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TOI-700

TOI-700 planetary system as of 2020 Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
Observation data Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000
Constellation	Dorado
Right ascension	06 28 22.97
Declination	−65° 34′ 43.01″
Apparent magnitude (V)	13.10±0.01
Characteristics
Evolutionary stage	Main sequence
Spectral type	M2V
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)	-4.4±0.1 km/s
Proper motion (μ)	RA: -102.750±0.051 mas/yr Dec.: 161.805±0.060 mas/yr
Parallax (π)	32.0980 ± 0.0211 mas
Distance	101.61 ± 0.07 ly (31.15 ± 0.02 pc)
Details
Mass	0.416 ± 0.010 M☉
Radius	0.420 ± 0.031 R☉
Luminosity	0.0233 ± 0.0011 L☉
Surface gravity (log g)	4.81 ± 0.06 cgs
Temperature	3480 ± 135 K
Metallicity	-0.07 ± 0.11 dex
Rotation	54.0 ± 0.8 d
Age	>1.5 Gyr
Other designations
TIC 150428135, UCAC3 49-21611, 2MASS J06282325-6534456, WISE J062823.05-653443.7, APASS 31812705, Gaia DR2 5284517766615492736
Database references
SIMBAD	data

TOI-700 is a red dwarf 101.4 light-years away from Earth located in the Dorado constellation that hosts TOI-700 d, the first Earth-sized exoplanet in the habitable zone discovered by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS).

Nomenclature and history

The acronym "TOI" refers to stars and exoplanets studied by TESS, and is short for: "Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite Object of Interest".

Stellar characteristics

TOI-700 is a red dwarf of spectral class M (much redder, cooler, and dimmer than the sun) that is 40% the mass, 40% the radius and 55% of the temperature of the Sun. The star is bright with low levels of stellar activity. Over the 11 sectors observed with TESS, the star does not show a single white-light flare. The low rotation rate is also an indicator of low stellar activity.

Planetary system

Four exoplanets have been detected by TESS to be orbiting the host star TOI-700. All four exoplanets may be tidally locked to TOI-700.

Three papers describe the validation of the planetary system, the follow-up observations of TOI-700 d with the Spitzer Space Telescope and the characterization of TOI-700 d.

The composition of planets b and d is more likely rocky and the composition of planet c is more likely similar to that of Neptune.

The two inner planets might have grown faster and accreted significant gaseous envelopes, but the outer planet formed more slowly and accreted less gas. The innermost planet may later have lost its envelope due to photoevaporation. Another scenario that could explain the arrangement of densities in this system is long-term planetary migration. Planet c might have migrated inwards, but this scenario is more plausible if future studies show that planet c is significantly more massive than planet b or d.

Potentially habitable planets

TOI-700 d

TOI-700 d lies in the habitable zone. It receives 35 times more EUV photons than Earth, but also 50 times less than TRAPPIST-1 e. The host star has low stellar activity. The atmosphere of a planet with an Earth-like pressure would survive for longer than 1 Gyr. Simulations of the planet have shown that TOI-700 d is a robust candidate for a habitable world. The simulated spectral feature depths from transmission spectra and the peak flux and variations from synthesized phase curves do not exceed 10 ppm. This will likely prohibit JWST from characterizing the atmosphere of TOI-700 d.

TOI-700 e

In November 2021, a fourth possible planet, Earth-sized and receiving approximately 30% more flux from TOI-700 than Earth does from the Sun, was found at the inner edge of the habitable zone of TOI-700. In January 2023 the existence of this planet, designated 700 e, was confirmed.

Discovered in 2023, TOI-700 e is a terrestrial exoplanet that NASA claims to be an "earth-like" planet, with 95 percent of the Earth’s radius. Discovered by NASA's TESS (Transitioning Exoplanet Survey Satellite), TOI-700 e has a mass of about 0.818 Earths and takes 27.8 days to orbit once around its star. The planet is in a habitable zone distance from the M-type star TOI-700 it orbits, leading NASA scientists to believe that there is potential for liquid water on its surface. Ten percent smaller than its neighboring planet TOI-700 d, both are at a distance from their sun to be considered habitable, however, TESS requires an additional year to acquire more data about the exoplanets. Being one in only about a dozen habitable zone planets known, further research and data collection of the TOI-700 solar system is important for understanding Earth-like planets.

Near orbital resonance

The system is near (but not in) orbital resonance: from planets b to d, period ratios are approximately 5:8, 4:7, 3:4.

See also

• Kepler-62f
• Kepler-186f
• Kepler-442b
• LHS 1140 b
• List of potentially habitable exoplanets
• Proxima Centauri b
• TRAPPIST-1e

Notes

References

1. ^ Andreolo, Claire; Cofield, Calla; Kazmierczak, Jeanette (6 January 2020). "NASA Planet Hunter Finds Earth-Size Habitable-Zone World". NASA. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
2. ^ Garner, Rob (6 January 2020). "NASA Planet Hunter Finds Earth-Size Habitable-Zone World". NASA. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
3. ^ "ExoFOP TIC 150428135". exofop.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
4. ^ Gilbert, Emily A.; Barclay, Thomas; Schlieder, Joshua E.; Quintana, Elisa V.; Hord, Benjamin J.; Kostov, Veselin B.; Lopez, Eric D.; Rowe, Jason F.; Hoffman, Kelsey; Walkowicz, Lucianne M.; Silverstein, Michele L. (3 January 2020). "The First Habitable Zone Earth-sized Planet from TESS. I: Validation of the TOI-700 System". The Astronomical Journal. 160 (3): 116. arXiv:2001.00952. Bibcode:2020AJ....160..116G. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aba4b2. S2CID 209862554.
5. ^ Gaia Collaboration (1 August 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2 - Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 616: A1. arXiv:1804.09365. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 49211658.
6. ^ Wall, Mike (6 January 2020). "NASA's TESS Planet Hunter Finds Its 1st Earth-Size World in 'Habitable Zone'". Space.com. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
7. Gilbert, Emily A.; Vanderburg, Andrew; et al. (January 2023). "A Second Earth-Sized Planet in the Habitable Zone of the M Dwarf, TOI-700". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 944 (2): L35. arXiv:2301.03617. Bibcode:2023ApJ...944L..35G. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acb599. S2CID 255570018.
8. ^ Gilbert, Emily; Burt, Jennifer; Barragán, Oscar; Siegel, Jared; Mascareño, Alejandro Suárez; Silva, André; Luque, Rafael; Rogers, James; Lee, Eve (31 October 2024), "Precise Masses Reveal that TOI-700 c is Low Density and TOI-700 d is Rocky", Research Square
9. ^ "Second Earth-sized World Found in System's Habitable Zone". exoplanets.nasa.gov. NASA. 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
10. Rodriguez, Joseph E.; Vanderburg, Andrew; Zieba, Sebastian; Kreidberg, Laura; Morley, Caroline V.; Kane, Stephen R.; Spencer, Alton; Quinn, Samuel N.; Eastman, Jason D.; Cloutier, Ryan; Huang, Chelsea X. (3 January 2020). "The First Habitable Zone Earth-Sized Planet From TESS II: Spitzer Confirms TOI-700 d". The Astronomical Journal. 160 (3): 117. arXiv:2001.00954. Bibcode:2020AJ....160..117R. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aba4b3. S2CID 209862553.
11. ^ Suissa, Gabrielle; Wolf, Eric T.; Kopparapu, Ravi kumar; Villanueva, Geronimo L.; Fauchez, Thomas; Mandell, Avi M.; Arney, Giada; Gilbert, Emily A.; Schlieder, Joshua E.; Barclay, Thomas; Quintana, Elisa V. (3 January 2020). "The First Habitable Zone Earth-sized Planet from TESS. III: Climate States and Characterization Prospects for TOI-700 d". The Astronomical Journal. 160 (3): 118. arXiv:2001.00955. Bibcode:2020AJ....160..118S. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aba4b4. S2CID 209862275.
12. "ExoFOP TIC 150428135". exofop.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
13. Kazmierczak, Jeanette (9 January 2023). "NASA's TESS Discovers Planetary System's Second Earth-Size World". NASA. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
14. Kazmierczak, Jeanette (9 January 2023). "NASA's TESS Discovers Planetary System's Second Earth-Size World". NASA. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
15. Haghighipour, Nader (2015), "Kepler 186f: First Earth-Sized Planet in Habitable Zone", in Gargaud, Muriel; Irvine, William M.; Amils, Ricardo; Cleaves, Henderson James (eds.), Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 1325–1326, Bibcode:2015enas.book.1530H, doi:10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_5294, ISBN 978-3-662-44184-8, retrieved 16 April 2023

External links

• TESS – Official WebSite
• ExoFOP TIC 150428135 TOI 700 in the Exoplanet Follow-up Observing Program website
• The First Habitable Zone Earth-sized Planet from TESS. I: Validation of the TOI-700 System, Emily A. Gilbert et al., 3 Jan 2020
• The First Habitable Zone Earth-Sized Planet From TESS II: Spitzer Confirms TOI-700 d, Joseph E. Rodriguez et al., 3 Jan 2020
• The First Habitable Zone Earth-sized Planet from TESS. III: Climate States and Characterization Prospects for TOI-700 d, Gabrielle Suissa et al., 3 Jan 2020

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v t e Constellation of Dorado
List of stars in Dorado Dorado in Chinese astronomy Sanduleak -69 202
Stars	Bayer α β γ δ ε ζ η η θ κ λ ν π π G Variable R (P) S WZ AB BB HR 1859 2102 HD 27274 28254 30177 33579 37836 37974 38282 269810 271182 Other B90 BAT99-7 BAT99-66 BAT99-68 BAT99-98 BAT99-104 BAT99-123 BI 253 Gliese 163 HE 0437-5439 HV 888 IRAS 05280–6910 LHA 120-S 79 LH 41-1042 LH 54-425 LMC195-1 MACHO 80.7443.1718 Melnick 34 Melnick 42 PSR J0523−7125 PSR J0537−6910 PSR J0540−6919 R85 R99 R136 a a1 a2 a3 b c R139 R145 SGR 0525−66 TOI-700 TOI-813 VFTS 102 VFTS 243 VFTS 352 VFTS 682 WASP-62 (Naledi) WOH G64
Exoplanets Gliese 163 c HD 28254 b HD 30177 b TOI-700 d e TOI-813 b TOI-4127 b
Star clusters	NGC 1712 1712 1755 1761 1763 1783 1806 1818 1820 1846 1847 1850 1852 1854/1855 1856 1858 1859 1860 1866 1868 1869 1871 1872 1873 1898 1901 1903 1910 1929 1935 1955 1969 1971 1974 1978 1983 1984 1994 1997 2001 2002 2003 2004 2027 2040 2070 2074 2100 2108 2164 2197 2241 2257 Other Hodge 301 LH 95
Nebulae	NGC 1934 1936 2014 2020 2029 2032 2060 2078 2080 Other Henize 70 Honeycomb Nebula N119 N11 N41 N44 N49 N55 SNR 0509-67.5 Tarantula Nebula (30)
Galaxies	NGC 1533 1549 1553 1566 1672 1892 1947 2082 Other Large Magellanic Cloud (partly in Mensa and Hydrus) LEDA 89996
Galaxy clusters Dorado Group NGC 1566 Group
Astronomical events GRB 790305b SN 1987A
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• Dorado
• M-type main-sequence stars
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• Planetary transit variables