Misplaced Pages

Botany Bay
Kamay/Gamay, Sting Ray Harbour
Aerial photo of Sydney showing Botany Bay in the foreground. The two protrusions into the bay are runways of Sydney Airport.
Botany Bay
Location	Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Coordinates	33°59′59″S 151°13′59″E / 33.99972°S 151.23306°E / -33.99972; 151.23306
Type	Bay
Primary inflows	Georges River, Cooks River
Primary outflows	Tasman Sea
Catchment area	54.9 km (21.2 sq mi)
Max. length	10 km (6.2 mi)
Surface area	39.6 km (15.3 sq mi)
Average depth	11.4 m (37 ft)
Water volume	440,815,800 m (1.556726×10 cu ft)
Website	NSW Environment & Heritage webpage

Botany Bay (Dharawal: Kamay) is an open oceanic embayment, located in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 13 km (8 mi) south of the Sydney central business district. Its source is the confluence of the Georges River at Taren Point and San Souci as well as the Cooks River at Kyeemagh, which flows 10 km (6 mi) to the east before meeting its mouth at the Tasman Sea, midpoint between the suburbs of La Perouse and Kurnell. The northern headland of the entrance to the bay from the Tasman Sea is Cape Banks, and, on the southern side, the outer headland is Cape Solander, and the inner headland is Sutherland Point.

The total catchment area of the bay is approximately 55 km (21 sq mi). Despite its relative shallowness, the bay now serves as greater metropolitan Sydney's main cargo seaport, located at Port Botany, with facilities managed by Sydney Ports Corporation. Two runways of Sydney Airport extend into the bay, as do some port facilities. Kamay Botany Bay National Park is located on the northern and southern headlands of the bay. The area surrounding the bay is generally managed by Transport for NSW.

The land adjacent to Botany Bay was settled for many thousands of years by the Tharawal and Eora peoples and their associated clans. On 29 April 1770, Botany Bay was the site of James Cook's first landing of HMS Endeavour on the land mass of Australia, after his extensive navigation of New Zealand. Later the British planned Botany Bay as the site for a penal colony. Out of these plans came the first European habitation of Australia at Sydney Cove. Although the penal settlement was almost immediately shifted to Sydney Cove, for some time in Britain transportation to "Botany Bay" was a metonym for transportation to any of the Australian penal settlements.

History

Aboriginal prehistory

Archaeological evidence from the shores of Botany Bay has yielded evidence of an Aboriginal settlement dating back 5,000 years. The Aboriginal people of Sydney were the Eora, the Dharawal and the Dharug people who comprised at least 28 known clans with traditional boundaries. The clans of the Botany Bay area were the Gweagal who occupied the south shore and the Gameygal on the north shore. It is possible that the Bidjigal clan lived between the Cooks River and the Georges River, but the evidence for this is unclear.

Botany Bay is named Kamay in the Dharawal language.

European history and later

Lieutenant James Cook first landed at Kurnell, on the southern banks of Botany Bay, in what is now Silver Beach, on Sunday 29 April 1770, when navigating his way up the east coast of Australia on his ship, HMS Endeavour. Cook's landing marked the beginning of Britain's interest in Australia and in the eventual colonisation of this new "southern continent". Initially the name Stingrays Harbour was used by Cook and other journal keepers on his expedition, for the stingrays they caught. That name was also recorded on an Admiralty chart. Cook's log for 6 May 1770 records "The great quantity of these sort of fish found in this place occasioned my giving it the name of Stingrays Harbour". However, in the journal prepared later from his log, Cook wrote instead: (sic) "The great quantity of plants Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander found in this place occasioned my giving it the name of Botanist Botany Bay". Cape Banks is named after Joseph Banks and Cape Solander after Daniel Solander.

Eighteen years later, Governor Arthur Phillip sailed the armed tender HMS Supply into the bay on 18 January 1788. First contact was made with the local Indigenous people, the Eora, who seemed curious but suspicious of the newcomers. Two days later the remaining ships of the First Fleet arrived to found the planned penal colony. The land was quickly ruled unsuitable for settlement as there was insufficient fresh water; Phillip also believed the swampy foreshores would render any colony unhealthy as the bay was open and unprotected, the water too shallow to allow the ships to anchor close to the shore, and the soil was poor.

The area was studded with enormously strong trees. When the convicts tried to cut them down, their tools broke and the tree trunks had to be blasted out of the ground with gunpowder. The primitive huts built for the officers and officials quickly collapsed in rainstorms. Crucially, Phillip worried that his fledgling colony was exposed to attack from Aboriginal peoples or foreign powers. Although his initial instructions were to establish the colony at Botany Bay, he was authorised to establish the colony elsewhere if necessary. As such, Phillip decided instead to move to the excellent natural harbour of Port Jackson to the north.

On the morning of 24 January, the French exploratory expedition of Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse was seen outside Botany Bay. On 26 January, the Supply left the bay to move up to Port Jackson and anchor in Sydney Cove. On the afternoon of 26 January, the remaining ships of First Fleet arrived at Sydney Cove. In 1789, Captain John Hunter surveyed Botany Bay after returning from the Cape of Good Hope, trading for grain. The good supply of fresh water in the area led to the expansion of its population in the 19th century.

The western shore of Botany Bay remained in its virgin state for almost fifty years after the initial settlement of Sydney Town. Land access to the area was difficult until a route from the west was established via Canterbury. As this route developed it became known as Illawarra Road, which is still one of the main access routes to the south-eastern suburbs of Sydney. The land nearer to this crossing of Cooks River was cleared and settled quite early in the infancy of the new colony.

Landmarks

Sydney Airport, Australia's busiest airport, sits on the northwestern side of Botany Bay. Some of its runways go out into the bay. After World War II the mouth of the Cooks River was moved two kilometres west to make way for the airport extension. Land was reclaimed from the bay to extend its first north–south runway and to build a second, parallel, runway.

The first container terminal at Port Botany, east of the airport, was completed during the 1970s and is the largest container terminal in Sydney. A second container terminal was completed during the 1980s and bulk liquid storage facilities are located on the northern and southern edge of the bay. A third container terminal was completed in 2011.

The land around the headlands of the bay is protected by the NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service as Kamay Botany Bay National Park. On the northern side of the mouth of the bay is the historic site of La Perouse, and to the south is Kurnell. Despite its relative isolation, the southern shore of the bay is dominated by an unusual mixture of pristine national park and heavy industrial use that includes Sydney Desalination Plant, the Caltex Fuel Terminal, sewer treatment, and historical sand mining facilities. On the southern side of the bay a section of water has been fenced off under the authority of the NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service at Towra Point for environmental conservation purposes.

The western shores of the bay feature many popular swimming beaches including Lady Robinsons Beach and are highly urbanised.

There are also a lot of bunkers around Botany Bay. The bunkers were built by the military during World War II and still remain.

Marine life

Botany Bay has a diverse marine population, and the area around its entrance is a popular area for scuba diving. In 2008, the Botany Bay Watch Project began with volunteers assisting to monitor and protect the Bay Catchment and its unique marine life.

The world's largest population of weedy sea dragon ever surveyed is found at the 'Steps' dive site, on the Kurnell side of the Botany Bay National Park. Weedy sea dragons are just one of hundreds of territorial marine creatures found within Botany Bay. The eastern blue groper is the state fish of New South Wales; it is very tame and is commonly found following divers along the shoreline of Botany Bay.

In popular culture

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

• Despite the move to Sydney Cove, for many years the Australian penal colony would be referred to as "Botany Bay" in England, and in ballads such as "The Fields of Athenry," by Irish songwriter Pete St. John.
• A song named "Botany Bay" has been performed as a folk and music hall song since the 1890s, based on older tunes. It also refers to the penal colony.
• A song entitled "The Shores of Botany Bay" was written by Brian Warfield and recorded by The Wolfe Tones in the early 1970s. This satirical song deals with a group of Irishmen volunteering for the transportation process in the hopes of finding wealth in Australia.
• A song titled "Bound for Botany Bay" is featured on Irish singer-songwriter and guitarist John Doyle's album Shadow and Light.
• In the 1941 historical novel Botany Bay by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall, the protagonist, after various adventures and misadventures in England, gets transported to Botany Bay. A movie based on the book starring Alan Ladd and James Mason was shot in 1953.
• The song "Jim Jones at Botany Bay" (aka "Jim Jones") is about a prisoner who is going to Botany Bay. The song has been recorded several times, including a well-known version by Bob Dylan, and sung by Jennifer Jason Leigh in The Hateful Eight.
• SS Botany Bay was the name of the spaceship on which Khan Noonien Singh and his followers escaped from Earth in the "Space Seed" episode of Star Trek: The Original Series, and Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan.
• In the play and musical Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, Benjamin Barker, the man who would become Sweeney Todd, was transported to Botany Bay for life on a false charge by Judge Turpin.
• In the MMORPG Runescape, Botany Bay is the name of a location in-game where players can view other players' accounts being penalized for using "bots", computer macros, to cheat.
• The 2015 7-part British TV series Banished was a dramatisation of the first few weeks of the penal colony.

Gallery

• The mouth of Botany Bay as it meets the Tasman Sea, as viewed from the air, above Kurnell
• The mouth of Botany Bay from the air
• Botany Bay, view from Kurnell
• Black-eyed Sue and Sweet Poll of Plymouth, England, mourning their lovers who are soon to be transported to Botany Bay, 1792
• Bicentennial Monument at Brighton-Le-Sands
• Sydney Airport runway near Botany Bay beach
• Sydney CBD skyline viewed from Botany Bay

Notes

1. The strikethrough is in the Cook's original, reflecting a change of mind sometime after leaving the Bay in 1770.

References

Citations

1. "Settling on a name". National Museum of Australia. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
2. ^ Roy, P. S.; Williams, R. J.; Jones, A. R.; Yassini, I.; et al. (2001). "Structure and Function of South-east Australian Estuaries". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 53 (3): 351–384. Bibcode:2001ECSS...53..351R. doi:10.1006/ecss.2001.0796.
3. Lawrence, Joan (1996). St. George Pictorial Memories: Rockdale, Kogarah, Hurstville. Crows Nest, NSW: Kingsclear Books. p. 3. ISBN 0-908272-45-6.
4. Attenbrow, Val (2010). Sydney's Aboriginal Past, investigating the archaeological and historical records (2nd ed.). Sydney: UNSW Press. pp. 22–27. ISBN 9781742231167.
5. "Meeting at Kamay". Teaching Resources. NSW Government (Department of Education). Retrieved 11 March 2021.
6. "Kamay (Botany Bay)". Endeavour Voyage. National Museum of Australia. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
7. Cook, James; Hawkesworth, John (1773). "Entrance of Endeavour River in New South Wales. Botany Bay in New South Wales" (Map). David Rumsey Historical Map Collection. State Library of Queensland. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
8. Wales, Geographical Name Board of New South. "Extract – Geographical Names Board of NSW". gnb.nsw.gov.au. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
9. ^ Beaglehole (ed.) 1968, p. ccix
10. Parker 2009, p.113
11. "Governor Phillip's Instructions 25 April 1787 (UK)". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
12. Governor Phillip to Lord Sydney, 15 May 1788, cited in Britten (ed.) 1978, pp. 121–123
13. "Kurnell Peninsula: a guide to the plants, animals, ecology and landscapes". Sydney Metropolitan Catchment Management Authority. 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
14. "Old & Abandoned Australia Public Group | Facebook". mbasic.facebook.com. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
15. "Botany Bay Watch Project". Botanybaywatch.com.au. Archived from the original on 18 July 2008.
16. "Marine Blue Groper". Botanybaywatch.com.au. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008.
17. "John Doyle : Shadow and Light". ABC Radio National. 30 October 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
18. Schwartz, Larry (15 April 2011). "Blowing in, yet again". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
19. "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet". Sondheim Society. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
20. "Botany Bay". Runescape. Jagex Ltd. 26 September 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
21. Senior, Tom (4 May 2016). "Runescape puts botters on trial in Botany Bay and lets players decide their fate". PC Gamer. Future US, Inc. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
22. Wiseman, Andreas. "Jimmy McGovern's Banished debut BBC First order". Broadcast. Retrieved 16 July 2024.

Works cited

• Beaglehole, J.C., ed. (1968). The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. I:The Voyage of the Endeavour 1768–1771. Cambridge University Press. OCLC 223185477.

Further reading

• Britton, Alex R., ed. (1978). Historical records of New South Wales. Vol. 1, part 2. Phillip, 1783–1792. Lansdown Slattery & Co. p. 56. OCLC 219911274.
• Forster, George (2008). Allgemeines historisches Taschenbuch, oder, Abriss der merkwuridgsten neuen Welt Begebenheiten enthaltend fur 1787 [Neuholland und die brittische Colonie in Botany-Bay/New Holland and the British colony at Botany Bay] (in German). Robert J. King, translator. Canberra: National Library of Australia.
• The History of Botany-Bay . Falkirk: T. Johnston. 1798.
• Tench, Watkin (2006). Anacharsis (ed.). Le texte fondateur de l'Australie, récit de voyage d'un capitaine de la First Fleet durant l'Expédition à Botany Bay (in French). preface by Merle, d'Isabelle. Anacharsis. p. 320. ISBN 2-914777-30-2. Archived from the original on 25 November 2006. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
• Tench, W., A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany-Bay (1788)

External links

• "Georges River catchment" (map). Office of Environment and Heritage. Government of New South Wales.
• NSW Environment & Heritage webpage
• Irish Examiner article concerning penal colony
• Joanne Sippel (2013). "Booralee fishing town". Dictionary of Sydney. Dictionary of Sydney Trust. Retrieved 6 October 2015.

v t e Australian places named on the First voyage of James Cook in 1770
Victoria	19 April: Point Hicks Ram Head 20: Cape Howe
New South Wales	21 April: Mount Dromedary Batemans Bay 22 April: Pigeon House 25 April: Red Point 28 April: Botany Bay* 6 May: Port Jackson Broken Bay 11 May: Point Stephens Port Stephens Cape Hawke 12 May: The Three Brothers 13 May: Smoky Cape 15 May: Solitary Isles Cape Byron 16 May: Mount Warning
Queensland	16 May: Point Danger 17 May: Point Lookout Cape Moreton Moreton Bay The Glass Houses 18 May: Double Island Point Wide Bay 19 May: Indian Head Sandy Cape 21 May: Hervey Bay Breaksea Spit 23 May: Bustard Bay* 25 May: Cape Capricorn 26 May: Keppel Isles 27 May: Keppel Bay Cape Manyfold 28 May: Shoalwater Bay Northumberland Isles 31 May: Pier Head 1 June: Long Isle Broad Sound 2 June: Slade Point Cape Hillsborough 3 June: Cape Conway Repulse Bay 4 June: Whitsundays Passage Pentecost Island Cape Gloucester Edgecumbe Bay Cumberland Islands 5 June: Cape Upstart 6 June: Magnetical Island Palm Isles Cleveland Bay 8 June: Halifax Bay Rockingham Bay Dunk Island Hillock Point Double Point 9 June: Frankland Islands Fitzroy Island Cape Grafton 10 June: Green Isle Trinity Bay Cape Tribulation Low Isles 13 June: Hope Islands 14 June – 4 August: Endeavour River Cape Bedford 10 August: Cape Flattery 11 August: Lizard Island* Eagle Island* 19 August: Cape Grenville Forbes Islands Bolt Head 20 August: Bird Isles Sir Charles Hardy Islands 21 August: York Cape 22 August: Possession Island* Prince of Wales' Isles 23 August: Booby Island*
*Places where Cook landed

• Botany Bay
• Bays of New South Wales
• James Cook
• Port cities in New South Wales
• Botany, New South Wales
• Mascot, New South Wales
• Georges River