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Dargin
Dargwa
Geographic distribution	Southcentral Dagestan
Native speakers	590,000 (2020 census)
Linguistic classification	Northeast Caucasian Dargin
Subdivisions	North-Central Kajtak-Shari Southern Chirag
Language codes
ISO 639-2 / 5	dar
ISO 639-3	dar
Glottolog	darg1242
Dargin
Map of individual Dargin languages according to Koryakov 2021.

The Dargin languages consist of a dialect continuum of over 60 Northeast Caucasian languages or dialects spoken by the Dargin people in southcentral Dagestan. Kajtak, Kubachi, Itsari, Mehweb and Chirag are often considered dialects of the same Dargin/Dargwa language. Ethnologue lists these under a common Dargin language, but also states that these may be separate languages from Dargwa proper. Reasons for classifying the southern group of dialects from the northern group is that speakers of the southern dialects have been reported as treating the literary Aqusha dialect as a foreign language. Due to the linguistic fragmentation of the Dargin langiuages, speakers use Russian as a lingua franca.

Classification

The Dargin languages are classified as follows by Koryakov 2021:

Dargin

• • Northern-central group
    • Mehweb
    • Gapshima
    • Muira
    • Tsudaqar-Usisha-Butri
      • Tsudaqar
      • Usisha-Butri
    • North Dargwa
      • Kadar
      • Murego-Gubden
      • Mugi
      • Upper Mulebki
      • Aqusha
        • Aqusha proper
        • Levashi
      • Urakhi
  • Southern group
    • Ashti-Kubachi
      • Ashti
      • Kubachi
    • Sanzhi-Itsari
      • Sanzhi
      • Itsari
    • Sanakari-Chakhrizhi (unclassified)
    • Amuzgi-Shiri
      • Amuzgi
      • Shiri
    • Southwestern Dargwa
      • Tanti
      • Sirhwa
      • Upper Vurkuni
  • Chirag
  • Kaitag group
    • Shari
    • Kaitag

Mutalov 2021 proposes a different classification:

Dargin languages

• • North Dargwa
    • Aqusha/North Dargwa
      • Aqusha proper
      • Urakhi
      • Mekegi
      • Gubden
      • Murego
      • Kadar
      • Mugi
      • Muira
      • Gapshima
    • Mehweb
  • Southern Dargwa
    • Sirkhya-Tsudaqar
      • Tsudaqar
      • Usisha
      • Butri
      • Tanti
      • Sirhwa
      • Khuduts
      • Amuq
      • Kunki
      • Sanzhi
      • Itsari
      • Amuzgi-Shiri
      • other dialects
    • Kubachi
      • Kubachi proper
      • Ashti
    • Kaitag
      • Upper Kaitag
      • Lower Kaitag
      • Shari
      • Chakhrizhi-Sanakari
    • Chirag

Glottolog uses a different classification, based on Koryakov 2012.

Dargwic

• • Chirag
  • Kubachi
  • North-Central Dargwa
    • Megeb
    • North Dargwa
      • Cudaxar
      • Gapshin-Butrin
      • Kadarskij
      • Muirin
        • Dejbuk
        • Xarbuk
      • Nuclear North Dargwa
        • Aqusha-Uraxi
          • Akusha
          • Uraxa
        • Mugin
        • Murego-Gubden
        • Upper Mulebki
  • South Dargwa
    • Kajtak
    • Southwestern Dargwa
      • Amuzgu-Shiri
      • Sanzhi-Icari
        • Icari
        • Sanzhi
      • Sirhwa-Tanty
      • Upper-Vurqri
        • Amux
        • Khuduts
        • Qunqi

Phonology

The following chart is a collective phoneme inventory of all Dargin languages.

1. Present in the literary standard of Dargwa, but not some other dialects.
2. Present in some dialects, but not the literary standard.

The source is rather ambiguous in its using the term "laryngeal" for a presumed column of consonants that includes both a "voiced" and a "glottalized" plosive. A voiced glottal plosive cannot be made, because the glottis needs to be closed, and an ejective consonant requires an additional closure further up the vocal tract. Pending clarification, this row has been transcribed here as an epiglottal column and a glottal stop, both found in many other East Caucasian languages.

References

1. Том 5. «Национальный состав и владение языками». Таблица 7. Население наиболее многочисленных национальностей по родному языку
2. ^ Коряков, Юрий (2021). "Даргинские языки и их классификация" [Dargwa languages and their classification]. In Майсак, Т. А.; Сумбатова, Н. Р.; Тестелец, Я. Г. (eds.). Дурхъаси Хазна. Сборник Статей К 60-Летию Р. О. Муталова / Ред. Т. А. Майсак, Н. Р. Сумбатова, Я. Г. Тестелец. М.: Буки Веди Дурхъаси хазна. Сборник статей к 60-летию Р. О. Муталова (in Russian). Буки Веди. pp. 139–154. ISBN 978-5-6045633-5-9.
3. Malyshev, Vladislav; Malysheva, Viktoria; Gutz, Angelina; Novaya, Irina; Panina, Anastasia; Yurkova, Alyona; Clifton, John M.; Tiessen, Calvin (2019). The Sociolinguistic Situation of the Dargwa in Dagestan (PDF). SIL International.
4. "Languages". DOBES. Retrieved 2024-08-22.
5. Korâkov, Û B. (2006). Atlas kavkaskich âzykov: s priloženiem polnogo reestra âzykov. Institut âzykoznaniâ. Moskva: Piligrim. ISBN 978-5-9900772-1-8.
6. Муталов, Расул Османович (2021-03-07). "КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ ДАРГИНСКИХ ЯЗЫКОВ И ДИАЛЕКТОВ". Sociolingvistika. 3 (7): 8–25. doi:10.37892/2713-2951-3-7-8-25. ISSN 2713-2951.
7. "Glottolog 5.0 - Dargwic". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
8. Коряков, Ю. Б. "Лексикостатистическая классификация даргинских языков" (PDF). На основе доклада на московском семинаре по нахско-дагестанским языкам под руководством Н. Р. Сумбатовой, 30.10.2012.

v t e North Caucasian languages
The proposed North Caucasian language family comprises the Northeast and Northwest Caucasian language families.
Northwest (Pontic)	Abazgi Abaza Abkhaz Circassian Adyghe Abzakh Bzhedug Hakuchi Hatuqwai Natukhaj Shapsug Kabardian Besleney Hattic (proposed) Ubykh
Northeast (Caspian)	Avar–Andic Andic Andi Akhvakh Bagvalal–Tindi Botlix–Godoberi Chamalal Karata-Tukita [ru] Avar Dargic Chirag North-Central Mehweb Gapshima Muira [ru] Tsudaqar–Usisha–Butri North Dargwa [ru] Aqusha [ru] Literary Dargwa Murego–Gubden [uk] Kadar Mugi [ru] Upper Mulebki Urakhi Southern Ashti [ru]–Kubachi Sanzhi–Itsari Amuzgi–Shiri Sanakari–Chakhrizhi Southwestern Dargwa Sirhwa [lez; uk] Tanti Upper Vurqni Kaitag–Shari Kaitag Shari Tsezic Bezhta–Hunzib–Khwarshi Inkhoqwari Hinukh–Tsez Lezgic Archi Samur Eastern Aghul Lezgian Tabasaran Udi Caucasian Albanian Southern Budukh Kryts Western Rutul Tsakhur Nakh Bats Vainakh Chechen Aukh Ingush Other Khinalug Lak
Italics indicate extinct languages

v t e Languages of the Caucasus
Caucasian (areal)	South (Kartvelian) Karto-Zan Georgian Judaeo-Georgian Old Georgian Zan Laz Mingrelian Svan Northeast (Caspian) Avar–Andic Andic Andi Akhvakh Bagvalal–Tindi Botlikh–Godoberi Chamalal Karata Avar Dargin Chirag North-Central Mehweb Gapshima Muira [ru] Tsudaqar–Usisha–Butri Northern Dargwa [ru] Aqusha [ru] Literary Dargwa Murego–Gubden [uk] Kadar Mugi [ru] Upper Mulebki Urakhi Southern Ashti [ru]–Kubachi Sanzhi–Itsari Amuzgi–Shiri Sanakari–Chakhrizhi Southwestern Dargwa Sirhwa [lez; uk] Tanti Upper Vurqni Kaitag–Shari Kaitag Shari Lezgic Archi Samur Eastern Aghul Lezgin Tabasaran Southern Budukh Kryts Jek Western Rutul Tsakhur Udi Nakh Bats Vainakh Chechen Aukh Ingush Tsezic (Didoic) Bezhta–Hunzib–Khwarshi Hinukh–Tsez Others Khinalug Lak Northwest (Pontic) Abazgi Abaza Abkhaz Circassian Adyghe Kabardian Ubykh
Indo- European	Iranian Kurdish Kurmanji Ossetian Persian Talysh Kilit Tat Judeo-Tat Slavic Russian Ukrainian Others Armenian Eastern Western German Pontic Greek
Turkic	Kipchak Karachay-Balkar Kumyk Nogai Urum Oghuz Azerbaijani Turkish Turkmen
Others	Kalmyk Oirat Lomavren Northeastern Neo-Aramaic Assyrian Bohtan Shirvani Arabic
Italics indicate extinct languages Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left. See also Languages of Armenia Languages of Azerbaijan Languages of Georgia Languages of Russia

• v
• t
• e

• Languages of the Caucasus
• Northeast Caucasian languages
• Caucasian language stubs