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The Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert (Spanish: Misiones jesuíticas en el desierto de Sonora) are a series of Jesuit Catholic religious outposts established by the Spanish Catholic Jesuits and other orders for religious conversions of the Pima and Tohono O'odham indigenous peoples residing in the Sonoran Desert. An added goal was giving Spain a colonial presence in their frontier territory of the Sonora y Sinaloa Province in the Viceroyalty of New Spain, and relocating by Indian Reductions (Reducciones de Indios) settlements and encomiendas for agricultural, ranching, and mining labor.
Geography and history
The missions are in an area of the Sonoran Desert, then called "Pimería Alta de Sonora y Sinaloa" (Upper Pima of Sonora and Sinaloa), now divided between the Mexican state of Sonora and the U.S. state of Arizona. Jesuits in missions in Northwestern Mexico wrote reports that throw light on the indigenous peoples they evangelized. A 1601 report, Relación de la Provincia de Nuestra Señora de Sinaloa was published in 1945. An important Jesuit report concerned the resistance in 1691 of the Tarahumara to evangelization, Historia de la tercera rebelión tarahumara. Another important Jesuit account of evangelization in Sonora is Estado y descripción de Sonora, 1730, which has considerable information about the size of the indigenous population, culture, and languages.
In the Spring of 1687, Jesuit missionary named Father Eusebio Francisco Kino lived and worked with the Native Americans (including the Sobaipuri) in the area called the "Pimería Alta," or "Upper Pima Country," which presently is located in northern Sonora and southern Arizona. During Father Eusebio Kino's stay in the Pimería Alta, he founded over twenty missions in eight mission districts.
On February 3, 1768, King Carlos III ordered the expulsion of the Jesuits from Spain and its overseas empire. Despite the order, many Jesuits remained in and around the present day Tucson, Arizona, as late as the 1780s.
The Jesuit missionaries were subsequently replaced by Franciscans, who divided the existing missions between two institutes: the Colegio de Querétaro and the Province of Santiago de Xalisco.
Missions
Missions were organized hierarchically. Each province contained several missions (cabaceras), which might have dependent visitas. (A particularly successful visita might be promoted to a mission in its own right.) Each mission or visita in turn had subordinate pueblos.
The five provinces of Sonora and Sinaloa were:
- Tarahumara
- Sinaloa
- Ostimuri
- Sonora
- Pimería
As of the Jesuit expulsion in 1767, there were a total of 52 missions in the region: 41 in Sonora proper, and an additional 11 in Sinaloa.
See also
On Spanish Missions in neighboring regions:
- Spanish missions in Arizona (including northern Arizona)
- Spanish missions in Baja California
- Spanish missions in California
- Spanish missions in Chihuahua and Coahuila
- Spanish missions in New Mexico
On general missionary history:
On colonial Spanish American history:
References
- J. Benedict Warren, "An Introductory Survey of Secular Writings in the European Tradition on Colonial Middle America, 1503-1818,entry 107. "Jesuit Missions in Northwestern Mexico" in Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 13, Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources. Howard F. Cline, volume editor. Austin: University of Texas Press 1973, p. 95.
- Relación de la Provincia de Nuestra Señora de Sinaloa, Edmundo O'Gorman, ed. Archivo General de la Nación, Boletín, 16:173-94.
- Tomás de Guadalajara (?), Historian de a tercera rebelión tarahumara. Roberto Ramos, ed. Chihuahua 1950.
- Estado y descripción de Sonora, 1730. Prólogo y notas de Francisco González Cossio. Archivo General de la Nación, Boletin, 16:587-636. map.
- E.J. Burrus, 1965, Kino and the Cartography of Northwestern New Spain. Tucson, AZ: Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society.
- E.J. Burrus, 1971, Kino and Manje: Explorers of Sonora and Arizona. In Sources and Studies for the History of the Americas, Vol. 10. Rome and St. Louis: Jesuit Historical Institute.
- Curiel, Jose De la Torre (9 January 2013). Twilight of the Mission Frontier: Shifting Interethnic Alliances and Social Organization in Sonora, 1768-1855. Stanford University Press. p. xxix. ISBN 978-0-8047-8732-1. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
- ^ Stagg, Albert L. (1 June 1976). The First Bishop of Sonora: Antonio de los Reyes, O.F.M (0 ed.). University of Arizona Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-8165-0549-4.
- "Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Arizpe - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
- ^ Ives, Ronald L. (1948). "The Sonoran Census of 1730". Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia. 59 (4): 319–339. ISSN 0002-7790. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
- ^ Eckhart, George B. (1960). "A Guide to the History of the Missions of Sonora, 1614-1826". Arizona and the West. 2 (2): 165–183. ISSN 0004-1408. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
- "Google Maps". Google Maps. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
- "Ures". Explore Sonora. 2018-02-03. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
- "San Miguel Arcángel · Av. Lafontaine 1, Centro, 84900 Heroica Cdad. de Ures, Son., Mexico". San Miguel Arcángel · Av. Lafontaine 1, Centro, 84900 Heroica Cdad. de Ures, Son., Mexico. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
- Tumacacori, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067; Us, AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact. "Missions - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - "Mission of Our Lady of the Remedies of Banámichi · C. Mártires de 1906 32, 84880 Banámichi, Son., Mexico". Mission of Our Lady of the Remedies of Banámichi · C. Mártires de 1906 32, 84880 Banámichi, Son., Mexico. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
- ^ Eckhart, George B. (1960). "The Seri Indian Missions". Kiva. 25 (3): 37–43. ISSN 0023-1940. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
- Polzer, Charles W. (1991). The Jesuit Missions of Northern Mexico. Taylor & Francis. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-8240-2096-5.
- Hodge, Frederick Webb (1912). Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico: N-Z. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 393. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
- "Iglesia De Nuestra Señora De Loreto · Independencia, 84484 Bacadéhuachi, Son., Mexico". Iglesia De Nuestra Señora De Loreto · Independencia, 84484 Bacadéhuachi, Son., Mexico. Retrieved 2024-09-25.
- Tumacacori, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067; Us, AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact. "Nuestro Padre San Ignacio de Cuquiárachi - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - "Iglesia San Ignacio · 84325 Fronteras, Sonora, Mexico". Iglesia San Ignacio · 84325 Fronteras, Sonora, Mexico. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
- ^ Woodhouse, Murphy (10 April 2019). "Untold Arizona: 50 Years Later, The Memory Of 3 Flooded Sonoran Pueblos Lives On". Fronteras. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
- Tumacacori, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067; Us, AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact. "San Pedro y San Pablo de Tubutama - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - "Saints Peter and Paul Apostles Catholic Church · Centro, 83800 Tubutama, Sonora, Mexico". Saints Peter and Paul Apostles Catholic Church · Centro, 83800 Tubutama, Sonora, Mexico. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
- Tumacacori, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067; Us, AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact. "Nuestro Padre San Francisco de Átil - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - "Missión of Santa Teresa de Átil · Centro, 83820 Atil Municipality, Sonora, Mexico". Missión of Santa Teresa de Átil · Centro, 83820 Atil Municipality, Sonora, Mexico. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
- Tumacacori, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067; Us, AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact. "San Antonio Paduano del Oquitoa - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - "La Purísima Concepción de Caborca - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
- "Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de Caborca · 6 de Abril, Av. B 328, Pueblo Viejo, 83680 Heroica Caborca, Son., Mexico". Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de Caborca · 6 de Abril, Av. B 328, Pueblo Viejo, 83680 Heroica Caborca, Son., Mexico. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
- "Ruins of the San Valentin del Bizani Kino Mission". Explore Sonora. 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
- "NPS Bisanig".
- "Saint Joseph Church · Álvaro Obregón 7, Ímuris Centro, 84120 Imuris, Son., Mexico". Saint Joseph Church · Álvaro Obregón 7, Ímuris Centro, 84120 Imuris, Son., Mexico. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
- Tumacacori, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067; Us, AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact. "San José de Ímuris - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - "NPS San Ignacio".
- "San Ignacio Historic Mission · 84170 San Ignacio, Sonora, Mexico". San Ignacio Historic Mission · 84170 San Ignacio, Sonora, Mexico. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
- Tumacacori, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067; Us, AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact. "Los Santos Reyes de Cucurpe - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - "Las Ruinas de La Misión de los Santos Reyes de Cucurpe · Molino 59, 84660 Cucurpe, Son., Mexico". Las Ruinas de La Misión de los Santos Reyes de Cucurpe · Molino 59, 84660 Cucurpe, Son., Mexico. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
- Tumacacori, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067; Us, AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact. "Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de Cósari - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - "Nuestra Señora de los Remedios de Doagibubig".
- "Cocospera".
- Tumacacori, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 8067; Us, AZ 85640 Phone: 520 377-5060 Contact. "Santa María Suamca - Tumacácori National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - "NPS Lázaro".
- "NPS Bacoancos".
- "NPS Sonoitac".
- Roca, Paul M. (1967). Paths of the Padres Through Sonora: An Illustrated History & Guide to Its Spanish Churches. Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
- "San Xavier Mission Organization site". Archived from the original on 2017-09-12. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
Further reading
- Burrus, E. J., 1965, Kino and the Cartography of Northwestern New Spain. Tucson, AZ: Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society.
- Burrus, E. J., 1971, Kino and Manje: Explorers of Sonora and Arizona. In Sources and Studies for the History of the Americas, Vol. 10. Rome and St. Louis: Jesuit Historical Institute.
- Di Peso, Charles, 1953, The Sobaipuri Indians of the Upper San Pedro River Valley, Southwestern Arizona. Dragoon, AZ: Amerind Foundation Publication No. 6.
- Di Peso, Charles, 1956, The Upper Pima of San Cayetano del Tumacacori: An Archaeohistorical Reconstruction of the Ootam of Pimeria Alta. The Amerind Foundation, Inc. Dragoon, Arizona.
- Karns, H. J., 1954, Luz de Tierra Incognita. Tucson, AZ: Arizona Silhouettes.
- Kessell, John L., 1970, Mission of Sorrow: Jesuit Guevavi and the Pimas, 1691-1767. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
- Masse, W. Bruce, 1981, A Reappraisal of the Protohistoric Sobaipuri Indians of Southeastern Arizona. In The Protohistoric Period in the North American Southwest, A.D. 1450-1700. David R. Wilcox and W. Bruce Masse, editors. Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University Anthropological Research Papers No. 24, pp. 28–56.
- McIntyre, Allan J., 2008, The Tohono O'odham and Pimeria Alta. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing.
- Officer, James E., Mardith Schuetz, and Bernard Fontana (editors), 1996, The Pimeria Alta: Missions & More. Tucson, AZ: The Southwestern Research Center.
- Pickens, Buford L., 1993, The Missions of Northern Sonora, A 1935 Field Documentation. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
- Robinson, William J., 1976, Mission Guevavi: Excavations in the Convento. The Kiva 42(2):135-175.
- Seymour, Deni J., 1989, The Dynamics of Sobaipuri Settlement in the Eastern Pimeria Alta. Journal of the Southwest 31(2):205-222.
- Seymour, Deni J., 1990, Sobaipuri-Pima Settlement Along the Upper San Pedro River: A Thematic Survey Between Fairbank and Aravaipa Canyon. Report for the Bureau of Land Management.
- Seymour, Deni J., 1993, Piman Settlement Survey in the Middle Santa Cruz River Valley, Santa Cruz County, Arizona. Report submitted to Arizona State Parks in fulfillment of survey and planning grant contract requirements.
- Seymour, Deni J., 1993, In Search of the Sobaipuri Pima: Archaeology of the Plain and Subtle. Archaeology in Tucson. Newsletter of the Center for Desert Archaeology. 7(1):1-4.
- Seymour, Deni J., 1997, Finding History in the Archaeological Record: The Upper Piman Settlement of Guevavi. Kiva 62(3):245-260.
- Seymour, Deni J., 2003, Sobaipuri-Pima Occupation in the Upper San Pedro Valley: San Pablo de Quiburi. New Mexico Historical Review 78(2):147-166.
- Seymour, Deni J., 2007, A Syndetic Approach to Identification of the Historic Mission Site of San Cayetano Del Tumacácori. International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 11(3):269-296.
- Seymour, Deni J., 2007, Delicate Diplomacy on a Restless Frontier: Seventeenth-Century Sobaipuri Social And Economic Relations in Northwestern New Spain, Part I. New Mexico Historical Review, 82(4).
- Seymour, Deni J., 2008, Delicate Diplomacy on a Restless Frontier: Seventeenth-Century Sobaipuri Social And Economic Relations in Northwestern New Spain, Part II. New Mexico Historical Review, 83(2).
- Seymour, Deni J., 2008, Father Kino’s 'Neat Little House and Church' at Guevavi. Journal of the Southwest 50(4)(Winter).
External links
- Kino Missions, US National Park Service
- Arizona Education, Kino Missions
- In the Footsteps of a Bold Priest, New York Times
- Bibliography, Kino Missions
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