Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991

Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991
Citations

Long title	An Act to amend the Arms Export Control Act to authorize the President to transfer battle tanks, artillery pieces, and armored combat vehicles to member countries of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in conjunction with implementation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe.
Nicknames	Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty Implementation Act of 1991
Enacted by	the 102nd United States Congress
Effective	12 December 1991
Public law	102-228
Statutes at Large	105 Stat. 1691
Codification
Titles amended	22 U.S.C.: Foreign Relations and Intercourse
U.S.C. sections created	22 U.S.C. ch. 39, subch. IX §§ 2799, 2799a, 2799b, 2799c, 2799d
U.S.C. sections amended	22 U.S.C. ch. 35, subch. I § 2551 22 U.S.C. ch. 35, subch. V § 2595 et seq. 22 U.S.C. ch. 39, subch. I § 2751
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 3807 by Dante Fascell (D–FL) on November 19, 1991 Committee consideration by House Foreign Affairs Passed the House on November 19, 1991 (agreed voice vote) Passed the Senate on November 25, 1991 (passed voice vote) with amendment House agreed to Senate amendment on November 27, 1991 (agreed voice vote) Signed into law by President George H. W. Bush on December 12, 1991

Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991, 22 U.S.C. § 2551, was chartered to amend the Arms Export Control Act enacting the transfer of Soviet military armaments and ordnances to NATO marking the conclusion of the Cold War. The Act sanctions the Soviet nuclear arsenal displacement shall be in conjunction with the implementation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. It funds the Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction program.

The United States legislation was passed by the 102nd Congress and enacted by U.S. President George H. W. Bush on 12 December 1991.

Provisions of the Act

The Act was penned as four titles with the principal titles as Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty Implementation Act of 1991 and Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991.

Title I : Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty Implementation Act of 1991

Authority to transfer certain Conventional Forces in Europe treaty-limited equipment to NATO members

Chapter 9 Transfer of Certain CFE Treaty-Limited Equipment to NATO Members

Purpose of this chapter is to authorize the President to support, consistent with the CFE Treaty, a NATO equipment transfer program that will —

(1) Enhance NATO's forces

(2) Increase NATO standardization and interoperability

(3) Better distribute defense burdens within the NATO alliance

President may transfer to any NATO/Conventional Forces in Europe country, in accordance with NATO plans, defense articles —

(1) Battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles, or artillery included within the CFE Treaty's definition of conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty

(2) As of the date of signature of the CFE Treaty, in the stocks of the Department of Defense and located in the CFE Treaty's area of application

(3) President determines military articles are not needed by United States military forces within the CFE Treaty's area of application

Notifications and Reports To Congress

(a) Not less than fifteen days before transferring any defense articles, the President shall notify the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relation of the Senate in accordance with the procedures applicable to reprogramming notifications pursuant to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.

(b) Not later than February 1 each year, the President shall submit to the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate an annual report.

(1) lists all transfers made to each recipient NATO/CFE country by the United States under during the preceding calendar year

(2) describes how those transfers further the purposes described in paragraphs (1) through (3) of the Chapter 9 Transfer of Certain CFE Treaty-Limited Equipment to NATO members

(3) lists, on a country-by-country basis, all transfers to another country of conventional armaments and equipment limited by the CFE Treaty

Title II : Soviet Weapons Destruction

Part A : Short Title

This title cited as the "Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991"

Part B : Findings and Program Authority

(a) Findings

The 102nd U.S. Congress finds —

(1) Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev has requested Western help in dismantling nuclear weapons, and President George H. W. Bush has proposed United States cooperation on the storage, transportation, dismantling, and destruction of Soviet nuclear weapons

(2) The profound changes underway in the Soviet Union pose three types of danger to nuclear safety and stability, as follows:

(A) Ultimate disposition of nuclear weapons among the Soviet Union, its republics, and any successor entities that is not conducive to weapons safety or to international stability

(B) Seizure, theft, sale, or use of nuclear weapons or components

(C) Transfers of weapons, weapons components, or weapons know-how outside of the territory of the Soviet Union, its republics, and any successor entities, that contribute to world-wide nuclear proliferation

(3) It is in the national security interests of the United States

(A) To facilitate on a priority basis the transportation, storage, safeguarding, and destruction of nuclear and other weapons in the Soviet Union, its republics, and any successor entities

(B) To assist in the prevention of weapons proliferation

(b) Exclusions

United States assistance in destroying nuclear and other weapons under this title may not be provided to the Soviet Union, any of its republics, or any successor entity unless the President certifies to the U.S. Congress that the proposed recipient is committed to the following;

(1) Making a substantial investment of its resources for dismantling or destroying such weapons

(2) Forgoing any military modernization program that exceeds legitimate defense requirements and forgoing the replacement of destroyed weapons of mass destruction

(3) Forgoing any use of fissionable and other components of destroyed nuclear weapons in new nuclear weapons

(4) Facilitating United States verification of weapons destruction carried out and complying with all relevant arms control agreements and observing internationally recognized human rights, including the protection of minorities

Authority for Program to Facilitate Soviet Weapons Destruction

(a) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the President, consistent with the findings stated may establish a program as authorized to assist Soviet weapons destruction. Funds for carrying out this program shall be provided as specified in part C.

(b) The program shall be limited to cooperation among the United States, the Soviet Union, its republics, and any successor entities to;

(1) Destroy nuclear weapons, chemical weapons, and other weapons,

(2) Transport, store, disable, and safeguard weapons in connection with their destruction

(3) Establish verifiable safeguards against the proliferation of such weapons. Such cooperation may involve assistance in planning and in resolving technical problems associated with weapons destruction and proliferation. Such cooperation may also involve the funding of critical short-term requirements related to weapons destruction and should, to the extent feasible, draw upon United States technology and United States technicians.

Part C : Administrative and Funding Authorities

Administration of Nuclear Threat Reduction Programs

(a) Funding

(1) Transfer Authority

The President may, to the extent provided in an appropriations Act or joint resolution, transfer to the appropriate defense accounts from amounts appropriated to the Department of Defense for fiscal year 1992 for operation and maintenance or from balances in working capital accounts established, not to exceed $400,000,000 for use in reducing the Soviet military threat.

(2) Limitation

Amounts for transfers may not be derived from amounts appropriated for any activity of the Department of Defense that the Secretary of Defense determines essential for the readiness of the Armed Forces, including amounts for;

(A) Training activities

(B) Depot maintenance activities

Part D : Reporting Requirements

Prior Notice of Obligations to U.S. Congress

Not less than fifteen days before obligating any funds for a program, the President shall transmit to the U.S. Congress a report on the proposed obligation. Each report shall specify;

(1) The account, budget activity, and particular program or programs from which the funds proposed to be obligated are to be derived and the amount of the proposed obligation

(2) The activities and forms of assistance for which the President plans to obligate such funds

Quarterly Reports on Program

Not later than thirty days after the end of each quarter of fiscal years 1992 and 1993, the President shall transmit to the U.S. Congress a report on the activities to reduce the Soviet military threat. Each report shall set forth, for the preceding quarter and cumulatively, the following:

(1) Amounts spent for activities and the purposes for which they were spent

(2) The source of the funds obligated for activities, stated specifically by program

(3) A description of the participation of the Department of Defense, and the participation of any other United States Government department or agency, in such activities

(4) A description of the activities carried out and the forms of assistance provided

(5) Other information as the President considers appropriate to fully inform the U.S. Congress concerning the operation of the program

Title III : Emergency Airlift and Other Support

Authority to Transfer Certain Funds to Provide Emergency Airlift and Other Support

(a) Findings

The 102nd U.S. Congress finds —

(1) Political and economic conditions within the Soviet Union and its republics are unstable and are likely to remain so for the foreseeable future

(2) These conditions could lead to the return of anti-democratic forces in the Soviet Union

(3) That one of the most effective means of preventing such a situation is likely to be the immediate provision of humanitarian assistance

(a) That should this need arise, the United States should have funds readily available to provide for the transport of such assistance to the Soviet Union, its republics, and any successor entities

(b) Authority to transfer certain funds

(1) General

Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary of Defense, at the direction of the President, may during fiscal year 1992, to the extent provided in an appropriations Act or joint resolution, transfer to the appropriate defense accounts sufficient funds, not to exceed $100,000,000 in order to transport, by military or commercial means, food, medical supplies, and other types of humanitarian assistance to the Soviet Union, its republics, or any successor entities with the consent of the relevant republic government or independent successor entity in order to address emergency conditions which may arise in such republic or successor entity, determined by the President. The term "humanitarian assistance" does not include construction equipment, including tractors, scrapers, loaders, graders, bulldozers, dump trucks, generators, and compressors.

Title IV : Arms Control and Disarmament Act

Arms Control and Disarmament Agency

Arms Control and Disarmament Act of 1961 amended as mandated by Title IV : Arms Control and Disarmament Act

Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Revitalization — establish On-Site Inspection Agency to monitor the nuclear tests in pursuant to the Threshold Test Ban Treaty and the Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty and the monitoring of the inspection provisions of additional arms control agreements as the President of the United States may direct.

Subsequent developments

The subsequent developments listed here are a subset of the Belfer Center document entitled "Cooperative Threat Reduction Timeline".

On 21 December 1991, the CIS held a summit in Alma-Ata Kazakhstan, at which Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine signed the Agreement on Joint Measures on Nuclear Weapons, whereby Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus pledge to withdraw all tactical nuclear weapons to Russia by 1 July 1992, and Ukraine and Belarus pledged to eliminate strategic nuclear weapons on their territories by 1994 and to join the international Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) as non-nuclear-weapons states. CIS members agree that Russia should succeed the USSR as permanent member of the UN Security Council.
17 June 1992 Agreement between the United States of America and the Russian Federation Concerning the Safe and Secure Transportation, Storage and Destruction of Weapons and the Prevention of Weapons Proliferation
2 October 1999 Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Russian Federation Regarding Cooperation in the Area of Nuclear Material Physical Protection, Control, and Accounting
23 July 2008 law On the Ratification of the Protocols to the Agreement between the Russian Federation and the United States of America on the Safe and Secure Transportation, Storage and Destruction of Weapons and the Prevention of Weapons Proliferation of 17 June 1992, followed the protocol meeting of 16 June 2006. At the 2006 protocol meeting it was decided to extend the 1999 Agreement for seven years.

References

Bush, George H.W. (12 December 1991). "Statement on Signing the Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty Implementation Act of 1991 - December 12, 1991". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. p. 1603.
^ "Cooperative Threat Reduction Timeline". Russia Matters. 2018.
^ "Dmitry Medvedev signed the federal law On the Ratification of the Protocols to the Agreement between the Russian Federation and the United States of America on the Safe and Secure Transportation, Storage and Destruction of Weapons and the Prevention of Weapons Proliferation of 17 June 1992". kremlin.ru. 23 July 2008.
Strengthening Long-Term Nuclear Security: Protecting Weapon-Usable Material in Russia. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2006. doi:10.17226/11377. ISBN 978-0-309-09705-5.
"AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION REGARDING COOPERATION IN THE AREA OF NUCLEAR MATERIAL PHYSICAL PROTECTION, CONTROL AND ACCOUNTING" (PDF). Stanford University. 2 October 1999.

External links

"Russian Nuclear Weapons : U.S. Implementation of the Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991" (PDF). U.S. GAO ~ T-NSIAD-92-47. U.S. Government Accountability Office. 27 July 1992. OCLC 26339815.
"Weapons of Mass Destruction: Reducing the Threat From the Former Soviet Union" (PDF). U.S. GAO ~ NSIAD-95-7. U.S. Government Accountability Office. 6 October 1994. OCLC 31298462.
"Weapons of Mass Destruction: Observations on U.S. Threat Reduction and Nonproliferation Programs in Russia" (PDF). U.S. GAO ~ GAO-03-526T. U.S. Government Accountability Office. 4 March 2003. OCLC 52915003.
Bush, George H.W. (4 June 1990). "Soviet-United States Joint Statement on Nonproliferation - June 4, 1990". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 768–771.
Whitney, Craig R. (10 December 1991). "Soviet Atom Arms Worry Europeans". New York Times. Maastricht, Netherlands.
Broad, William J. (18 December 1991). "Soviets Say Arms Scuttling Will Take 10 Years". New York Times. Moscow, Russia.
Friedman, Thomas L. (19 December 1991). "U.S. Says 4 Soviet Republics Vow To Carry Out Nuclear-Arms Cuts". New York Times. Kiev, Ukraine.
Broad, William J. (19 December 1991). "Ukraine-Soviet Accord On Weapons Removal". New York Times. Kiev, Ukraine.
Broad, William J. (21 December 1991). "Moscow Begins Withdrawal of Its Nuclear Weapons From Ukraine". New York Times. Kiev, Ukraine.

v t e Nuclear weapons limitation treaties
Treaties	1963 Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1968 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 1969 Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 1974 Threshold Test Ban Treaty 1970s Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 1971 Seabed Arms Control Treaty 1976 Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty 1985 South Pacific Nuclear Weapons Free Zone Treaty 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty 1991 START I 1993 START II 1994 United States – Russia mutual detargeting 1995 Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (not in force) 1996 African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty 1997 START III 2002 Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty 2009 Central Asian Nuclear Weapon Free Zone 2010 New START 2017 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
Related	History of nuclear weapons Timeline of nuclear weapons development Nuclear deterrence Nuclear arms race Nuclear disarmament Nuclear weapons delivery Nuclear weapon design Nuclear ethics Nuclear proliferation Nuclear weapons testing Nuclear warfare
Category:Arms control treaties

United States biological defense program

Organizations

Federal
administrative

DHS	DHS Chemical and Biological Defense Division DHS Office of Health Affairs (National Biosurvelliance Integration Center, BioWatch) National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility National Bioforensic Analysis Center
DNI	National Counterproliferation Center (Advisory Committee on Bioterrorism)
DHHS	Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response Division of Select Agents and Toxins (CDC) National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity
DoD	Assistant SECDEF for NCB Defense Programs Defense Threat Reduction Agency Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System Joint Program Executive Office of Chemical and Biological Defense (JPEO-CBD) National Center for Medical Intelligence

Federal
research

Trans- departmental	National Interagency Confederation for Biological Research (National Interagency Biodefense Campus, Fort Detrick) Integrated National Biodefense Medical Countermeasures Portfolio (DHHS/DoD)
Military	U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Edgewood Chemical Biological Center Dugway Proving Ground
Civilian	Galveston National Laboratory (UTMB/NIAID) Integrated Research Facility (HHS/NIAID) Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (HHS) Homeland Security Research Program (EPA/DHS) Plum Island Animal Disease Center (USDA) Foreign Disease Weed Science Research Unit (USDA)

Response

Local	Local Health Departments
State	State Health Departments Nebraska Biocontainment Patient Care Unit
Federal	National Medical Response Team/National Pharmacy Response Team (NDMS, HHS) Chemical Biological Incident Response Force (USMC) Epidemic Intelligence Service (CDC) Aeromedical Biological Containment System (CDC) Bioterror Rapid Response and Advanced Technology Laboratory (CDC)

Non-
governmental

Academic centers
and think tanks

Government
contractors

Programs
and projects

Threat reduction	Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program, implemented the Defense Threat Reduction Agency and Biological Threat Reduction (DoD) plus Project Bacchus Project Clear Vision Project Jefferson
Biosurveillance	National Biosurveillance Strategy Laboratory Response Network (CDC) BioWatch (EPA, CDC) Global Bio-Surveillance Technology Initiative (GBTI), Bio-Surveillance Management Office (BMO) (part of JPEO-CBD) ESSENCE (DoD) RODS (Civilian)
Biosecurity/Biosurety	Select Agent Program (CDC) Personnel Reliability Program (DoD)
Medical intelligence	National Intelligence Assessments on Infectious Diseases
Disaster response	National Response Framework of the National Strategy for Homeland Security (DHS; including NIMS and ICS) National Disaster Medical System (DHHS) Strategic National Stockpile (CDC, DHS)

Technology
and equipment

Protection	MOPP NBC suit Respirators
Detection	Cell CANARY Biological Materials MASINT Autonomous Pathogen Detection System Joint Biological Agent Identification and Diagnostic System (JBAIDS)
Biocontainment	Biosafety level Biosafety cabinet Positive pressure personnel suit

Law

Treaties

Geneva Protocol (1925, 1975)
Statement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs (1969)
Biological Weapons Convention (1972)

Legislation

International
representation

History

Past biological incidents	1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack 1989 California medfly attack 2001 anthrax attacks Wood Green ricin plot (2002) 2003 ricin letters 2013 ricin letters
Defunct organizations and programs	United States Army Medical Unit United States biological weapons program Sunshine Project Aeromedical Isolation Team (DoD)

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