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Mitrastemon
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Ericales
Family:	Mitrastemonaceae Makino
Genus:	Mitrastemon Makino
Species
M. matudae M. yamamotoi

Mitrastemon is a genus of two widely disjunct species of parasitic plants. It is the only genus within the family Mitrastemonaceae. Mitrastemon species are root endoparasites, which grow on Fagaceae. It is also a non-photosynthetic plant that parasitizes other plants such as Castanopsis sieboldii.

History

The parasitic species, Mitrastemon yamamotoi (Makino) Makino was found in Japan in 1909. It was originally named Mitrastemma yamamotoi Makino by botanist Tomitaro Makino (1862 – 1957), but was later renamed as Mitrastemon yamamotoi in 1911.

Then species Mitrastemon matudae was discovered by botanist Eizi Matuda during an expedition to Mt. Ovando (near the town of Escuintla, Chiapas) in the state of Chiapas, Mexico (Matuda, 1947). The species was originally named by a botanist friend of Matuda, Yoshimatsu Yamamoto (1893-1947), in 1925–1926, but then published in 1936. Mitrastemon yamamotoi is a protandrous plant. Its flowers go through a male phase before transforming into their final female form. The flowers of M. yamamotoi attract a variety of insects ranging from wasps to flies and beetles. Among these, beetles are the best pollinators for this plant since their visit to the flower would pick up a large amount of pollen and they would pollinate from each of the flowers that they had already visited. The plant is endemic to tropical and subtropical forest regions such as southeast Asia and Japan.

Taxonomy

Originally Mitrastemon was placed within the order Rafflesiales, together with other parasitic plants, but this order was long suspected to be actually polyphyletic. In 2004, the genus was found to be related to Ericales by comparing their mitochondrial DNA.

Several orthographic variants of the name Mitrastemon exist, including Mitrastema and Mitrastemma. The correct taxonomic name is Mitrastemon, the use of which was proposed and justified in an article by Reveal and approved by the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants of the International Association for Plant Taxonomy in a subsequent article.

The species has a cylindrical body ranging from 3 cm to 7 cm in height with a tuberous base. During an early developmental stage it appears an off-white color; however, once it is dried it becomes a dark brown color (Mir et al., 2016).

Life cycle

The plant is observed only during the winter season and it completes its visible life cycle from November to April (Mir et al., 2016). Mitrastemon is completely embedded within the tissues of its host, except during the reproduction stage when above-ground parts emerge from host tissues.

Ecology

Unlike other plants, the flowers of this organism change sex from male to female. Various insects are involved in pollination. Mitrastemon yamamotol is mainly pollinated by social wasps, but previously unnoticed pollination are also important, based on visitation frequency and pollen loads. There have been studies of the pollination that suggest that nocturnal visitors, such as crickets and cockroaches, contribute to geitonogamous pollination. Diurnal visitors like social wasps facilitate outcrossing.

Species

There are two known species;

• Mitrastemon matudae Yamam.
• Mitrastemon yamamotoi (Makino) Makino

Distribution

Mitrastemon yamamotoi is distributed in tropical and subtropical forests of Southeast Asia and Japan. Mitrastemon matudae is distributed from southern Mexico to Colombia.

References

1. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. hdl:10654/18083. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
2. Mitrastemonaceae Makino
3. Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 23: 326 (1909)
4. (Makino) Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 25: 255 (1911)
5. ^ "Mindat.org". www.mindat.org. Retrieved 2021-12-24.
6. Matuda, Eizi (January 1950). "A Contribution to Our Knowledge of Wild Flora of Mt. Ovando". The American Midland Naturalist. 43 (1): 195–223. doi:10.2307/2421892. JSTOR 2421892. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
7. "Yamamoto, Yoshimatsu | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
8. Yamam. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 50: 539 (1936)
9. Daniel L Nickrent; et al. (2004), "Phylogenetic inference in Rafflesiales: the influence of rate heterogeneity and horizontal gene transfer", BMC Evolutionary Biology, 4: 40, doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-40, PMC 528834, PMID 15496229
10. Reveal, J. (2010). "(1923) Proposal to conserve the name Mitrastemon (Rafflesiaceae) with that spelling". Taxon. 59 (1): 299–300. doi:10.1002/tax.591035. JSTOR 27757079.
11. Brummitt, R. K. (2011). "Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 63". Taxon. 60 (4): 1202–10. doi:10.1002/tax.604025. JSTOR 41317342.
12. ^ Suetsugu, K. (January 2019). "Social wasps, crickets and cockroaches contribute to pollination of the holoparasitic plant Mitrastemon yamamotoi (Mitrastemonaceae) in southern Japan". Plant Biology. 21 (1): 176–182. Bibcode:2019PlBio..21..176S. doi:10.1111/plb.12889. hdl:20.500.14094/90005488. PMID 30098096. S2CID 51955957.
13. ^ "Mitrastemon Makino | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 6 October 2023.

Further reading

• India Biodiversity Portal. (2019). Mitrastemon yamamotoi Makino. Available at: https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/279958 .
• Parasiticplants.siu.edu. (2019). Parasitic Plant Connection – Mitrastemonaceae. Available at: https://parasiticplants.siu.edu/Mitrastemonaceae/ .
• Upadhaya, Krishna (June 2016). "A Note on Mitrastemon yamamotoi (Mitrastemonaceae): a Root Parasite of Rare Occurrence in North East India". The Journal of Japanese Botany. 91 (3): 179–183. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
• Matuda, Eizi. "On the genus Mitrastemon." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club (1947): 133-141.
• Rao, A. S., & Balakrishnan, N. P. (1972). Mitrastemon yalanotoi (Makino) Makino (Rafelesiaceaf)-a Unique Root Parasite New to the Indian Flora. Indian Forester, 98(4), 234-235.
• Suetsugu, K. (11 August 2018). "Social wasps, crickets and cockroaches contribute to pollination of the holoparasitic plant Mitrastemon yamamotoi (Mitrastemonaceae) in southern Japan". Plant Biology. 21 (1): 176–182. Bibcode:2019PlBio..21..176S. doi:10.1111/plb.12889. hdl:20.500.14094/90005488. PMID 30098096.
• Leung, Tommy (9 March 2019). "Mitrastemon Yamamotoi". Parasite of the Day blog. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
• Matuda, Eizi. "On the genus Mitrastemon." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club (1947): 133-141.

• Ericales
• Ericales genera
• Parasitic plants
• Endoparasites