Misplaced Pages

This is a timeline of Solar System exploration ordering events in the exploration of the Solar System by date of spacecraft launch. It includes:

• All spacecraft that have left Earth orbit for the purposes of Solar System exploration (or were launched with that intention but failed), including lunar probes.
• A small number of pioneering or notable Earth-orbiting craft.

It does not include:

• Centuries of terrestrial telescopic observation.
• The great majority of Earth-orbiting satellites.
• Space probes leaving Earth orbit that are not concerned with Solar System exploration (such as space telescopes targeted at distant galaxies, cosmic background radiation observatories, and so on).
• Probes that failed at launch.

The dates listed are launch dates, but the achievements noted may have occurred some time later—in some cases, a considerable time later (for example, Voyager 2, launched 20 August 1977, did not reach Neptune until 1989).

1950s

Mission name	Launch date	Description	Ref(s)
Sputnik 1	4 October 1957	First Earth orbiter
Sputnik 2	3 November 1957	Earth orbiter, first animal in orbit, a dog named Laika
Explorer 1	1 February 1958	Earth orbiter; discovered Van Allen radiation belts
Vanguard 1	17 March 1958	Earth orbiter; oldest spacecraft still in Earth orbit
Luna 1	2 January 1959	First lunar flyby (attempted lunar impact?); first artificial satellite in heliocentric orbit.
Pioneer 4	3 March 1959	Lunar flyby
Luna 2	12 September 1959	First extraterrestrial impact and lunar impact, First artificial object on Moon
Luna 3	4 October 1959	Lunar flyby; First images of another celestial body taken from space, most notably, the far side of Moon

1960s

Mission name	Launch date	Description	Ref(s)
Pioneer 5	11 March 1960	Interplanetary space investigations
Venera 1	12 February 1961	First probe to another planet; Venus flyby (contact lost before flyby)
Vostok 1	12 April 1961	First crewed Earth orbiter (Yuri Gagarin)
Ranger 1	23 August 1961	Attempted lunar test flight (failed to leave Earth orbit)
Ranger 2	18 November 1961	Attempted lunar test flight (failed to leave Earth orbit)
Ranger 3	26 January 1962	Attempted lunar impact (missed Moon)
Ranger 4	23 April 1962	Lunar impact (but unintentionally became the first spacecraft to hit the lunar farside and returned no data)
Mariner 2	27 August 1962	First successful planetary encounter, First successful Venus flyby
Ranger 5	18 October 1962	Attempted lunar impact (missed Moon)
Mars 1	1 November 1962	First probe to Mars: flyby (contact lost)
Luna 4	2 April 1963	Attempted lunar lander (missed Moon)
Cosmos 21	11 November 1963	Attempted Venera test flight?
Ranger 6	30 January 1964	Lunar impact (cameras failed)
Zond 1	2 April 1964	Venus flyby (contact lost)
Ranger 7	28 July 1964	Lunar impact (success)
Voskhod 1	12 October 1964	First orbiter with multimember crew
Mariner 3	5 November 1964	Attempted Mars flyby (failed to attain correct trajectory)
Mariner 4	28 November 1964	First successful Mars flyby
Zond 2	30 November 1964	Mars flyby (contact lost)
Ranger 8	17 February 1965	Lunar impact
Voskhod 2	18 March 1965	First space walk, by Alexei Leonov
Ranger 9	21 March 1965	Lunar impact
Lincoln Calibration Sphere 1	6 May 1965	Oldest spacecraft still in use
Luna 5	9 May 1965	Lunar impact (attempted soft landing)
Luna 6	8 June 1965	Attempted lunar lander (missed Moon)
Zond 3	18 July 1965	Lunar flyby
Luna 7	4 October 1965	Lunar impact (attempted soft landing)
Venera 2	12 November 1965	Venus flyby (contact lost)
Venera 3	16 November 1965	Venus lander (contact lost) – First spacecraft to reach another planet's atmosphere and surface, First Venus impact
Luna 8	3 December 1965	Lunar impact (attempted soft landing?)
Pioneer 6	16 December 1965	"Space weather" observations
Luna 9	31 January 1966	First extraterrestrial lander and lunar lander
Luna 10	31 March 1966	First extraterrestrial orbiter and first lunar orbiter
Surveyor 1	30 May 1966	Lunar lander
Explorer 33	1 July 1966	Attempted lunar orbiter (failed to attain lunar orbit)
Lunar Orbiter 1	10 August 1966	Lunar orbiter
Pioneer 7	17 August 1966	"Space weather" observations
Luna 11	24 August 1966	Lunar orbiter
Surveyor 2	20 September 1966	Attempted lunar lander (crashed into Moon)
Luna 12	22 October 1966	Lunar orbiter
Lunar Orbiter 2	6 November 1966	Lunar orbiter
Luna 13	21 December 1966	Lunar lander
Lunar Orbiter 3	5 February 1967	Lunar orbiter
Surveyor 3	17 April 1967	Lunar lander
Lunar Orbiter 4	4 May 1967	Lunar orbiter
Venera 4	12 June 1967	First functioning extraterrestrial atmospheric probe (Venus)
Mariner 5	14 June 1967	Venus flyby
Surveyor 4	14 July 1967	Attempted lunar lander (crashed into Moon)
Explorer 35 (IMP-E)	19 July 1967	Lunar orbiter
Lunar Orbiter 5	1 August 1967	Lunar orbiter
Surveyor 5	8 September 1967	Lunar lander
Surveyor 6	7 November 1967	Lunar lander, first lift-off from an extraterrestrial body
Apollo 4	9 November 1967	Lunar programme test flight in Earth orbit (uncrewed)
Pioneer 8	13 December 1967	"Space weather" observations
Surveyor 7	7 January 1968	Lunar lander
Apollo 5	22 January 1968	Lunar programme test flight in Earth orbit (uncrewed)
Zond 4	2 March 1968	Lunar programme test flight out of Earth orbit (uncrewed)
Luna 14	7 April 1968	Lunar orbiter
Zond 5	14 September 1968	First lunar flyby and return to Earth, first life forms to circle the Moon
Apollo 7	11 October 1968	Lunar programme test flight in Earth orbit (crewed)
Pioneer 9	8 November 1968	"Space weather" observations
Zond 6	10 November 1968	Lunar flyby and return to Earth
Apollo 8	21 December 1968	First crewed spacecraft to leave Earth orbit, first crewed lunar orbiter
Venera 5	5 January 1969	Venus atmospheric probe
Venera 6	10 January 1969	Venus atmospheric probe
Mariner 6	25 February 1969	Mars flyby
Apollo 9	3 March 1969	Crewed lunar lander (LEM) flight test in Earth orbit
Mariner 7	27 March 1969	Mars flyby
Apollo 10	18 May 1969	Crewed lunar orbiter
Luna 15	13 July 1969	Second attempted lunar sample return
Apollo 11	16 July 1969	First crewed lunar landing and first successful sample return mission
Zond 7	7 August 1969	Lunar flyby and return to Earth
Apollo 12	14 November 1969	Crewed lunar landing

1970s

Mission name	Launch date	Description	Ref(s)
Apollo 13	11 April 1970	Crewed lunar flyby and return to Earth (crewed lunar landing aborted). Farthest from Earth a human has gone (401,056 km)
Venera 7	17 August 1970	First Venus lander and the first spacecraft to "soft" land on another planet (with some data returned from the surface)
Luna 16	12 September 1970	First robotic lunar sample return
Zond 8	20 October 1970	Lunar flyby and return to Earth
Luna 17/Lunokhod 1	10 November 1970	First remote controlled rover
Apollo 14	31 January 1971	Crewed lunar landing
Salyut 1	19 April 1971	First space station
Mars 2	19 May 1971	First Mars impact, Mars orbiter and attempted lander; First rover (Prop-M) sent to another planet (Mars)
Mars 3	28 May 1971	Mars orbiter, First Mars lander (first image taken from the surface of another planet, though the received image did not show anything); First rover (Prop-M) to be landed but not deployed on another planet (Mars)
Mariner 9	30 May 1971	First to orbit another planet (Mars)
Apollo 15	26 July 1971	Crewed lunar landing; First crewed lunar rover
Luna 18	2 September 1971	Attempted lunar sample return (crashed into Moon)
Luna 19	28 September 1971	Lunar orbiter
Luna 20	14 February 1972	Lunar robotic sample return
Pioneer 10	3 March 1972	First Jupiter flyby
Venera 8	27 March 1972	Venus lander
Apollo 16	16 April 1972	Crewed lunar landing
Apollo 17	7 December 1972	Last crewed lunar landing
Luna 21/Lunokhod 2	8 January 1973	Lunar rover
Pioneer 11	5 April 1973	Jupiter flyby and First Saturn flyby
Explorer 49 (RAE-B)	10 June 1973	Lunar orbiter/radio astronomy
Mars 4	21 July 1973	Mars flyby (attempted Mars orbiter)
Mars 5	25 July 1973	Mars orbiter
Mars 6	5 August 1973	Mars flyby and attempted lander (failed due to damage on Mars landing)
Mars 7	9 August 1973	Mars flyby and attempted lander (missed Mars)
Mariner 10	3 November 1973	Lunar and Venus flybys in addition to the First Mercury flyby
Luna 22	29 May 1974	Lunar orbiter
Luna 23	28 October 1974	Attempted lunar sample return (failed due to damage on lunar landing)
Helios-A	10 December 1974	Solar observations
Venera 9	8 June 1975	First Venus orbiter and lander; First successful images from the surface of another planet (Venus)
Venera 10	14 June 1975	Venus orbiter and lander
Viking 1	20 August 1975	Mars orbiter and lander; First clear pictures from Martian surface
Viking 2	9 September 1975	Mars orbiter and lander
Helios-B	15 January 1976	Solar observations
Luna 24	9 August 1976	Lunar robotic sample return
Voyager 2	20 August 1977	Jupiter/Saturn/first Uranus/first Neptune flyby
Voyager 1	5 September 1977	Jupiter/Saturn flyby, first to exit the heliosphere
Pioneer Venus 1	20 May 1978	Venus orbiter
Pioneer Venus 2	8 August 1978	Venus atmospheric probes
ISEE-3	12 August 1978	Solar wind investigations; later redesignated International Cometary Explorer and performed Comet Giacobini-Zinner and Comet Halley flybys – First comet flyby
Venera 11	9 September 1978	Venus flyby and lander
Venera 12	14 September 1978	Venus flyby and lander

1980s

Mission name	Launch date	Description	Ref(s)
Venera 13	30 October 1981	Venus flyby and lander. First recording of sound on another planet.
Venera 14	4 November 1981	Venus flyby and lander
Venera 15	2 June 1983	Venus orbiter
Venera 16	7 June 1983	Venus orbiter
Vega 1	15 December 1984	Venus flyby, lander and first extraterrestrial aircraft (aerostat balloon); continued on to Comet Halley flyby
Vega 2	21 December 1984	Venus flyby, lander and balloon; continued on to Comet Halley flyby
Sakigake	8 January 1985	Comet Halley flyby
Giotto	2 July 1985	First close observation of comet (distance 596 kilometers), Comet Halley flyby
Suisei (Planet-A)	18 August 1985	Comet Halley flyby
Mir	19 February 1986	First modular space station (operational 1986–2000; final module added 1996)
Phobos 1	7 July 1988	Attempted Mars orbiter/Phobos landers (contact lost)
Phobos 2	12 July 1988	Mars orbiter/attempted Phobos landers (contact lost)
Magellan	4 May 1989	Venus orbiter
Galileo	18 October 1989	Venus flyby, first Asteroid flyby (Gaspra), first Asteroid moon discovery (Dactyl), first Jupiter orbiter, first Jupiter atmospheric probe

1990s

Mission name	Launch date	Description	Ref(s)
Hiten (MUSES-A)	24 January 1990	Lunar flyby and orbiter
Hubble Space Telescope	24 April 1990	Orbital space telescope (operational since 1990)
Ulysses	6 October 1990	Solar polar orbiter
Yohkoh (Solar-A)	30 August 1991	Solar observations (1991–2001)
Mars Observer	25 September 1992	Attempted Mars orbiter (contact lost)
Clementine	25 January 1994	Lunar orbiter/attempted asteroid flyby (contact lost)
WIND	1 November 1994	Solar wind observations
SOHO	2 December 1995	Solar observatory (operational since 1996)
NEAR Shoemaker	17 February 1996	Eros orbiter, first near-Earth asteroid flyby, first asteroid orbit and first asteroid landing
Mars Global Surveyor	7 November 1996	Mars orbiter
Mars 96	16 November 1996	Attempted Mars orbiter/landers (failed to escape Earth orbit)
Mars Pathfinder	4 December 1996	Mars lander and first successful planetary rover
ACE	25 August 1997	Solar wind and "space weather" observations (operational since 1998)
Cassini–Huygens	15 October 1997	First Saturn orbiter and first outer planet moon lander (on Titan)
Lunar Prospector	7 January 1998	Lunar orbiter
Nozomi (Planet-B)	3 July 1998	Attempted Mars orbiter (failed to enter Mars orbit)
Deep Space 1 (DS1)	24 October 1998	Asteroid and comet flyby
ISS	20 November 1998	International space station
Mars Climate Orbiter	11 December 1998	Attempted Mars orbiter (orbit insertion failed; entered atmosphere and was destroyed)
Mars Polar Lander/Deep Space 2 (DS2)	3 January 1999	Attempted Mars lander/penetrators (contact lost)
Stardust	7 February 1999	First comet coma sample return (returned 15 January 2006)

2000s

Mission name	Launch date	Description	Ref(s)
2001 Mars Odyssey	7 April 2001	Mars orbiter
Genesis	8 August 2001	First solar wind sample return
CONTOUR	3 July 2002	Attempted flyby of comet nuclei (Encke, Schwassmann-Wachmann-3, and optionally a third one; lost in space)
Hayabusa (MUSES-C)	9 May 2003	Asteroid lander and first sample return from asteroid
Mars Express/Beagle 2	2 June 2003	Mars orbiter/attempted lander (lander failure)
Mars Exploration Rover Spirit	10 June 2003	Mars rover
Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity	8 July 2003	Mars rover
SMART-1	27 September 2003	Lunar orbiter
Rosetta/Philae	2 March 2004	Asteroid Šteins and Lutetia flybys; first comet orbiter and lander (Landed in November 2014)
MESSENGER	3 August 2004	First Mercury orbiter (Achieved orbit 18 March 2011)
Deep Impact	12 January 2005	Comet flyby and impact
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter	12 August 2005	Mars orbiter
Venus Express	9 November 2005	Venus polar orbiter
New Horizons	19 January 2006	First Pluto/Charon flyby (on 14 July 2015); continued on to 486958 Arrokoth flyby (on 1 January 2019)
Hinode (Solar-B)	22 September 2006	Solar orbiter
STEREO	26 October 2006	Two spacecraft, solar orbiters
Phoenix	4 August 2007	Mars polar lander (Mars landing on 25 May 2008)
SELENE (Kaguya)	14 September 2007	Lunar orbiters
Dawn	27 September 2007	Asteroid Ceres and Vesta orbiter (Entered orbit around Vesta on 16 July 2011 and around Ceres on 6 March 2015)
Chang'e 1	24 October 2007	Lunar orbiter
Chandrayaan-1	22 October 2008	Lunar orbiter and impactor; discovered water on the Moon
Herschel Space Observatory	14 May 2009	Infrared space telescope at Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter/LCROSS	18 June 2009	Lunar polar orbiter and lunar impactor
WISE (NEOWISE)	14 December 2009	Infrared survey of celestial sky (WISE mission); later Near-Earth object survey (NEOWISE mission)

2010s

Mission name	Launch date	Description	Ref(s)
Solar Dynamics Observatory	11 February 2010	Continuous solar monitoring
Akatsuki (Planet-C)	20 May 2010	Venus orbiter (orbit insertion failed in 2010 / successful orbit insertion on 7 December 2015)
PICARD	15 June 2010	Solar monitoring
Chang'e 2	1 October 2010	Lunar orbiter, asteroid 4179 Toutatis flyby
Juno	5 August 2011	Jupiter orbiter
GRAIL	10 September 2011	Two spacecraft, Lunar orbiters
Fobos-Grunt and Yinghuo-1	8 November 2011	Attempted Phobos sample return and Mars orbiter, respectively; both failed to escape Earth orbit
Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity rover)	26 November 2011	Mars rover (landed 6 August 2012)
Van Allen Probes (RBSP)	30 August 2012	Earth Van Allen radiation belts study
IRIS	28 June 2013	Solar observations
LADEE	7 September 2013	Lunar orbiter
Hisaki	14 September 2013	Planetary atmosphere observatory
Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan)	5 November 2013	Mars orbiter
MAVEN	18 November 2013	Mars orbiter
Chang'e 3	1 December 2013	Lunar lander and rover (first lander since Soviet Luna 24 in 1976)
Chang'e 5-T1	23 October 2014	Circumlunar mission and Earth reentry; technology demonstration to prepare for Chang'e 5 mission
Hayabusa2 / MASCOT	3 December 2014	Asteroid lander and sample return (sample returned 5 December 2020), first asteroid rover
PROCYON	3 December 2014	Comet observer and attempted asteroid flyby (engine failure)
DSCOVR	11 February 2015	Solar observation
ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter and EDM lander	14 March 2016	Mars orbiter and attempted lander (lander failure)
OSIRIS-REx	8 September 2016	Asteroid sample return mission (sample returned 24 September 2023)
InSight	5 May 2018	Mars lander
Queqiao	20 May 2018	Relay satellite for Chang'e 4 in Halo orbit around Earth–Moon L2 Lagrange point
Parker Solar Probe	12 August 2018	Solar corona probe, closest solar approach (0.04 AU)
BepiColombo	19 October 2018	Two Mercury orbiters (orbit insertion planned in December 2025)
Chang'e 4	7 December 2018	Lunar lander and rover, first landing on the lunar far side
Beresheet	22 February 2019	Attempted lunar lander (crashed into Moon)
Chandrayaan-2	22 July 2019	Lunar orbiter; attempted lander and rover (contact lost during final stage of descent)

2020s

Mission name	Launch date	Description	Ref(s)
Solar Orbiter	10 February 2020	Sun-observing satellite
Mars Hope	19 July 2020	Mars orbiter
Tianwen-1 (Zhurong rover)	23 July 2020	Mars orbiter, lander, and rover
Mars 2020 (Perseverance rover and Ingenuity helicopter)	30 July 2020	Mars rover and helicopter drone; first powered flight on another planet
Chang'e 5	23 November 2020	Lunar sample return
Lucy	16 October 2021	Flyby of six Jupiter trojans and two main belt asteroids
DART / LICIACube	24 November 2021	Asteroid 65803 Didymos flyby, asteroid moon Dimorphos impactor
James Webb Space Telescope	25 December 2021	Infrared space telescope at Sun–Earth L2
CAPSTONE	28 June 2022	Lunar orbiter
Danuri (KPLO)	5 August 2022	Lunar orbiter
Artemis 1 and 10 cubesats	16 November 2022	Uncrewed lunar orbital test of Orion spacecraft and Space Launch System. The cubesats are launched as rideshares and will execute their own missions.
Hakuto-R Mission 1 (Rashid rover) and Lunar Flashlight	11 December 2022	Lunar lander technology demonstration, lunar rover, and lunar orbiter launched together (crashed into Moon)
JUICE	14 April 2023	Jupiter/Ganymede orbiter
Chandrayaan-3	14 July 2023	Lunar orbiter, lander and rover; first soft landing near the lunar South Pole
Luna 25	10 August 2023	Attempted lunar south pole lander (crashed into Moon)
Aditya-L1	2 September 2023	Sun-observing spacecraft at Sun–Earth L1
SLIM (LEV-1, LEV-2)	6 September 2023	Lunar flyby, lander and rovers
Psyche	13 October 2023	Asteroid 16 Psyche orbiter
Peregrine Mission One (including Iris and Colmena rovers)	8 January 2024	Lunar lander and rovers (landing precluded)
IM-1 Nova-C Odysseus (including EagleCam deployable camera)	15 February 2024	Lunar landers
DRO A/B	13 March 2024	Lunar orbiters
Queqiao-2 (including Tiandu-1 and 2)	20 March 2024	Lunar orbiters
Chang'e 6 (including Pakistan's ICUBE-Q cubesat)	3 May 2024	Lunar sample return, rover and orbiters; first sample return from the lunar far side
Hera (3 orbiters)	7 October 2024	Asteroid 65803 Didymos rendezvous
Europa Clipper	14 October 2024	Jupiter orbiter, Europa multiple flyby

Planned or scheduled

See also

• Discovery and exploration of the Solar System
• Human presence in space
• List of missions to the Moon
• List of missions to Venus
• List of missions to Mars
• List of Solar System probes
• List of interplanetary voyages
• List of space telescopes
• New Frontiers program
• Out of the Cradle – 1984 book about scientific speculation on future missions.
• Space Race
• Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes
• Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons
• Timeline of first orbital launches by country
• Timeline of space exploration
• Timeline of space travel by nationality
• Timeline of spaceflight

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