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The Abbé Pierre François Guyot-Desfontaines (1685 in Rouen – 16 December 1745 in Paris) was a French journalist, translator and popular historian.
Known today for his quarrels with Voltaire, Desfontaines can be regarded as the founder of the new literary criticism and journalism in France, insofar as he sought to found his criticism on aesthetic and ethical lines, rather than merely summarising, reproducing or paraphrasing.
Biography
Desfontaines entered the order of Jesuits after being raised by them, and taught rhetoric in Bourges before devoting himself exclusively to letters until 1715. In 1724, he became a contributor to the Journal des sçavans, attempting to introduce an amenity of style into his scientific articles, avoiding dryness and pedantry.
He then published, with various collaborators such as Élie Fréron, Granet, the Abbé Destrées, periodical collections of criticism: Le Nouvelliste du Parnasse (1731–1734, 5 vols.), and Observations sur les écrits modernes (1735 on, 34 vols.). These hastily written periodicals distinguished themselves by the vivacity of their criticism and partisanship.
Desfontaines notably attacked the dramatic works of Voltaire, who had earlier helped clear the abbé's name when, accused of sodomy, he spent time in prison in 1724, and had also used his influence to help him return to Paris after his exile. Voltaire retorted with a lampoon entitled Le Préservatif, ou critique des Observations sur les écrits modernes (1738), which Desfontaines answered anonymously with a short satirical writing entitled La Voltairomanie (1738), which compiled all the scandalous anecdotes defaming its author at the time. This last saw a libel action which Voltaire only gave up after Desfontaines repudiated the work in the Amsterdam Gazette of 4 April 1739. The war continued several years, so that today the memory of Desfontaines is only perpetuated by the epigrams of Voltaire, and those of Alexis Piron, a one-time ally of Voltaire who promised to bring the abbé an epigram every morning, and did so for fifty days.
Works
- Apologie du caractère des Anglois et des François , 1725
- Dictionnaire néologique à l'usage des beaux esprits du siècle , 1726
- Lettres d'un rat calotin à Citron Barbet; Relation de ce qui s’est passé au sujet de l'illustre Mathanasius à l'Académie françoise, 1727
- Translation of Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels, 1727
- Entretiens sur les Voyages de Cyrus, 1728
- Nouvelle Histoire de France par demandes et par réponses , 1730
- Le Nouveau Gulliver, 1730
- Nouvelle Histoire de France, 1730
- La Voltairomanie, 1738
- Racine vengé, ou examen des remarques de l'abbé d'Olivet sur les œuvres de Racine, 1739. "E-text" (in French).
- Traduction en prose des poèmes de Virgile , 1743
- Lettre d'un comédien françois au sujet de l'Histoire du théâtre italien
References
- Benoit Léger, « Voyages de Desfontaines dans la Romancie : le Nouveau Gulliver (1730) », Préfaces romanesques, Peeters, Leuven et Paris, collection « La République des Lettres », 23, p. 219–231.
- Benoit Léger « Le Médecin observateur : paratexte et traduction idéologique de L'État de la médecine de Francis Clifton par Desfontaines (1742) », Annie Cointre, La traduction de textes non romanesques au XVIIIe siècle, Série 2003, n° 5, Université de Metz, Centre d'études de la traduction p. 215–231.
- Benoit Léger, « Nouvelles aventures de Gulliver à Blefuscu : traductions, retraductions et rééditions des Voyages de Gulliver sous la monarchie de Juillet » (« Histoire de la traduction et traduction de l'histoire ») Meta, 49, 3, p. 526–543.
- Hugues Plaideux, « L'abbé Desfontaines : un adversaire de Voltaire à la cure de Torigni (1732–1734) », Revue de la Manche, fasc. 159, avril 1998, p. 31–37.
- Caterina Marrone,Le lingue utopiche, Nuovi Equilibri, Viterbo, 2004 , p. 338, ISBN 88-7226-815-X
External links
- Works by or about Pierre Desfontaines at the Internet Archive
- "Report on the Abbé Desfontaines and his dictionary" (in French).
- "Site largely devoted to the Abbé Desfontaines" (in French). Archived from the original on 2011-06-10. Retrieved 2007-04-25.
- 1685 births
- 1745 deaths
- 18th-century French LGBTQ people
- 18th-century French male writers
- 18th-century French journalists
- French male non-fiction writers
- French LGBTQ journalists
- French gay writers
- People convicted of sodomy
- Writers from Rouen
- Translators of Virgil
- 18th-century French historians
- 18th-century French translators