Excel MOD function error

Excel has issues with modulo operations. In the case of excessively large results, Excel will return the error warning #NUM! instead of an answer.

Fictional leap day in the year 1900

Excel includes February 29, 1900, incorrectly treating 1900 as a leap year, even though e.g. 2100 is correctly treated as a non-leap year. Thus, a formula counting dates between (for example) February 1, 1900 and March 1, 1900 will return an incorrect result. The bug originated from Lotus 1-2-3, where it was deliberately implemented to save computer memory, and was also intentionally implemented in Excel for the purpose of bug compatibility. This legacy has later been carried over into Office Open XML file format.

Date range

Excel supports dates with years in the range 1900–9999, except that December 31, 1899, can be entered as 0 and is displayed as 0-jan-1900.

Converting a fraction of a day into hours, minutes and days by treating it as a moment on the day January 1, 1900, does not work for a negative fraction.

Conversion problems

If text is entered that happens to be in a form that Excel interprets as a date, the text can be unintentionally changed to a standard date format. A similar problem occurs when a text happens to be in the form of a floating-point notation of a number. In these cases the original exact text cannot be recovered from the result. Formatting the cell as TEXT before entering ambiguous text prevents Excel from converting it.

This issue has caused a well known problem in the analysis of DNA, for example in bioinformatics. As first reported in 2004, genetic scientists found that Excel automatically and incorrectly converts certain gene names into dates. A follow-up study in 2016 found many peer reviewed scientific journal papers had been affected and that "Of the selected journals, the proportion of published articles with Excel files containing gene lists that are affected by gene name errors is 19.6%." Excel parses the copied and pasted data and sometimes changes them depending on what it thinks they are. For example, MARCH1 (Membrane Associated Ring-CH-type finger 1) gets converted to the date March 1 (1-Mar) and SEPT2 (Septin 2) is converted into September 2 (2-Sep) etc. While some secondary news sources reported this as a fault with Excel, the original authors of the 2016 paper placed the blame with the researchers misusing Excel.

In August 2020 the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) published new guidelines in the journal Nature regarding gene naming in order to avoid issues with "symbols that affect data handling and retrieval." So far 27 genes have been renamed, including changing MARCH1 to MARCHF1 and SEPT1 to SEPTIN1 in order to avoid accidental conversion of the gene names into dates.

In October 2023, Microsoft fixed the long-standing issue.

Errors with large strings

The following functions return incorrect results when passed a string longer than 255 characters:

• type() incorrectly returns 16, meaning "Error value"
• IsText(), when called as a method of the VBA object WorksheetFunction (i.e., WorksheetFunction.IsText() in VBA), incorrectly returns "false".

Filenames

Microsoft Excel will not open two documents with the same name and instead will display the following error:

A document with the name '%s' is already open. You cannot open two documents with the same name, even if the documents are in different folders. To open the second document, either close the document that is currently open, or rename one of the documents.

The reason is for calculation ambiguity with linked cells. If there is a cell ='Sheet1'!$G$33, and there are two books named "Book1" open, there is no way to tell which one the user means.

Versions

Early history

Microsoft originally marketed a spreadsheet program called Multiplan in 1982. Multiplan became very popular on CP/M systems, but on MS-DOS systems it lost popularity to Lotus 1-2-3. Microsoft released the first version of Excel for the Macintosh on September 30, 1985, and the first Windows version was 2.05 (to synchronize with the Macintosh version 2.2) on November 19, 1987. Lotus was slow to bring 1-2-3 to Windows and by the early 1990s, Excel had started to outsell 1-2-3 and helped Microsoft achieve its position as a leading PC software developer. This accomplishment solidified Microsoft as a valid competitor and showed its future in developing GUI software. Microsoft maintained its advantage with regular new releases, every two years or so.

Microsoft Windows

Excel 2.0 is the first version of Excel for the Intel platform. Versions prior to 2.0 were only available on the Apple Macintosh.

Excel 2.0 (1987)

The first Windows version was labeled "2" to correspond to the Mac version. It was announced on October 6, 1987, and released on November 19. This included a run-time version of Windows.

BYTE in 1989 listed Excel for Windows as among the "Distinction" winners of the BYTE Awards. The magazine stated that the port of the "extraordinary" Macintosh version "shines", with a user interface as good as or better than the original.

Excel 3.0 (1990)

Included toolbars, drawing capabilities, outlining, add-in support, 3D charts, and many more new features.

Excel 4.0 (1992)

Included with Microsoft Office 3.0, this version introduced auto-fill.

Also, an easter egg in Excel 4.0 reveals a hidden animation of a dancing set of numbers 1 through 3, representing Lotus 1–2–3, which is then crushed by an Excel logo.

Excel 5.0 (1993)

With version 5.0, included in Microsoft Office 4.2 and 4.3, Excel included Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), a programming language based on Visual Basic which adds the ability to automate tasks in Excel and to provide user-defined functions (UDF) for use in worksheets. VBA includes a fully featured integrated development environment (IDE). Macro recording can produce VBA code replicating user actions, thus allowing simple automation of regular tasks. VBA allows the creation of forms and in‑worksheet controls to communicate with the user. The language supports use (but not creation) of ActiveX (COM) DLL's; later versions add support for class modules allowing the use of basic object-oriented programming techniques.

The automation functionality provided by VBA made Excel a target for macro viruses. This caused serious problems until antivirus products began to detect these viruses. Microsoft belatedly took steps to prevent the misuse by adding the ability to disable macros completely, to enable macros when opening a workbook or to trust all macros signed using a trusted certificate.

Versions 5.0 to 9.0 of Excel contain various Easter eggs, including a "Hall of Tortured Souls", a Doom-like minigame, although since version 10 Microsoft has taken measures to eliminate such undocumented features from their products.

5.0 was released in a 16-bit x86 version for Windows 3.1 and later in a 32-bit version for NT 3.51 (x86/Alpha/PowerPC)

Excel 95 (v7.0)

Released in 1995 with Microsoft Office for Windows 95, this is the first major version after Excel 5.0, as there is no Excel 6.0 with all of the Office applications standardizing on the same major version number.

Internal rewrite to 32-bits. Almost no external changes, but faster and more stable.

Excel 95 contained a hidden Doom-like mini-game called "The Hall of Tortured Souls", a series of rooms featuring the names and faces of the developers as an Easter egg.

Excel 97 (v8.0)

Included in Office 97 (for x86 and Alpha). This was a major upgrade that introduced the paper clip office assistant and featured standard VBA used instead of internal Excel Basic. It introduced the now-removed Natural Language labels.

This version of Excel includes a flight simulator as an Easter egg.

Excel 2000 (v9.0)

Included in Office 2000. This was a minor upgrade but introduced an upgrade to the clipboard where it can hold multiple objects at once. The Office Assistant, whose frequent unsolicited appearance in Excel 97 had annoyed many users, became less intrusive.

A small 3-D game called "Dev Hunter" (inspired by Spy Hunter) was included as an Easter egg.

Excel 2002 (v10.0)

Included in Office XP. Very minor enhancements.

Excel 2003 (v11.0)

Included in Office 2003. Minor enhancements.

Excel 2007 (v12.0)

Included in Office 2007. This release was a major upgrade from the previous version. Similar to other updated Office products, Excel in 2007 used the new Ribbon menu system. This was different from what users were used to, and was met with mixed reactions. One study reported fairly good acceptance by users except for highly experienced users and users of word processing applications with a classical WIMP interface, but was less convinced in terms of efficiency and organization. However, an online survey reported that a majority of respondents had a negative opinion of the change, with advanced users being "somewhat more negative" than intermediate users, and users reporting a self-estimated reduction in productivity.

Added functionality included Tables, and the SmartArt set of editable business diagrams. Also added was an improved management of named variables through the Name Manager, and much-improved flexibility in formatting graphs, which allow (x, y) coordinate labeling and lines of arbitrary weight. Several improvements to pivot tables were introduced.

Also like other office products, the Office Open XML file formats were introduced, including .xlsm for a workbook with macros and .xlsx for a workbook without macros.

Specifically, many of the size limitations of previous versions were greatly increased. To illustrate, the number of rows was now 1,048,576 (2) and the columns was 16,384 (2; the far-right column is XFD). This changes what is a valid A1 reference versus a named range. This version made more extensive use of multiple cores for the calculation of spreadsheets; however, VBA macros are not handled in parallel and XLL add‑ins were only executed in parallel if they were thread-safe and this was indicated at registration.

Excel 2010 (v14.0)

Included in Office 2010, this is the next major version after v12.0, as version number 13 was skipped.

Minor enhancements and 64-bit support, including the following:

• Multi-threading recalculation (MTR) for commonly used functions
• Improved pivot tables
• More conditional formatting options
• Additional image editing capabilities
• In-cell charts called sparklines
• Ability to preview before pasting
• Office 2010 backstage feature for document-related tasks
• Ability to customize the Ribbon
• Many new formulas, most highly specialized to improve accuracy

Excel 2013 (v15.0)

Included in Office 2013, along with a lot of new tools included in this release:

• Improved Multi-threading and Memory Contention
• FlashFill
• Power View
• Power Pivot
• Timeline Slicer
• Windows App
• Inquire
• 50 new functions

Excel 2016 (v16.0)

Included in Office 2016, along with a lot of new tools included in this release:

• Power Query integration
• Read-only mode for Excel
• Keyboard access for Pivot Tables and Slicers in Excel
• New Chart Types
• Quick data linking in Visio
• Excel forecasting functions
• Support for multiselection of Slicer items using touch
• Time grouping and Pivot Chart Drill Down
• Excel data cards

Excel 2019, Excel 2021, Office 365 and subsequent (v16.0)

Microsoft no longer releases Office or Excel in discrete versions. Instead, features are introduced automatically over time using Windows Update. The version number remains 16.0. Thereafter only the approximate dates when features appear can now be given.

• Dynamic Arrays. These are essentially Array Formulas but they "Spill" automatically into neighboring cells and do not need the ctrl-shift-enter to create them. Further, dynamic arrays are the default format, with new "@" and "#" operators to provide compatibility with previous versions. This is perhaps the biggest structural change since 2007, and is in response to a similar feature in Google Sheets. Dynamic arrays started appearing in pre-releases about 2018, and as of March 2020 are available in published versions of Office 365 provided a user selected "Office Insiders".

Apple Macintosh

• 1985 Excel 1.0
• 1988 Excel 1.5
• 1989 Excel 2.2
• 1990 Excel 3.0
• 1992 Excel 4.0
• 1993 Excel 5.0 (part of Office 4.x—Final Motorola 680x0 version and first PowerPC version)
• 1998 Excel 8.0 (part of Office 98)
• 2000 Excel 9.0 (part of Office 2001)
• 2001 Excel 10.0 (part of Office v. X)
• 2004 Excel 11.0 (part of Office 2004)
• 2008 Excel 12.0 (part of Office 2008)
• 2010 Excel 14.0 (part of Office 2011)
• 2015 Excel 15.0 (part of Office 2016—Office 2016 for Mac brings the Mac version much closer to parity with its Windows cousin, harmonizing many of the reporting and high-level developer functions, while bringing the ribbon and styling into line with its PC counterpart.)

OS/2

• 1989 Excel 2.2
• 1990 Excel 2.3
• 1991 Excel 3.0

Summary

Impact

Excel offers many user interface tweaks over the earliest electronic spreadsheets; however, the essence remains the same as in the original spreadsheet software, VisiCalc: the program displays cells organized in rows and columns, and each cell may contain data or a formula, with relative or absolute references to other cells.

Excel 2.0 for Windows, which was modeled after its Mac GUI-based counterpart, indirectly expanded the installed base of the then-nascent Windows environment. Excel 2.0 was released a month before Windows 2.0, and the installed base of Windows was so low at that point in 1987 that Microsoft had to bundle a runtime version of Windows 1.0 with Excel 2.0. Unlike Microsoft Word, there never was a DOS version of Excel.

Excel became the first spreadsheet to allow the user to define the appearance of spreadsheets (fonts, character attributes, and cell appearance). It also introduced intelligent cell re-computation, where only cells dependent on the cell being modified are updated (previous spreadsheet programs recomputed everything all the time or waited for a specific user command). Excel introduced auto-fill, the ability to drag and expand the selection box to automatically copy a cell or row contents to adjacent cells or rows, adjusting the copies intelligently by automatically incrementing cell references or contents. Excel also introduced extensive graphing capabilities.

Security

Because Excel is widely used, it has been attacked by hackers. While Excel is not directly exposed to the Internet, if an attacker can get a victim to open a file in Excel, and there is an appropriate security bug in Excel, then the attacker can gain control of the victim's computer. UK's GCHQ has a tool named TORNADO ALLEY with this purpose.

Games

Besides the easter eggs, numerous games have been created or recreated in Excel, such as Tetris, 2048, Scrabble, Yahtzee, Angry Birds, Pac-Man, Civilization, Monopoly, Battleship, Blackjack, Space Invaders, and others.

In 2020, Excel became an esport with the advent of the Financial Modeling World Cup.

See also

• Comparison of spreadsheet software
• Spreadmart
• Financial Modeling World Cup, online esport financial modelling competition using Excel

Notes

1. Including Office 2021, 2019 and 2016

References

1. "Release notes for Current Channel". Microsoft Learn. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
2. ^ "Update history for Office LTSC 2021 and Office 2021". Microsoft Learn. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
3. "Update history for Office for Mac". Microsoft Learn. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
4. "Update history for Office 2016 C2R and Office 2019". Microsoft Learn. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
5. "C++ in MS Office". cppcon. July 17, 2014. Archived from the original on November 7, 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
6. "Microsoft Office Excel 365". Microsoft.com. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
7. Harvey, Greg (2006). Excel 2007 For Dummies (1st ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-03737-9. Archived from the original on March 3, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
8. Harvey, Greg (2007). Excel 2007 Workbook for Dummies (2nd ed.). Wiley. p. 296 ff. ISBN 978-0-470-16937-7.
9. de Levie, Robert (2004). Advanced Excel for scientific data analysis. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515275-3.
10. Bourg, David M. (2006). Excel scientific and engineering cookbook. O'Reilly. ISBN 978-0-596-00879-6.
11. Şeref, Michelle M. H. & Ahuja, Ravindra K. (2008). "§4.2 A portfolio management and optimization spreadsheet DSS". In Burstein, Frad & Holsapple, Clyde W. (eds.). Handbook on Decision Support Systems 1: Basic Themes. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-48712-8.
12. Wells, Eric & Harshbarger, Steve (1997). Microsoft Excel 97 Developer's Handbook. Microsoft Press. ISBN 978-1-57231-359-0. Excellent examples are developed that show just how applications can be designed.
13. Harnett, Donald L. & Horrell, James F. (1998). Data, statistics, and decision models with Excel. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-13398-8.
14. Some form of data acquisition hardware is required. See, for example, Austerlitz, Howard (2003). Data acquisition techniques using PCs (2nd ed.). Academic Press. p. 281 ff. ISBN 978-0-12-068377-2.
15. "Description of the startup switches for Excel". Microsoft Help and Support. Microsoft Support. May 7, 2007. Archived from the original on December 30, 2010. Retrieved December 14, 2010. Microsoft Excel accepts a number of optional switches that you can use to control how the program starts. This article lists the switches and provides a description of each switch.
16. "Excel functions (alphabetical)". microsoft.com. Microsoft. Archived from the original on November 5, 2018. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
17. "WorksheetFunction Object (Excel)". Office VBA Reference. Microsoft. March 30, 2022. Archived from the original on November 5, 2018. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
18. "Functions (Visual Basic for Applications)". Office VBA Reference. Microsoft. September 13, 2021. Archived from the original on November 5, 2018. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
19. Gordon, Andy (January 25, 2021). "LAMBDA: The ultimate Excel worksheet function". microsoft.com. Microsoft. Archived from the original on April 23, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
20. For example, by converting to Visual Basic the recipes in Press, William H. Press; Teukolsky, Saul A.; Vetterling, William T. & Flannery, Brian P. (2007). Numerical recipes: the art of scientific computing (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88068-8. Code conversion to Basic from Fortran probably is easier than from C++, so the 2nd edition (ISBN 0521437210) may be easier to use, or the Basic code implementation of the first edition: Sprott, Julien C. (1991). Numerical recipes: routines and examples in BASIC. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-40689-5.
21. "Excel". Office for Mac. OfficeforMacHelp.com. Archived from the original on June 19, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
22. "Using Excel – PC or Mac? | Excel Lemon". excellemon.com. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
23. However an increasing proportion of Excel functionality is not captured by the Macro Recorder leading to largely useless macros. Compatibility among multiple versions of Excel is also a downfall of this method. A macro recorder in Excel 2010 may not work in Excel 2003 or older. This is most common when changing colors and formatting of cells. Walkenbach, John (2007). "Chapter 6: Using the Excel macro recorder". Excel 2007 VBA Programming for Dummies (Revised by Jan Karel Pieterse ed.). Wiley. p. 79 ff. ISBN 978-0-470-04674-6.
24. Walkenbach, John (February 2, 2007). "Chapter 4: Introducing the Excel object model". cited work. John Wiley & Sons. p. 53 ff. ISBN 978-0-470-04674-6.
25. "The Spreadsheet Page for Excel Users and Developers". spreadsheetpage.com. J-Walk & Associates, Inc. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
26. "Working with Excel 4.0 macros". microsoft.com. Microsoft Office Support. Archived from the original on March 7, 2013. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
27. ^ "Introducing Python in Excel: The Best of Both Worlds for Data Analysis and Visualization". TECHCOMMUNITY.MICROSOFT.COM. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
28. "Announcing Python in Excel: Combining the power of Python and the flexibility of Excel". TECHCOMMUNITY.MICROSOFT.COM. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
29. "The 'Big Grid' and Increased Limits in Excel 2007". microsoft.com. May 23, 2014. Archived from the original on December 7, 2013. Retrieved April 10, 2008.
30. "How to extract information from Office files by using Office file formats and schemas". microsoft.com. Microsoft. February 26, 2008. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
31. ^ "XML Spreadsheet Reference". Microsoft Excel 2002 Technical Articles. MSDN. August 2001. Archived from the original on October 2, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
32. "Deprecated features for Excel 2007". Microsoft—David Gainer. August 24, 2006. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved January 2, 2009.
33. "OpenOffice.org's documentation of the Microsoft Excel File Format" (PDF). August 2, 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
34. "Microsoft Office Excel 97 – 2007 Binary File Format Specification (*.xls 97-2007 format)". Microsoft Corporation. 2007. Archived from the original on December 22, 2008. Retrieved February 16, 2008.
35. Fairhurst, Danielle Stein (March 17, 2015). Using Excel for Business Analysis: A Guide to Financial Modelling Fundamentals. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-06245-5.
36. ^ Newcomer, Joseph M. "Faking DDE with Private Servers". Dr. Dobb's. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
37. Schmalz, Michael (2006). "Chapter 5: Using Access VBA to automate Excel". Integrating Excel and Access. O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 978-0-596-00973-1.Schmalz, Michael (2006). "Chapter 5: Using Access VBA to automate Excel". Integrating Excel and Access. O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 978-0-596-00973-1.
38. Cornell, Paul (2007). "Chapter 5: Connect to other databases". Excel as Your Database. Apress. p. 117 ff. ISBN 978-1-59059-751-4.
39. DeMarco, Jim (2008). "Excel's data import tools". Pro Excel 2007 VBA. Apress. p. 43 ff. ISBN 978-1-59059-957-0.
40. Harts, Doug (2007). "Importing Access data into Excel 2007". Microsoft Office 2007 Business Intelligence: Reporting, Analysis, and Measurement from the Desktop. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-149424-3.
41. "About Network DDE – Win32 apps". learn.microsoft.com. January 7, 2021. Archived from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
42. "How to set up and use the RTD function in Excel – Office". learn.microsoft.com. May 5, 2022. Archived from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
43. DeMarco, Jim (2008). Pro Excel 2007 VBA. Berkeley, CA: Apress. p. 225. ISBN 978-1-59059-957-0. External data is accessed through a connection file, such as an Office Data Connection (ODC) file (.odc)
44. Bullen, Stephen; Bovey, Rob & Green, John (2009). Professional Excel Development (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley. p. 665. ISBN 978-0-321-50879-9. To create a robust solution, we always have to include some VBA code ...
45. William, Wehrs (2000). "An Applied DSS Course Using Excel and VBA: IS and/or MS?" (PDF). The Proceedings of ISECON (Information System Educator Conference). p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 21, 2010. Retrieved February 5, 2010. Microsoft Query is a data retrieval tool (i.e. ODBC browser) that can be employed within Excel 97. It allows a user to create and save queries on external relational databases for which an ODBC driver is available.
46. Use Microsoft Query to retrieve external data Archived March 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
47. "Password protect documents, workbooks, and presentations". Office.microsoft.com. Archived from the original on February 12, 2014. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
48. "Password protect documents, workbooks, and presentations". Office.microsoft.com. Archived from the original on February 12, 2014. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
49. "Password protect worksheet or workbook elements". Office.microsoft.com. Archived from the original on March 26, 2013. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
50. Ralph, Nate. "Office for Windows Phone 8: Your handy starter guide". TechHive. Archived from the original on October 15, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
51. Wollman, Dana (June 14, 2013). "Microsoft Office Mobile for iPhone hands-on". Engadget. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
52. Pogue, David (June 19, 2013). "Microsoft Adds Office for iPhone. Yawn". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 28, 2022. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
53. ^ Ogasawara, Todd. "What's New in Excel Mobile". Microsoft. Archived from the original on February 8, 2008. Retrieved September 13, 2007.
54. ^ "Unsupported features in Excel Mobile". Microsoft. Archived from the original on October 20, 2007. Retrieved September 21, 2007.
55. Use Excel Mobile Archived October 20, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Microsoft. Retrieved September 21, 2007.
56. "Excel Mobile". Windows Store. Microsoft. Archived from the original on June 23, 2016. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
57. "PowerPoint Mobile". Windows Store. Microsoft. Archived from the original on April 22, 2016. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
58. "Differences between using a workbook in the browser and in Excel – Office Support". support.office.com. Archived from the original on February 8, 2017. Retrieved February 7, 2017.
59. "Description of the Excel Viewer". Microsoft. February 17, 2012. Archived from the original on September 6, 2013.
60. ^ "How to obtain the latest Excel Viewer". Microsoft Docs. May 22, 2020. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
61. "Description of the security update for Excel Viewer 2007: February 12, 2019". Microsoft. April 16, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
62. "Microsoft Excel Viewer". Microsoft. 1997. Archived from the original on January 20, 1998.
63. "Excel 97/2000 Viewer: Spreadsheet Files". Microsoft. Archived from the original on January 13, 2004.
64. "New Features in Windows CE .NET 4.1". Microsoft Docs. June 30, 2006. Archived from the original on March 11, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
65. "Excel Viewer 2003". Microsoft. October 12, 2004. Archived from the original on January 15, 2005.
66. "Excel Viewer 2003 Service Pack 3 (SP3)". Microsoft. September 17, 2007. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007.
67. "Excel Viewer". Microsoft. January 14, 2008. Archived from the original on September 26, 2010.
68. "Excel Viewer 2007 Service Pack 2 (SP2)". Microsoft. April 24, 2009. Archived from the original on April 28, 2012.
69. "Excel Viewer 2007 Service Pack 3 (SP3)". Microsoft. October 25, 2011. Archived from the original on December 29, 2011.
70. "Supported versions of the Office viewers". Microsoft. April 16, 2020. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
71. Microsoft's overview is found at: "Floating-point arithmetic may give inaccurate results in Excel". Revision 8.2; article ID: 78113. Microsoft support. June 30, 2010. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
72. Altman, Micah; Gill, Jeff; McDonald, Michael (2004). "§2.1.1 Revealing example: Computing the coefficient standard deviation". Numerical issues in statistical computing for the social scientist. Wiley-IEEE. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-471-23633-7.
73. de Levie, Robert (2004). cited work. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–46. ISBN 978-0-19-515275-3.
74. Walkenbach, John (2010). "Defining data types". Excel 2010 Power Programming with VBA. Wiley. pp. 198 ff and Table 8–1. ISBN 978-0-470-47535-5.
75. McCullough, Bruce D.; Wilson, Berry (2002). "On the accuracy of statistical procedures in Microsoft Excel 2000 and Excel XP". Computational Statistics & Data Analysis. 40 (4): 713–721. doi:10.1016/S0167-9473(02)00095-6.
76. McCullough, Bruce D.; Heiser, David A. (2008). "On the accuracy of statistical procedures in Microsoft Excel 2007". Computational Statistics & Data Analysis. 52 (10): 4570–4578. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.455.5508. doi:10.1016/j.csda.2008.03.004.
77. Yalta, A. Talha (2008). "The accuracy of statistical distributions in Microsoft Excel 2007". Computational Statistics & Data Analysis. 52 (10): 4579–4586. doi:10.1016/j.csda.2008.03.005.
78. Goldwater, Eva. "Using Excel for Statistical Data Analysis—Caveats". University of Massachusetts School of Public Health. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
79. Heiser, David A. (2008). "Microsoft Excel 2000, 2003 and 2007 faults, problems, workarounds and fixes". Archived from the original on April 18, 2010. Retrieved April 8, 2010.
80. Function improvements in Excel 2010 Archived April 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Comments are provided from readers that may illuminate some remaining problems.
81. "The MOD bug". Byg Software. Archived from the original on January 11, 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
82. "Days of the week before March 1, 1900 are incorrect in Excel". Microsoft. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
83. "Excel incorrectly assumes that the year 1900 is a leap year". Microsoft. Archived from the original on June 7, 2023. Retrieved May 1, 2019.
84. Spolsky, Joel (June 16, 2006). "My First BillG Review". Joel on Software. Archived from the original on June 7, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
85. "The Contradictory Nature of OOXML". ConsortiumInfo.org. January 17, 2007. Archived from the original on August 18, 2009. Retrieved September 23, 2009.
86. "Negative date and time value are displayed as pound signs (###) in Excel". Microsoft. Archived from the original on February 26, 2015. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
87. Zeeberg, Barry R; Riss, Joseph; Kane, David W; Bussey, Kimberly J; Uchio, Edward; Linehan, W Marston; Barrett, J Carl; Weinstein, John N (2004). "Mistaken Identifiers: Gene name errors can be introduced inadvertently when using Excel in bioinformatics". BMC Bioinformatics. 5 (1): 80. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-5-80. PMC 459209. PMID 15214961.
88. ^ Ziemann, Mark; Eren, Yotam; El-Osta, Assam (2016). "Gene name errors are widespread in the scientific literature". Genome Biology. 17 (1): 177. doi:10.1186/s13059-016-1044-7. PMC 4994289. PMID 27552985.
89. Anon (2016). "Microsoft Excel blamed for gene study errors". London: BBC News. Archived from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
90. Cimpanu, Catalin (August 24, 2016). "One in Five Scientific Papers on Genes Contains Errors Because of Excel". Softpedia. SoftNews. Archived from the original on August 25, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
91. Ziemann, Mark (2016). "Genome Spot: My personal thoughts on gene name errors". genomespot.blogspot.co.uk. Archived from the original on August 30, 2016.
92. Vincent, James (August 6, 2020). "Scientists rename human genes to stop Microsoft Excel from misreading them as dates". The Verge. Archived from the original on October 9, 2020. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
93. "Microsoft Fixes Excel Feature That Forced Scientists to Rename Human Genes". Gizmodo. October 23, 2023. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
94. "Excel: type() and WorksheetFunction.IsText() fail for long strings". Stack Overflow. November 3, 2018. Archived from the original on November 5, 2018. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
95. Rajah, Gary (August 2, 2004). "Trouble with macros". Business Line. Chennai. Archived from the original on July 29, 2010. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
96. Chirilov, Joseph (January 8, 2009). "Microsoft Excel – Why Can't I Open Two Files With the Same Name?". MSDN Blogs. Microsoft Corporation. Archived from the original on July 29, 2010. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
97. Infoworld Media Group, Inc. (July 7, 1986). InfoWorld First Look: Supercalc 4 challenging 1-2-3 with new tactic.
98. "The History of Microsoft – 1987". channel9.msdn.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2010. Retrieved October 7, 2022.
99. "The History of Microsoft – 1987". learn.microsoft.com. April 30, 2009. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022.
100. ^ Walkenbach, John (December 4, 2013). "Excel Version History". The Spreadsheet Page. John Walkenbach. Archived from the original on July 15, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
101. Lewallen, Dale (1992). PC/Computing guide to Excel 4.0 for Windows. Ziff Davis. p. 13. ISBN 9781562760489. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
102. Lake, Matt (April 6, 2009). "Easter Eggs we have loved: Excel 4". crashreboot.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on November 6, 2013. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
103. Osterman, Larry (October 21, 2005). "Why no Easter Eggs?". Larry Osterman's WebLog. MSDN Blogs. Archived from the original on March 30, 2010. Retrieved July 29, 2006.
104. "Excel 95 Hall of Tortured Souls". Archived from the original on July 6, 2006. Retrieved July 7, 2006.
105. "Excel Oddities: Easter Eggs". Archived from the original on August 21, 2006. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
106. "Car Game in Ms Excel". Totalchoicehosting.com. September 6, 2005. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
107. Dostál, M (December 9, 2010). User Acceptance of the Microsoft Ribbon User Interface (PDF). Palacký University of Olomouc. ISBN 978-960-474-245-5. ISSN 1792-6157. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 26, 2013. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
108. "Using Excel Tables to Manipulate Billing Data" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 22, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
109. Dodge, Mark; Stinson, Craig (2007). "Chapter 1: What's new in Microsoft Office Excel 2007". Microsoft Office Excel 2007 inside out. Microsoft Press. p. 1 ff. ISBN 978-0-7356-2321-7.
110. "What's New in Excel 2010". Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2010.
111. Walkenbach, John (2010). "Some Essential Background". Excel 2010 Power Programming with VBA. Indianapolis, Indiana: Wiley Publishing, Inc. p. 20. ISBN 9780470475355.
112. Harris, Steven (October 1, 2013). "Excel 2013 – Flash Fill". Experts-Exchange.com. Experts Exchange. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2013.
113. "What's new in Excel 2013". Office.com. Microsoft. Archived from the original on January 22, 2014. Retrieved January 25, 2014.
114. K., Gasper (October 10, 2013). "Does a PowerPivot Pivot Table beat a regular Pivot Table". Experts-Exchange.com. Experts Exchange. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2013.
115. K., Gasper (May 20, 2013). "Inquire Add-In for Excel 2013". Experts-Exchange.com. Experts Exchange. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2013.
116. "New functions in Excel 2013". Office.com. Microsoft. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2013.
117. "What's new in Office 2016". Office.com. Microsoft. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
118. "Microsoft Announces March Availability of Office 98 Macintosh Edition". Microsoft. January 6, 1998. Archived from the original on December 30, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
119. "Office for Mac Is Finally a 'First-Class Citizen'". Re/code. July 16, 2015. Archived from the original on July 26, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
120. Perton, Marc (November 20, 2005). "Windows at 20: 20 things you didn't know about Windows 1.0". switched.com. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
121. Keizer, Gregg (February 24, 2009). "Attackers exploit unpatched Excel vulnerability". Computerworld. IDG Communications, Inc. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
122. "JTRIG Tools and Techniques". The Intercept. First Look Productions, Inc. July 14, 2014. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
123. Cook, John. "JTRIG Tools and Techniques". The Intercept. p. 4. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved March 19, 2019 – via DocumentCloud.
124. Phillips, Gavin (December 11, 2015). "8 Legendary Games Recreated in Microsoft Excel". MUO. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
125. "Excel Games – Fun Things to Do With Spreadsheets". November 10, 2021. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
126. "Unusual Uses of Excel". techcommunity.microsoft.com. August 5, 2022. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
127. "Someone made a version of 'Civilization' that runs in Microsoft Excel". Engadget. September 9, 2019. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
128. Dalgleish, Debra. "Have Fun Playing Games in Excel". Contextures Excel Tips. Archived from the original on February 9, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
129. "Microsoft Excel esports is real and it already has an international tournament". ONE Esports. June 9, 2021. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023.

Further reading

• Bullen, Stephen; Bovey, Rob; Green, John (2009). Professional Excel Development: The Definitive Guide to Developing Applications Using Microsoft Excel and VBA (2nd ed.). Boston: Addison Wesley. ISBN 978-0-321-50879-9.
• Dodge, Mark; Stinson, Craig (2007). Microsoft Office Excel 2007 Inside Out. Redmond, Wash.: Microsoft Press. ISBN 978-0-7356-2321-7.
• Billo, E. Joseph (2011). Excel for Chemists: A Comprehensive Guide (3rd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-38123-6.
• Gordon, Andy (January 25, 2021). "LAMBDA: The ultimate Excel worksheet function". microsoft.com. Microsoft. Retrieved April 23, 2021.

External links

• Microsoft Excel – official site

1. AI Spreadsheet. Sourcetable Inc., 2024. Retrieved 2024-11-14.

• 1985 software
• Classic Mac OS software
• Microsoft Office
• Spreadsheet software for macOS
• Spreadsheet software for Windows
• Proprietary cross-platform software
• Microsoft software