THEMIS - Misplaced Pages

(Redirected from THEMIS (satellite)) NASA satellite of the Explorer program This article is about NASA satellites. For the 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter camera system, see Thermal Emission Imaging System. For other uses, see Themis (disambiguation). "ARTEMIS" redirects here. For other uses, see ARTEMIS (disambiguation).

THEMIS
Spacecraft properties
Five THEMIS satellites
Names	Explorer 85 - THEMIS-A - THEMIS-P5 - MIDEX-5A * Explorer 86 - THEMIS-B (ARTEMIS-P1) - THEMIS-P1 - MIDEX-5B * Explorer 87 - THEMIS-C (ARTEMIS-P2) - THEMIS-P2 - MIDEX-5C * Explorer 88 - THEMIS-D - THEMIS-P3 - MIDEX-5D * Explorer 89 - THEMIS-E - THEMIS-P4 - MIDEX-5E

Mission type	Magnetospheric research
Operator	NASA
COSPAR ID	2007-004 (A, B, C, D, E)
SATCAT no.	30580, 30581, 30582, 30583, 30584
Website	http://themis.igpp.ucla.edu/
Mission duration	Planned: 2 years Elapsed: 17 years, 10 months and 12 days


Spacecraft	Explorer LXXXV
Spacecraft type	Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms
Bus	THEMIS
Manufacturer	Swales Aerospace
Launch mass	126 kg (each)
Power	37 watts (each)


Start of mission
Launch date	17 February 2007, 23:01:00 UTC
Rocket	Delta II 7925-10C (Delta 323)
Launch site	Cape Canaveral, SLC-17B
Contractor	Boeing Defense, Space & Security
Entered service	4 December 2007


Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric orbit
Regime	Highly Elliptical Orbit
Perigee altitude	470 km (290 mi)
Apogee altitude	87,330 km (54,260 mi)
Inclination	16.00°
Period	1870.00 minutes

Instruments
Electric Field Instruments (EFI) Electrostatic Analyzer (ESA) Fluxgate magnetometer (FGM) Search-coil magnetometer (SCM) Solid State Telescope (SST)
THEMIS mission patch Explorer program← Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory (Explorer 84)AIM (Explorer 90) →

Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) mission began in February 2007 as a constellation of five NASA satellites (THEMIS-A through THEMIS-E) to study energy releases from Earth's magnetosphere known as substorms, magnetic phenomena that intensify auroras near Earth's poles. The name of the mission is an acronym alluding to the Titan Themis.

Three of the satellites orbit the Earth within the magnetosphere, while two have been moved into orbit around the Moon. Those two were renamed ARTEMIS for Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun. THEMIS-B became ARTEMIS-P1 and THEMIS-C became ARTEMIS-P2. ARTEMIS-P1 and -P2 together comprise the THEMIS-ARTEMIS mission.

The THEMIS satellites were launched 17 February 2007 from SLC-17B aboard a Delta II launch vehicle. Each satellite carries five identical instruments, including a fluxgate magnetometer (FGM), an electrostatic analyzer (ESA), a solid state telescope (SST), a search-coil magnetometer (SCM) and an electric field instrument (EFI). Each probe has a mass of 126 kg (278 lb), including 49 kg (108 lb) of hydrazine fuel.

THEMIS data can be accessed using the SPEDAS software. Canada, Austria, Germany, and France also contributed to the mission.

Spacecraft

Swales Aerospace, now part of Orbital ATK which is now part of Northrop Grumman, Beltsville, Maryland, manufactured all five probes for this mission. Each was built-up and tested at the Beltsville facility, before being delivered to University of California, Berkeley for instrument integration. Swales was responsible for integrating the BAU, IRU, Solar arrays, antenna, battery, and other components necessary for functionality. This was the second major satellite built by Swales, the first being the Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) spacecraft, which continues to orbit Earth. Swales was also responsible for designing and building the Electrical Ground Support Equipment (EGSE) used for monitoring the probes during all phases of pre-launch activities, including use at the launch site.

Testing

After the installation of instruments at SSL, Berkeley, pre-launch testing including thermal-vacuum, vibration and acoustic tests, was conducted at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.

Launch

THEMIS was originally scheduled to launch on 19 October 2006. Owing to delays caused by workmanship problems with Delta II second stages — an issue that also affected the previous mission, STEREO — the THEMIS launch was delayed to 15 February 2007. Due to weather conditions occurring on 13 February 2007, fueling of the second stage was delayed, and the launch pushed back 24 hours. On 16 February 2007, the launch was scrubbed in a hold at the T-4 minute point in the countdown due to the final weather balloon reporting a red, or no-go condition for upper-level winds. A 24-hour turnaround procedure was initiated, targeting a new launch window between 23:01 and 23:17 UTC on 17 February 2007.

Favorable weather conditions were observed on 17 February 2007, and the countdown proceeded smoothly. THEMIS successfully launched at 23:01:00 UTC. The spacecraft separated from the launch vehicle approximately 73 minutes after liftoff. By 03:07 UTC, on 18 February, mission operators at the Space Sciences Laboratory (SSL) of the University of California, Berkeley, commanded and received signals from all five spacecraft, confirming nominal separation status.

The launch service was provided by the United Launch Alliance through the NASA Launch Services Program (LSP).

FAST

The Fast Auroral SnapshoT Explorer (FAST) mission supported THEMIS in 2008 and 2009 before being retired. FAST was a Small Explorer program (SMEX) mission launched in 1996.

Mission status

From 15 February 2007 until 15 September 2007, the five THEMIS satellites coasted in a string-of-pearls orbital configuration. From 15 September until 4 December 2007, the satellites were moved to more distant orbits in preparation for data collection in the magnetotail. This phase of the mission was called the "Dawn Phase" because the satellites' orbits were in apogee on the dawn side of the magnetosphere. On 4 December 2007, the first tail science phase of the mission began. In this segment of the mission scientists will collect data from the magnetotail of the Earth's magnetosphere. During this phase the satellites' orbits are in apogee inside the magnetotail. The scientists hope to observe substorms and magnetic reconnection events. During these events charged particles stored in the Earth's magnetosphere are discharged to form the aurora borealis. Tail science is performed in the winter of the northern hemisphere because the ground magnetometers that Themis scientists correlate the satellite data with have relatively longer periods of night. During the night, observations are not interrupted by charged particles from the Sun.

In 2007, THEMIS "found evidence of magnetic ropes connecting Earth's upper atmosphere directly to the Sun", reconfirming the theory of solar-terrestrial electrical interaction (via "Birkeland currents" or "field-aligned currents") proposed by Kristian Birkeland circa 1908. NASA also likened the interaction to a "30 kiloVolt battery in space", noting the "flux rope pumps 650,000 Ampere current into the Arctic!"

On 26 February 2008, THEMIS probes were able to determine, for the first time, the triggering event for the onset of magnetospheric substorms. Two of the five probes, positioned approximately one third the distance to the Moon, measured events suggesting a magnetic reconnection event 96 seconds prior to Auroral intensification. Vassilis Angelopoulos of the University of California, Los Angeles, who is the principal investigator for the THEMIS mission, claimed, "Our data show clearly and for the first time that magnetic reconnection is the trigger".

THEMIS images and multimedia

THEMIS in orbit.
THEMIS discovered a flux rope pumping a 650,000 Amp current into the Arctic.
THEMIS discovered that Earth's magnetic field often develops two holes that allow leaks of solar particles.
This illustration depicts the individual orbits of NASA's THEMIS spacecraft.

Extended mission

On 19 May 2008, the Space Sciences Laboratory (SSL) at University of California, Berkeley announced NASA had extended the THEMIS mission to the year 2012. NASA officially approved the movement of THEMIS-B and THEMIS-C into lunar orbit under the mission name "ARTEMIS" (Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun), which was revised to "THEMIS-ARTEMIS" in 2019. In February 2017, THEMIS celebrated ten years of science operations. As of August 2017, the three THEMIS inner probes continue to collect valuable data on the Sun's interaction with the Earth's magnetosphere.

ARTEMIS

Not to be confused with Artemis program, a NASA attempt to return humans to the Moon by 2025, or the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service satellite ARTEMIS.. "ARTEMIS" redirects here. For other topics, see Artemis (disambiguation).

In early 2010, ARTEMIS-P1 (THEMIS-B) performed two lunar flybys and one Earth flyby, and approached insertion into a Lissajous orbit around a lunar Lagrange point. Lunar orbit insertion was targeted for April 2011. ARTEMIS-P2 (THEMIS-C) completed a lunar flyby and was on the inbound leg of the first of three deep space excursions on its way to a Lissajous orbit and was targeted for lunar orbit in April 2011.

On 22 June 2011, ARTEMIS-P1 began firing its thrusters to move out of its kidney-shaped libration orbit on one side of the Moon, where it had been since January 2011. On 2 July 2011 at 16:30 UTC, ARTEMIS-P1 entered lunar orbit. The second spacecraft, ARTEMIS-P2, moved into lunar orbit on 17 July 2011. Along the way, the two spacecraft were the first to achieve orbit around the Moon's Lagrange points.

As of October 2019, both lunar probes are in stable orbits, and are expected to remain operational for a long time.

Animation of THEMIS-B

Geocentric orbit phase

Trans-lunar injection phase

Lissajous orbit phase

Selenocentric orbit phase THEMIS-B · Earth · Moon

Instruments

Aboard the spacecraft

Digital Fields Board (DFB): uses a Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) to perform configurable on-board band pass processing and Fast Fourier transform (FFT) on instrument data
Electric Field Instruments (EFI): is designed and built to sense the electric field in Earth's ever-changing magnetosphere
Electrostatic Analyzer (ESA): measures thermal electrons and ions to identify and track high-speed flows through the magnetotail and identify pressure pulses
Fluxgate magnetometer (FGM): measures the background magnetic field to identify and time the abrupt reconfigurations of the magnetosphere during substorm onset, contributed by the German Aerospace Center and the Austrian Space Agency
Instrument Data Processing Unit (IDPU): houses most of the electronics for the instruments on the THEMIS spacecraft
Search-coil magnetometer (SCM): measures low frequency magnetic field fluctuations and waves in three directions in Earth's magnetosphere, built by the Centre d'étude des Environnements Terrestres et Planétaire (CETP) and Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS)
Solid State Telescope (SST): measures energetic particle distribution functions

Ground based

As the satellites monitor the magnetosphere from orbit, twenty ground stations in North America simultaneously monitor auroras. Ground station mission and science operations are being managed by the University of California's Space Sciences Laboratory.

Ground-Based All-Sky Imager (ASI) Array: ground-based All-Sky Imager (ASI) array observes the aurora over the Northern American continent from Canada to Alaska in order to determine where and when the auroral substorm onset occurs.
Ground-Based Magnetometer (GMAG) Array: GMAG Measures changes in Earth's magnetic field near Earth's surface due to substorm onset to help determine the timing of substorm events.

Research results

The THEMIS instruments have been used to track whistler-mode chorus waves during can persist in periods of low geomagnetic activity.

Lists of relevant topics

Other relevant spacecraft

Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE), launched in 1997, still operational.
Cassini–Huygens
Cluster
Double Star launched on Cluster.
Helios
MESSENGER (MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry and Ranging), launched in 2004, impacted on Mercury on 30 April 2015.
Van Allen Probes
Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), launched in 2010, still operational.
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), launched in 1995, still operational.
Solar Maximum Mission (SMM), launched in 1980, decommissioned 1989.
Solar Orbiter (SOLO), launched in 2020.
Parker Solar Probe, launched in 2018.
STEREO (Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory), launched in 2006, still operational.
Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE), launched in 1998, decommissioned 2010.
Ulysses, launched in 1990, decommissioned 2009.
WIND, launched in 1994, still operational.
ELFIN (Electron Losses and Fields INvestigation), launched in 2018.

References

"ARTEMIS (THEMIS)". NASA's Solar System Exploration website. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
"Trajectory: THEMIS-A (Explorer 85) 2007-004A". NASA. 28 October 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ "THEMIS (Explorer 85)". NASA. 28 October 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Phillips, Tony. "Dead Spacecraft Walking". ARTEMIS mission site. NASA. Archived from the original on 18 September 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2011. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Johnson-Groh, Mara (7 October 2019). "Artemis, meet ARTEMIS: Pursuing Sun Science at the Moon". NASA. Retrieved 10 October 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Justin Ray (18 February 2007). "Mission Status Center: THEMIS". SpaceFlight Now. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
"SPACEWARN Bulletin, No. 640". NASA. 1 March 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2009. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ FAST EPO News
Space Sciences Laboratory (2009). "Themis Orbits". UC Berkeley. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
Cynthia O'Carroll (11 December 2007). "NASA Spacecraft Make New Discoveries About Northern Lights". Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
Tony Phillips (20 March 2008). "Spring is Aurora Season". NASA. Archived from the original on 25 September 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
Cynthia O'Carroll (7 December 2007). "Multimedia for the Press Event for THEMIS". Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from the original on 1 October 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
Laura Layton (24 July 2008). "THEMIS Satellites Discover What Triggers Eruptions of the Northern Lights". NASA. Retrieved 2 December 2009. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Vassilis Angelopoulos; et al. (15 August 2008). "Tail Reconnection Triggering Substorm Onset". Science. 321 (5891): 931–935. Bibcode:2008Sci...321..931A. doi:10.1126/science.1160495. PMID 18653845. S2CID 206514133.
Tariq Malik (24 July 2008). "Secret of Colorful Auroras Revealed". Space.com. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
Space Sciences Laboratory. "THEMIS News and Events". UC Berkeley. Archived from the original on 22 June 2010. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
^ Fox, Karen C. (25 March 2015). "First ARTEMIS Spacecraft Successfully Enters Lunar Orbit". The Sun-Earth Connection: Heliophysics. NASA. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Hendrix, Susan (25 March 2015). "Second ARTEMIS Spacecraft Successfully Enters Lunar Orbit". The Sun-Earth Connection: Heliophysics. NASA. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2011. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Broschart, S. B. (2009). Preliminary Trajectory Design for the ARTEMIS Lunar Mission (PDF). AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialists Meeting. 09-382. Pittsburg.
^ "THEMIS - eoPortal Directory - Satellite Missions". earth.esa.int. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
Li, Wen; Thorne, R. M.; Angelopoulos, V.; Bortnik, J.; Cully, C. M.; Ni, B.; LeContel, O.; Roux, A.; Auster, U.; Magnes, W. (7 May 2009). "Global distribution of whistler-mode chorus waves observed on the THEMIS spacecraft". Geophysical Research Letters. 36 (9): L09104. Bibcode:2009GeoRL..36.9104L. doi:10.1029/2009GL037595. S2CID 120391902.
Li, Wen; Bortnik, J.; Thorne, R. M.; Angelopoulos, V. (2011). "Global distribution of wave amplitudes and wave normal angles of chorus waves using THEMIS wave observations". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 116 (A12). Bibcode:2011JGRA..11612205L. doi:10.1029/2011JA017035. ISSN 2156-2202.

External links

NASA THEMIS page
THEMIS mission page (UCB)
THEMIS Mission Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration
Space Ref news release Archived 12 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine
Canadian Ground-based observatory web page
Berkeleyan Launch Coverage
See page 8 in this document for antenna reference
THEMIS email lists Archived 19 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine

Spacecraft missions to the Moon

Exploration
programs

American
- Apollo
- Artemis
- CLPS
- Lunar Orbiter
- Lunar Precursor
- Pioneer
- Ranger
- Surveyor
Chinese
- Chang'e
Indian
- Chandrayaan
Japanese
- Japanese Lunar Exploration Program
South Korean
- Danuri
Russian
- Luna-Glob
Soviet
- Crewed
- Luna
- Lunokhod
- Zond

Active
missions

Orbiters	ARTEMIS CAPSTONE Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter Chang'e 5-T1 (service module) Danuri Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Queqiao 1 (relay satellite at L₂) 2 Tiandu-1 2 ICUBE-Q
Landers	Chang'e 3 4 SLIM
Rovers	Yutu-2
Flybys	ArgoMoon

Past
missions

Crewed landings	Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 (List of Apollo astronauts)
Orbiters	Apollo 8 10 Apollo Lunar Module Artemis I Chang'e 1 2 5 Chandrayaan-1 Chandrayaan-3 (propulsion module) Clementine Explorer 35 49 GRAIL Hiten LADEE Longjiang-2 Luna 10 11 12 14 19 22 Lunar Orbiter 1 2 3 4 5 Lunar Prospector PFS-1 PFS-2 SMART-1 SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna)
Impactors	LCROSS Luna 2 Moon Impact Probe Ranger 4 6 7 8 9
Landers	Apollo Lunar Module ×6 Chang'e 5 6 Luna 9 13 16 17 20 21 23 24 Surveyor 1 3 5 6 7 Vikram (Chandrayaan-3) EagleCam IM-1
Rovers	Lunar Roving Vehicle Apollo 15 16 17 Lunokhod 1 2 Yutu Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2) (Chandrayaan-3) LEV-1 LEV-2 (Sora-Q) Jinchan
Sample return	Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 Luna 16 20 24 Chang'e 5 6
Failed landings	Beresheet Emirates Lunar Mission Hakuto-R M1 Luna 5 7 8 15 18 25 OMOTENASHI Surveyor 2 4 Vikram (Chandrayaan-2) Peregrine Mission One
Flybys	4M Apollo 13 Chang'e 5-T1 Geotail Galileo ICE Longjiang-1 Luna 1 3 4 6 LunaH-Map Lunar Flashlight Lunar IceCube LunIR Mariner 10 NEA Scout Nozomi Pioneer 4 Ranger 5 STEREO TESS WMAP Wind Zond 3 5 6 7 8 PAS-22

Planned
missions

Artemis	Artemis II (2025) Lunar Gateway Artemis III (2026) Artemis IV (2028) Artemis V (2030) Artemis VI (2031) Artemis VII (2032) Artemis VIII (2033)
CLPS	Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost (2024) IM-2 (2025) Lunar Trailblazer
Luna-Glob	Luna 26 (2027) Luna 27 (2028) Luna 28 (2030) Luna 29 (2030s) Luna 30 (2030s) Luna 31 (2030s)
CLEP	Chang'e 7 (2026) Chang'e 8 (2028)
Chandrayaan	Chandrayaan-4 (2027) Chandrayaan-5 (LUPEX) (2028)
Others	Hakuto-R M2 (2024) Beresheet 2 (2025) ispace M3 (2026) Lunar Pathfinder (2026) DESTINY (2028) Cislunar Explorers (2020s) CU-E (2020s) MoonRanger (2020s) Argonaut M1 (2031) International Lunar Research Station (2030s)

Proposed
missions

Robotic	ALINA Artemis-7 Blue Moon BOLAS Garatéa-L ISOCHRON LunaNet Lunar Crater Radio Telescope McCandless Moon Diver
Crewed	DSE-Alpha Boeing Lunar Lander Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander Lunar Orbital Station

Cancelled /
concepts

Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in italics.

21st-century space probes

Active space probes
(deep space missions)

Sun	Parker Solar Probe Solar Orbiter Aditya-L1
Moon	ARTEMIS CAPSTONE Chandrayaan-2 Chang'e 3 Chang'e 4 (Yutu-2 rover) Chang'e 5 Danuri Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Queqiao Queqiao 2 Tiandu 1 and 2 Chang'e 6 ICUBE-Q
Mars	Emirates Mars Mission ExoMars TGO Mars Express 2001 Mars Odyssey MAVEN MRO MSL Curiosity rover Tianwen-1 Mars 2020 Perseverance rover
Other planets	BepiColombo Mercury Akatsuki Venus Juno Jupiter Juice Jupiter Europa Clipper Jupiter
Minor planets	Chang'e 2 Hayabusa2 / MINERVA-II Lucy New Horizons OSIRIS-REx Hera Psyche
Interstellar space	Voyager 1 Voyager 2

Completed after 2000
(by termination date)

2000s	2001 NEAR Shoemaker Deep Space 1 2003 Pioneer 10 Galileo Nozomi 2004 Genesis 2005 Huygens 2006 Mars Global Surveyor 2008 Phoenix 2009 Chang'e 1 Ulysses Chandrayaan-1 SELENE LCROSS
2010s	2010 Hayabusa MER Spirit rover 2011 Stardust 2012 GRAIL 2013 Deep Impact 2014 LADEE Venus Express Chang'e 5-T1 2015 MESSENGER PROCYON IKAROS 2016 Rosetta / Philae Yutu rover ExoMars Schiaparelli 2017 LISA Pathfinder Cassini 2018 MASCOT Dawn Longjiang-1 2019 MarCO MER Opportunity rover Beresheet Longjiang-2 Chandrayaan-2 / Pragyan rover
2020s	2020 Chang'e 5 2022 Double Asteroid Redirection Test Mangalyaan InSight 2023 Hakuto-R Mission 1 Luna 25 Chandrayaan-3 / Pragyan rover Zhurong rover 2024 Peregrine Mission One Ingenuity helicopter SLIM IM-1

Explorers Program

List of Explorers Program missions

Missions

1958–1992	Explorer 1 2 3 4 5 S-1 6 (S-2) 7 (S-1A) S-46A 8 S-56 9 (S-56A) S-45 10 11 (S-15) S-45A S-55 12 (EPE-A) 13 (S-55A) 14 (EPE-B) 15 (EPE-C) 16 (S-55B) 17 (AE-A) 18 (IMP-A) 19 (AD-A) S-66A (BE-A) 20 (IE-A) 21 (IMP-B) 22 (BE-B) 23 (S-55C) 24 (AD-B) 25 (Injun 4, IE-B) 26 (EPE-D) 27 (BE-C) 28 (IMP-C) 29 (GEOS-A) 30 (Solrad 8) 31 (DME-A) 32 (AE-B) 33 (IMP-D) 34 (IMP-F) 35 (IMP-E) 36 (GEOS-B) 37 (Solrad 9) 38 (RAE-A) 39 (AD-C) 40 (Injun 5) 41 (IMP-G) 42 (Uhuru, SAS-A) 43 (IMP-I) 44 (Solrad 10) 45 (SSS-A) 46 (MTS) 47 (IMP-H) 48 (SAS-B) 49 (RAE-B) 50 (IMP-J) 51 (AE-C) 52 (Hawkeye 1) 53 (SAS-C) 54 (AE-D) 55 (AE-E) DADE-A DADE-B 56 (ISEE-1) 57 (IUE) 58 (HCMM) 59 (ICE) 60 (SAGE) 61 (Magsat) 62 (DE-1) 63 (DE-2) 64 (SME) 65 (CCE) 66 (COBE) 67 (EUVE)
MIDEX	69 (RXTE) 71 (ACE) 77 (FUSE) 78 (IMAGE) 80 (WMAP) FAME 84 (Swift) 85–89 (THEMIS) 92 (WISE) 95 (TESS) 96 (ICON) SPHEREx MUSE HelioSwarm UVEX
SMEX	68 (SAMPEX) 70 (FAST) 73 (TRACE) 74 (SWAS) 75 (WIRE) 81 (RHESSI) 83 (GALEX) 90 (AIM) 91 (IBEX) 93 (NuSTAR) 94 (IRIS) GEMS 97 (IXPE) PUNCH TRACERS COSI
UNEX/MO/I	HETE-1 72 (SNOE) 76 (TERRIERS) 79 (HETE-2) INTEGRAL 82 (CHIPSat) CINDI Suzaku TWINS Hitomi NICER GOLD XRISM GUSTO AWE SunRISE EZIE CASE

Proposals

Proposals	FINESSE Arcus OHMIC ASTRE EXCEDE ESCAPE

Green titles indicates active current missions
Grey titles indicates cancelled missions
Italics indicate missions yet to launch
Symbol indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned

NASA

Policy and history

History
(creation)

NACA (1915)
National Aeronautics and Space Act (1958)
Space Task Group (1958)
Paine (1986)
Rogers (1986)
Ride (1987)
Space Exploration Initiative (1989)
Augustine (1990)
U.S. National Space Policy (1996)
CFUSAI (2002)
CAIB (2003)
Vision for Space Exploration (2004)
Aldridge (2004)
Augustine (2009)

General

Human spaceflight
programs

Past	X-15 (suborbital) Mercury Gemini Apollo Skylab Apollo–Soyuz (with the Soviet space program) Space Shuttle Shuttle–Mir (with Roscosmos State Corporation) Constellation
Current	International Space Station Commercial Orbital Transportation Services Commercial Crew Orion Artemis Lunar Gateway

Robotic programs

Past	Hitchhiker Mariner Mariner Mark II MESUR Mars Surveyor '98 New Millennium Lunar Orbiter Pioneer Planetary Observer Ranger Surveyor Viking Project Prometheus Mars Exploration Mars Exploration Rover
Current	Living With a Star Lunar Precursor Robotic Program Earth Observing System Great Observatories program Explorers Voyager Discovery New Frontiers Solar Terrestrial Probes Commercial Lunar Payload Services SIMPLEx

Individual featured
missions
(human and robotic)

Past	Apollo 11 COBE Mercury 3 Mercury-Atlas 6 Magellan Pioneer 10 Pioneer 11 Galileo timeline GALEX GRAIL WMAP Space Shuttle Spitzer Space Telescope Sojourner rover Spirit rover LADEE MESSENGER Aquarius Cassini Dawn Kepler space telescope Opportunity rover timeline observed RHESSI InSight Ingenuity helicopter flights
Currently operating	Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 2001 Mars Odyssey New Horizons International Space Station Hubble Space Telescope Swift THEMIS Mars Exploration Rover Curiosity rover timeline GOES 14 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter GOES 15 Van Allen Probes Solar Dynamics Observatory Juno Mars Science Laboratory timeline NuSTAR Voyager 1 Voyager 2 WISE MAVEN MMS OSIRIS-REx Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite Mars 2020 Perseverance rover timeline James Webb Space Telescope timeline PACE Europa Clipper
Future	NISAR Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope DAVINCI VERITAS

Communications
and navigation

NASA lists

NASA images
and artwork

v t e Magnetospherics
Submagnetosphere	Atmospheric circulation Aurora Earth's magnetic field Geosphere Jet stream Polar wind
Earth's magnetosphere	Birkeland current Bow shock Ionosphere Magnetopause Magnetosheath Magnetosphere Magnetosphere chronology Magnetosphere particle motion Plasmasphere Ring current Van Allen radiation belt
Solar wind	Magnetic cloud Coronal mass ejection Solar flare Geomagnetic storm Heliosphere Interplanetary magnetic field Heliospheric current sheet Heliopause Solar particle event Space climate Space weather
Satellites	Full list Arase (2016) Cluster II Double Star Geotail IMAGE MMS (2015) Polar THEMIS Van Allen Probes Wind
Research projects	EISCAT HAARP SHARE Unwin Radar SuperDARN Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility
Other magnetospheres	Hermian Lunar Martian Jovian Ganymedian Saturnian Uranian Neptunian
Related topics	Flux tube Gas torus Lunar swirls Ring systems Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune

v t e ← 2006 Orbital launches in 2007 2008 →
January	Cartosat-2, SRE-1, Lapan-TUBsat, Pehuensat-1 Progress M-59 NSS-8
February	Beidou-1D THEMIS A, THEMIS B, THEMIS C, THEMIS D, THEMIS E IGS Radar 2, IGS Optical 3V
March	ASTRO, CFESat, FalconSAT-3, MidSTAR-1, NEXTSat, STPSat-1 Skynet 5A, INSAT-4B
April	Soyuz TMA-10 Anik F3 Hai Yang 1B Compass-M1 EgyptSat 1, Saudisat-3, SaudiComsat-3, SaudiComsat-4, SaudiComsat-5, SaudiComsat-6, SaudiComsat-7, CP-3, CP-4, CAPE-1, Libertad 1, AeroCube 2, CSTB-1, MAST AGILE, AAM NFIRE AIM
May	Astra 1L, Galaxy 17 Progress M-60 NigComSat-1 Yaogan 2, Zheda PiXing 1 Globalstar 65, Globalstar 69, Globalstar 71, Globalstar 72 Sinosat-3
June	Kosmos 2427 COSMO-1 STS-117 (ITS S3/4) Ofek-7 TerraSAR-X USA-194 Genesis II Kosmos 2428
July	SAR-Lupe 2 Zhongxing 6B DirecTV-10
August	Progress M-61 Phoenix STS-118 (ITS S5, SpaceHab LSM) Spaceway-3, BSAT-3a
September	INSAT-4CR JCSAT-11 Kosmos 2429 Kaguya (Okina, Ouna) Foton-M No.3, YES2 WorldView-1 CBERS-2B Dawn
October	Intelsat 11, Optus D2 Soyuz TMA-11 USA-195 USA-196 Globalstar 66, Globalstar 67, Globalstar 78, Globalstar 70 Kosmos 2430 STS-120 (Harmony) Chang'e 1 Kosmos 2431, Kosmos 2432, Kosmos 2433
November	SAR-Lupe 3, Rubin-7 USA-197 Yaogan 3 Skynet 5B, Star One C1 Sirius 4
December	Globus-1M No.11L COSMO-2 USA-198 Radarsat-2 USA-199 Horizons-2, Rascom-QAF 1 Progress M-62 Kosmos 2434, Kosmos 2435, Kosmos 2436
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ). Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).

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