Misplaced Pages

The list of weather records includes the most extreme occurrences of weather phenomena for various categories. Many weather records are measured under specific conditions—such as surface temperature and wind speed—to keep consistency among measurements around the Earth. Each of these records is understood to be the record value officially observed, as these records may have been exceeded before modern weather instrumentation was invented, or in remote areas without an official weather station. This list does not include remotely sensed observations such as satellite measurements, since those values are not considered official records.

Temperature

Measuring conditions

The standard measuring conditions for temperature are in the air, 1.25 metres (4.1 ft) to 2.00 metres (6.6 ft) above the ground, and shielded from direct sunlight intensity (hence the term x degrees "in the shade"). The following lists include all officially confirmed claims measured by those methods.

Temperatures measured directly on the ground may exceed air temperatures by 30 to 50 °C (54 to 90 °F). The highest natural ground surface temperature ever recorded may have been an alleged reading of 93.9 °C (201.0 °F) at Furnace Creek, California, United States, on 15 July 1972. In 2011, a ground temperature of 84 °C (183.2 °F) was recorded in Port Sudan, Sudan. The theoretical maximum possible ground surface temperature has been estimated to be between 90 and 100 °C (194 and 212 °F) for dry, darkish soils of low thermal conductivity.

Satellite measurements of ground temperature taken between 2003 and 2009, taken with the MODIS infrared spectroradiometer on the Aqua satellite, found a maximum temperature of 70.7 °C (159.3 °F), which was recorded in 2005 in the Lut Desert, Iran. The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in five of the seven years measured (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009). These measurements reflect averages over a large region and so are lower than the maximum point surface temperature.

Satellite measurements of the surface temperature of Antarctica, taken between 1982 and 2013, found a coldest temperature of −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) on 10 August 2010, at 81°48′S 59°18′E / 81.8°S 59.3°E / -81.8; 59.3. Although this is not comparable to an air temperature, it is believed that the air temperature at this location would have been lower than the official record lowest air temperature of −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F).

Hottest

Highest temperatures ever recorded

According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the highest temperature ever recorded was 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) on 10 July 1913 in Furnace Creek (Greenland Ranch), California, United States, but the validity of this record is challenged as possible problems with the reading have since been discovered. Christopher C. Burt, a weather historian writing for Weather Underground, believes that the 1913 Death Valley reading is "a myth", and is at least 2.2 or 2.8 °C (4 or 5 °F) too high. Burt proposes that the highest reliably recorded temperature on Earth could still be at Death Valley, but is instead 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) recorded on 30 June 2013. This is lower than a 1931 measurement of 55 °C (131 °F) recorded in Kebili, Tunisia, but the WMS rejects this measurement as due to an inexperienced operator misreading the instrument. Temperature of 54 °C (129 °F) is also matched by a 1942 record from Tirat Zvi, Israel. 2016 and 2017 readings in Kuwait and Iran have also matched the 2013 Death Valley record, while readings in 2020 and 2021 also at Furnace Creek went even higher, up to 54.4 °C (129.9 °F), however, they have not yet been validated by WMO. The WMO has stated they stand by the 1913 record pending any future investigations.

The former highest official temperature on Earth, 57.8 °C (136.0 °F), measured in ʽAziziya, Libya on 13 September 1922, was reassessed in July 2012 by the WMO which published a report that invalidated the record. There have been other unconfirmed reports of high temperatures, but these temperatures have never been officially validated by national weather services/WMO, and are currently considered to have been recorder's errors, thus not being recognised as world records.

Highest global average temperature

The warmest day on record for the entire planet was 22 July 2024 when the highest global average temperature was recorded at 17.16 °C (62.89 °F). The previous record was 17.09 °C (62.76 °F) set the day before on 21 July 2024. The month of July 2023 was the hottest month on record globally. September 2023 was the most anomalously warm month, averaging 1.75 °C (3.15 °F) above the preindustrial average for September. The Copernicus Programme (begun 1940) had recorded 13 August 2016, as the hottest global temperature, but by July 2024, that date had been downgraded to the fourth hottest.

Country/Region	Temperature	Town/Location	Date
Africa
Algeria	50.0 °C (122.0 °F)	Ouargla, Ouargla Province	5 July 2018
Botswana	44.0 °C (111.2 °F)	Maun	7 January 2016
Burkina Faso	47.2 °C (117.0 °F)	Dori	1984
Chad	49.7 °C (121.5 °F)	Faya-Largeau	25 May 2023
Comoros	46.2 °C (115.2 °F)	Hahaya International Airport	12 March 2024
Egypt	51.0 °C (123.8 °F)	Aswan	4 July 1918
Eswatini (Swaziland)	47.4 °C (117.3 °F)	Lavumisa	?
Ethiopia	49.0 °C (120.2 °F)	Dallol, Afar	1966
Gambia	49.0 °C (120.2 °F)	Jenoi	2001
Ghana	44.6 °C (112.3 °F)	Navrongo	1 May 2024
Guinea	45.0 °C (113.0 °F)	Koundara, Boké Region	29 March 2017
Madagascar	43.6 °C (110.5 °F)	Ejeda, Atsimo-Andrefana	?
Mali	48.5 °C (119.3 °F)	Kayes	3 April 2024
Morocco	50.4 °C (122.7 °F)	Agadir (Inezgane Airport)	11 August 2023
Niger	51.5 °C (124.7 °F)	Diffa	7 September 1978
Nigeria	46.6 °C (115.9 °F)	Yola	13 April 2004
Republic of the Congo	41.6 °C (106.9 °F)	Impfondo	13 March 2024
Réunion	46.9 °C (116.4 °F)	Le Port	6 March 2004
South Africa (then the  Union of South Africa)	50.0 °C (122.0 °F)	Dunbrody, Eastern Cape	3 November 1918
Sudan	50.7 °C (123.3 °F)	Dongola	25 June 2010
Togo	44.0 °C (111.2 °F)	Mango	31 March 2024
Tunisia	50.3 °C (122.5 °F)	Kairouan	11 August 2021
Zambia	42.4 °C (108.3 °F)	Mfuwe, Eastern Province	13 October 2010
Antarctica
Antarctica	19.8 °C (67.6 °F)	Signy Research Station, Signy Island	30 January 1982
Asia
Abkhazia	37.0 °C (98.6 °F)	Sukhumi	?
Afghanistan (then,  Islamic Republic of Afghanistan)	49.9 °C (121.8 °F)	Farah	August 2009
Bangladesh	45.1 °C (113.2 °F)	Rajshahi	18 May 1972
Bhutan	40.0 °C (104.0 °F)	Phuentsholing	27 August 1997
Cambodia	42.8 °C (109.0 °F)	Preah Vihear and Svay Leu District	27 April 2024
China	52.2 °C (126.0 °F)	Sanbu Township, Turpan, Xinjiang	16 July 2023
Hong Kong	39.0 °C (102.2 °F)	Sheung Shui	24 July 2022
India	51.0 °C (123.8 °F)	Phalodi, Rajasthan	19 May 2016
Indonesia	40.6 °C (105.1 °F)	Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan	16 August 1997
Iran	54.0 °C (129.2 °F)	Ahvaz Airport (OIAW)	29 June 2017
Iraq	53.9 °C (129.0 °F)	Basra	22 July 2016
West Bank	51.2 °C (124.2 °F)	Qalya	22 June 1942
Japan	41.1 °C (106.0 °F)	Kumagaya, Saitama Hamamatsu, Shizuoka	23 July 2018 17 August 2020
Jordan	50.0 °C (122.0 °F)	Jordan University Agriculture Research Center	6 September 2002
Kazakhstan	49.1 °C (120.4 °F)	Turkistan	2010
Kuwait	54.0 °C (129.2 °F)	Mitribah, Al Jahra Governorate	21 July 2016
Kyrgyzstan	43.6 °C (110.5 °F)	Jangy-Jer	July 1944
Laos	43.7 °C (110.7 °F)	Tha Ngon	1 May 2024
Lebanon	44.3 °C (111.7 °F)	Houche Al Oumara	September 2020
Macau	39.0 °C (102.2 °F)	Coloane	22 August 2017
Malaysia	40.1 °C (104.2 °F)	Chuping	9 April 1998
Maldives	35.1 °C (95.2 °F)	Hanimaadhoo	24 March 2024
Mongolia	44.0 °C (111.2 °F)	Khongor, Darkhan-Uul Province	24 July 1999
Myanmar	47.2 °C (117.0 °F)	Myinmu	14 May 2010
Nepal	46.4 °C (115.5 °F)	Ataria	16 June 1995
North Korea	40.5 °C (104.9 °F)	Hoeryong	30 July 1977
Oman	51.6 °C (124.9 °F)	Joba	16 June 2021
Pakistan	53.7 °C (128.7 °F)	Mohenjo-daro Turbat	26 May 2010 28 May 2017
Philippines (first recorded under the Insular Government)	42.2 °C (108.0 °F)	Tuguegarao, Cagayan Valley	12 April 1912 11 May 1969
Qatar	50.4 °C (122.7 °F)	Doha	14 July 2010
Saudi Arabia	52.0 °C (125.6 °F)	Jeddah	22 June 2010
Singapore	37.0 °C (98.6 °F)	Tengah Ang Mo Kio	17 April 1983 13 May 2023
South Korea	41.0 °C (105.8 °F)	Hongcheon, Gangwon Province	1 August 2018
Sri Lanka	39.8 °C (103.6 °F)	Trincomalee	13 May 1890 11 April 2019
Syria	49.4 °C (120.9 °F)	Al-Hasakah	30 July 2000
Taiwan	41.6 °C (106.9 °F)	Fuyuan	21 August 2022
Tajikistan	48.0 °C (118.4 °F)	Panji Poyon	?
Thailand	45.4 °C (113.7 °F)	Tak	15 April 2023
Turkey	49.5 °C (121.1 °F)	Sarıcakaya, Eskişehir Province	15 August 2023
Turkmenistan (then the  Turkmen SSR,  Soviet Union)	50.1 °C (122.2 °F)	Repetek Biosphere State Reserve, Karakum Desert	28 July 1983
United Arab Emirates	52.1 °C (125.8 °F)	Sweihan, Al Ain	July 2002
Uzbekistan (then the  Uzbek SSR,  Soviet Union)	50 °C (122 °F)	Termez	July 1944
Vietnam	44.2 °C (111.6 °F)	Tương Dương District, Nghệ An Province	7 May 2023
Europe
Akrotiri and Dhekelia	34.0 °C (93.2 °F)	RAF Akrotiri, Dhekelia	?
Albania	44.0 °C (111.2 °F)	Kuçovë	25 July 2023
Andorra	39.4 °C (102.9 °F)	Borda Vidal	28 June 2019
Armenia	43.7 °C (110.7 °F)	Meghri Yerevan	1 August 2011 12 July 2018
Austria	40.5 °C (104.9 °F)	Bad Deutsch-Altenburg	8 August 2013
Azerbaijan	46.0 °C (114.8 °F)	Julfa and Ordubad	1 July 2018
Belarus	38.9 °C (102.0 °F)	Gomel	7 August 2010
Belgium	41.8 °C (107.2 °F)	Begijnendijk, Flemish Brabant	25 July 2019
Bosnia and Herzegovina (then  Austria–Hungary-occupied Bosnia Vilayet,  Ottoman Empire)	46.2 °C (115.2 °F)	Mostar	31 July 1901
Bulgaria	45.2 °C (113.4 °F)	Sadovo, Plovdiv Province	5 August 1916
Croatia (then the  SR Croatia,  SFR Yugoslavia)	42.8 °C (109.0 °F)	Ploče	5 August 1981
Cyprus	46.8 °C (116.2 °F)	Agios Vasileios	July 2024
Czech Republic	40.4 °C (104.7 °F)	Dobřichovice, Prague-West District	20 August 2012
Denmark	36.4 °C (97.5 °F)	Holstebro, Midtjylland	10 August 1975
Estonia	35.6 °C (96.1 °F)	Võru	11 August 1992
Finland	37.2 °C (99.0 °F)	Joensuu Airport, Liperi	29 July 2010
France	46.0 °C (114.8 °F)	Vérargues, Hérault	28 June 2019
Germany	42.6 °C (108.7 °F)	Lingen, Lower Saxony	25 July 2019
Greece	48.0 °C (118.4 °F)	Elefsina, Attica	10 July 1977
Hungary	41.9 °C (107.4 °F)	Kiskunhalas	20 July 2007
Iceland (then the  Kingdom of Iceland)	30.5 °C (86.9 °F)	Teigarhorn, Djúpivogur	22 June 1939
Ireland (then part of the  United Kingdom)	33.3 °C (91.9 °F)	Kilkenny Castle, County Kilkenny	26 June 1887
Isle of Man	28.9 °C (84.0 °F)	Isle of Man Airport	12 July 1983
Italy	48.8 °C (119.8 °F)	Floridia, Sicily	11 August 2021
Latvia	37.8 °C (100.0 °F)	Ventspils	4 August 2014
Liechtenstein	37.4 °C (99.3 °F)	Ruggell	13 August 2003
Lithuania	37.5 °C (99.5 °F)	Zarasai, Utena County	30 July 1994
Luxembourg	40.8 °C (105.4 °F)	Steinsel, Luxembourg and Remich, Remich	25 July 2019
Malta	43.8 °C (110.8 °F)	Malta International Airport	9 August 1999
Moldova	42.4 °C (108.3 °F)	Fălești	7 August 2012
Monaco	35.1 °C (95.2 °F)	Monaco	20 July 2022
Montenegro	44.8 °C (112.6 °F)	Podgorica Danilovgrad	16 August 2007 8 August 2012
Netherlands	40.7 °C (105.3 °F)	Gilze en Rijen, North Brabant	25 July 2019
North Macedonia	45.7 °C (114.3 °F)	Demir Kapija, Demir Kapija	24 July 2007
Norway	35.6 °C (96.1 °F)	Nesbyen, Buskerud	20 June 1970
Poland	40.2 °C (104.4 °F)	Prószków	29 July 1921
Portugal	47.4 °C (117.3 °F)	Amareleja, Beja	1 August 2003
Romania	44.5 °C (112.1 °F)	Ion Sion, Brăila County	10 August 1951
Russia	45.4 °C (113.7 °F)	Utta, Kalmykia	12 July 2010
San Marino	40.3 °C (104.5 °F)	Serravalle	3 August 2017 9 August 2017
Serbia	44.9 °C (112.8 °F)	Smederevska Palanka, Podunavlje	24 July 2007
Slovakia	40.3 °C (104.5 °F)	Hurbanovo	20 July 2007
Slovenia	40.8 °C (105.4 °F)	Cerklje ob Krki	8 August 2013
Spain	47.6 °C (117.7 °F)	La Rambla, Cordoba (as La Rambla Privilegio)	14 August 2021
Svalbard	21.7 °C (71.1 °F)	Longyearbyen	25 July 2020
Sweden	38.0 °C (100.4 °F)	Ultuna, Uppsala County Målilla, Kalmar County	9 July 1933 29 June 1947
Switzerland	41.5 °C (106.7 °F)	Grono, Moesa District	11 August 2003
Ukraine	42.0 °C (107.6 °F)	Luhansk	12 August 2010
United Kingdom	40.3 °C (104.5 °F)	Coningsby, Lincolnshire	19 July 2022
Vatican City	40.8 °C (105.4 °F)	Vatican City	28 June 2022
North America
Anguilla	34.2 °C (93.6 °F)	The Valley	12 September 2015
Antigua and Barbuda	34.9 °C (94.8 °F)	V. C. Bird International Airport, St. John's	12 August 1995
Barbados	35.6 °C (96.1 °F)	Saint James, Barbados	September 2023
Belize	42.3 °C (108.1 °F)	Barton Creek	10 April 2024
British Virgin Islands	35.0 °C (95.0 °F)	Terrance B. Lettsome International Airport	22 July 2016
Canada	49.6 °C (121.3 °F)	Lytton, British Columbia	29 June 2021
Cayman Islands	34.9 °C (94.8 °F)	Owen Roberts International Airport, Grand Cayman	21 August 2016
Costa Rica	41.5 °C (106.7 °F)	Cerro Huacalito, Guanacaste Province	23 March 2024
Cuba	39.7 °C (103.5 °F)	Veguitas (Granma Province)	12 April 2020
Dominica	36.6 °C (97.9 °F)	Canefield Airport	27 August 2023
Dominican Republic	43.0 °C (109.4 °F)	Mao	31 August 1954
Greenland	30.1 °C (86.2 °F)	Ivittuut	23 June 1915
Guatemala	45.0 °C (113.0 °F)	Estanzuela, Zacapa	12 May 1998
Martinique	36.5 °C (97.7 °F)	Saint-Pierre	6 October 2010
Mexico	52.0 °C (125.6 °F)	Mexicali area	28 July 1995
Nicaragua	38.4 °C (101.1 °F)	Managua	May 2024
Panama	40.0 °C (104.0 °F)	San Francisco	20 March 1998
Puerto Rico	40.0 °C (104.0 °F)	Mona Island	2 July 1996
United States	56.7 °C (134.0 °F)	Furnace Creek, Death Valley, California	10 July 1913
United States Virgin Islands	37.2 °C (99 °F)	Saint Thomas Cruz Bay	4 August 1994 and 23 June 1996 31 July 1988
Oceania
Australia	50.7 °C (123.3 °F)	Oodnadatta, South Australia Onslow, Western Australia	2 January 1960 12 January 2022
Cocos (Keeling) Islands	33.2 °C (91.8 °F)	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	December 2024
Marshall Islands	35.6 °C (96.1 °F)	Utirik Atoll	24 August 2016
New Zealand	42.4 °C (108.3 °F)	Rangiora, Canterbury	7 February 1973
Palau	35.6 °C (96.1 °F)	Roman Tmetuchl International Airport	2 June 2024
Samoa	35.3 °C (95.5 °F)	Asau	24 December 1968
Solomon Islands	36.1 °C (97.0 °F)	Honiara, Guadalcanal Province	1 February 2010
Tonga	35.5 °C (95.9 °F)	Niuafoou	1 February 2016
Vanuatu	36.2 °C (97.2 °F)	Lamap Malekula	8 February 2016
Wallis and Futuna	35.8 °C (96.4 °F)	Futuna Airport	10 January 2016
South America
Argentina	48.9 °C (120.0 °F)	Rivadavia, Salta Province	11 December 1905
Bolivia	46.7 °C (116.1 °F)	Villamontes, Tarija Department	29 October 2010
Brazil	44.8 °C (112.6 °F)	Araçuaí, Minas Gerais	19 November 2023
Chile	44.9 °C (112.8 °F)	Quillón, Biobio Region	26 January 2017
Colombia	45.0 °C (113.0 °F)	Puerto Salgar, Cundinamarca	29 December 2015
French Guiana	39.3 °C (102.7 °F)	Grand-Santi	2024
Guyana	40.1 °C (104.2 °F)	Ebini	26 September 2023
Paraguay	46.2 °C (115.2 °F)	Las Palmas	10 December 2022
Peru	41.6 °C (106.9 °F)	Iñapari	7 October 2023
Uruguay	44.0 °C (111.2 °F)	Paysandú, Paysandú Department Florida, Florida Department	20 January 1943 14 January 2022
Venezuela	43.6 °C (110.5 °F)	Santa Ana de Coro, Falcón	29 April 2015

Other high-temperature records

Country/Region	Temperature	Town/Location	Date	Record	Info
Australia	37.8 °C (100.0 °F)	Marble Bar, Western Australia	31 October 1923 to 7 April 1924 (160 days)	Most consecutive days above 37.8 °C (100 °F)	-
Iran	70.7 °C (159.3 °F)	Lut Desert	2005	Highest natural ground surface temperature 70.7 °C (159.3 °F)	-
USA ( California)	48.9 °C (120.0 °F)	Death Valley	9 July 1917 to 17 August 1917 (40 days)	Most consecutive days above 48.9 °C (120 °F)	-
USA ( California)	48.3 °C (118.9 °F)	Imperial, California	24 July 2018	Highest temperature during rain	-
Oman	44.2 °C (111.6 °F)	Khasab weather station	17 June 2017	Highest overnight low temperature	-

• Highest minimum temperature for a 24-hour period and for a calendar day: 42.6 °C (108.7 °F) at Qurayyat, Oman on 25 June 2018.
• Highest average monthly temperature: 42.3 °C (108.1 °F), in Death Valley, California, for the month of July 2018.
• Highest temperature north of the Arctic Circle: 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) in Verkhoyansk, Russia on 20 June 2020.
• Highest temperature ever recorded north of the 50th parallel north: 49.6 °C (121.3 °F) at Lytton, British Columbia, Canada on 29 June 2021.

Humidity

• Highest dew point temperature: A dew point of 35 °C (95 °F) — while the temperature was 42 °C (108 °F) — was observed at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, at 3:00 p.m. on 8 July 2003.
• Highest heat index: In the observation above at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, the heat index ("feels like" temperature) was 81.1 °C (178.0 °F).
• Highest temperature with 100% relative humidity: A temperature of 34 °C (93 °F) with 100% relative humidity in Jask, Iran, on 21 July 2012.

Coldest

Lowest temperatures recorded

The lowest temperature recorded is −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), in Vostok Station, Antarctica on 21 July 1983.

Table of values

Country/Region	Temperature	Town/Location	Date
Africa
Algeria	−13.8 °C (7.2 °F)	Mécheria	28 January 2005
Burkina Faso	5.0 °C (41.0 °F)	Markoye	January 1975
Egypt	−18.0 °C (−0.4 °F)	Gabal Katrina at elevation of 2,629 m While −6 °C in Saint Katherine City at 1,586 m. Sinai Peninsula is geologically part of the African Plate, but geographically it is considered to be in Asia.	?
Botswana	−15.0 °C (5.0 °F)	Tsabong	?
Eswatini (Swaziland)	−6.7 °C (19.9 °F)	Big Bend	?
Gambia	4.0 °C (39.2 °F)	Jenoi	2003
Ghana	11.0 °C (51.8 °F)	Kumasi, Tafo	?
Guinea	2.5 °C (36.5 °F)	Bareing	2 January 1982
Lesotho	−21.0 °C (−5.8 °F)		?
Madagascar	−1.0 °C (30.2 °F)	Antsirabe, Vakinankaratra	?
Morocco (then the French protectorate in Morocco)	−23.9 °C (−11.0 °F)	Ifrane	11 February 1935
Niger	−2.4 °C (27.7 °F)	Bilma	13 January 1995
Réunion	−5.0 °C (23.0 °F)	Gite de Bellecome	10 September 1975
South Africa	−20.1 °C (−4.2 °F)	Buffelsfontein, near Molteno, Eastern Cape	23 August 2013
Spain ( Canarias)	−14.5 °C (5.9 °F)	Teide, Tenerife	29 January 2018
Sudan	−1.0 °C (30.2 °F)	Zalingei	December 1961 January 1962
Antarctica
Antarctica	−89.2 °C (−128.6 °F)	Vostok Station	21 July 1983
Asia
Afghanistan	−52.2 °C (−62.0 °F)	Shahrak	January 1964
Armenia (then the  Armenian SSR,  Soviet Union)	−42.0 °C (−43.6 °F)	Paghakn and Ashocq	1961
Azerbaijan	−33.0 °C (−27.4 °F)	Julfa and Ordubad	?
Bangladesh (then the Bengal Presidency of British India)	1.1 °C (34.0 °F)	Dinajpur	3 February 1905
China	−53.0 °C (−63.4 °F)	Mohe City, Heilongjiang	22 January 2023
Cambodia	7.0 °C (44.6 °F)	Mondulkiri, Ratanakiri and Preah Vihear	29 January 2007
Hong Kong	−6.0 °C (21.2 °F)	Tai Mo Shan	24 January 2016
India	−45.0 °C (−49.0 °F)	Dras, Ladakh	9 January 1995
Indonesia	−9.0 °C (15.8 °F)	Dieng Plateau	24 June 2019
Iran	−36.0 °C (−32.8 °F)	Saqqez	1972
Israel (Syrian territory occupied by Israel)	−14.2 °C (6.4 °F)	Merom Golan	10 January 2015
Japan	−41.0 °C (−41.8 °F)	Asahikawa, Hokkaidō	25 January 1902
Jordan	−16.0 °C (3.2 °F)	Shoubak	15 December 2013
Kazakhstan	−57.0 °C (−70.6 °F)	Atbasar	?
Kuwait	−4.8 °C (23.4 °F)	Salmy	3 January 2009
Kyrgyzstan	−53.6 °C (−64.5 °F)	Fergana Valley	?
Lebanon	−23.1 °C (−9.6 °F)	Yammoune	January 20, 1964
Malaysia	7.8 °C (46.0 °F)	Cameron Highlands	1 February 1978
Maldives	17.2 °C (63.0 °F)	Hulhulé Island, located at Ibrahim Nasir International Airport	11 April 1978
Mongolia	−55.3 °C (−67.5 °F)	Züüngovi, Uvs Province	31 December 1976
Myanmar	−5.0 °C (23.0 °F)	Hakha	30 December 1990
Nepal	−45.0 °C (−49.0 °F)	Sagarmatha	?
North Korea (then Japanese Korea)	−43.6 °C (−46.5 °F)	Chunggangjin	12 January 1933
Oman	−9.7 °C (14.5 °F)	Jabel Shams	January 2015
Pakistan|  Pakistan/ India (undemarcated Kashmir area in disputed territory of Kashmir)	−24.0 °C (−11.2 °F)	Skardu	7 January 1995
Philippines	6.3 °C (43.3 °F)	Baguio	18 January 1961
Qatar	1.5 °C (34.7 °F)	Abu Samra	5 February 2017
Russia (first in the  Russian Empire, then in the  Russian SFSR,  Soviet Union)	−67.8 °C (−90.0 °F)	Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon, both in Sakha Republic	15 January 1885 5, 7 February 1892 6 February 1933
Saudi Arabia	−12.0 °C (10.4 °F)	Turaif	?
Singapore	19.0 °C (66.2 °F)	Paya Lebar	14 February 1989
South Korea	−32.6 °C (−26.7 °F)	Yangpyeong	5 January 1981
Sri Lanka	−2.6 °C (27.3 °F)	Nuwara Eliya	14 January 1929
Syria	−23.0 °C (−9.4 °F)	Idlib	January 1951
Taiwan	−18.4 °C (−1.1 °F)	Yushan	31 January 1970
Thailand	−1.4 °C (29.5 °F)	Sakon Nakhon	2 January 1974
Turkey	−46.4 °C (−51.5 °F)	Çaldıran, Van Province	9 January 1990
Turkmenistan	−36.0 °C (−32.8 °F)	Daşoguz Region	?
United Arab Emirates	−5.4 °C (22.3 °F)	Jebel Jais, Fujairah	3 February 2017
Vietnam (then DR Vietnam)	−6.1 °C (21.0 °F)	Sa Pa	4 January 1974
Europe
Albania	−29.0 °C (−20.2 °F)	Shtylle	9 January 2017
Austria	−52.6 °C (−62.7 °F)	Grünloch doline	19 February 1932
Belarus (then the  Byelorussian SSR,  Soviet Union)	−42.2 °C (−44.0 °F)	Slavnom, Vitebsk Region	17 January 1940
Belgium	−30.1 °C (−22.2 °F)	Valley of the Lesse in Rochefort	20 January 1940
Bosnia and Herzegovina (then the  SR Bosnia and Herzegovina,  SFR Yugoslavia)	−42.5 °C (−44.5 °F)	Igman in Sarajevo Canton	24 January 1963
Bulgaria	−38.3 °C (−36.9 °F)	Tran	25 January 1947
Croatia	−34.6 °C (−30.3 °F)	Gračac	13 January 2003
Cyprus	−12.8 °C (9.0 °F)	Trikoukia, Prodromos	30 January 1964
Czech Republic (then part of  Czechoslovakia)	−42.2 °C (−44.0 °F)	Litvínovice	11 February 1929
Denmark	−31.2 °C (−24.2 °F)	Thisted Municipality, North Denmark Region	8 January 1982
Estonia	−43.5 °C (−46.3 °F)	Jõgeva, Jõgeva County	17 January 1940
Finland	−51.5 °C (−60.7 °F)	Pokka, Kittilä, Lapland	28 January 1999
France	−41.2 °C (−42.2 °F)	Mouthe, Doubs	17 January 1985
Germany	−45.9 °C (−50.6 °F)	Funtensee, Berchtesgadener Land, Bavaria	24 December 2001
Greece	−27.8 °C (−18.0 °F)	Ptolemaida	27 January 1963
Hungary	−35.0 °C (−31.0 °F)	Görömbölytapolca	16 February 1940
Iceland (then Danish Iceland)	−37.9 °C (−36.2 °F)	Grímsstaðir	21 January 1918
Ireland (then part of the  United Kingdom)	−19.1 °C (−2.4 °F)	Markree Castle, County Sligo	16 January 1881
Italy	−50.6 °C (−59.1 °F)	Busa Riviera, Pale di San Martino	7 January 2022
Latvia	−43.2 °C (−45.8 °F)	Daugavpils	8 February 1956
Lithuania	−42.9 °C (−45.2 °F)	Utena, Utena County	1 February 1956
Luxembourg	−20.2 °C (−4.4 °F)		2 February 1956
Malta	1.4 °C (34.5 °F)	Malta International Airport	29 January 1981
Moldova	−35.5 °C (−31.9 °F)	Brătușeni, Edineț District	20 January 1963
Monaco	−5.2 °C (22.6 °F)	Monaco	10 February 1986
Netherlands (then Nazi-occupied Netherlands)	−27.4 °C (−17.3 °F)	Winterswijk, Gelderland	27 January 1942
North Macedonia (then the  SR Macedonia,  SFR Yugoslavia)	−31.5 °C (−24.7 °F)	Berovo, Berovo Municipality	27 January 1954
Norway (then part of  Sweden–Norway)	−51.4 °C (−60.5 °F)	Karasjok, Finnmark	1 January 1886
Poland (then Nazi-occupied Poland)	−41.0 °C (−41.8 °F)	Siedlce, Masovian Voivodeship	11 January 1940
Portugal	−16.0 °C (3.2 °F)	Penhas da Saúde, Covilhã Municipality Miranda do Douro	16 January 1945 and 5 February 1954
Romania	−38.5 °C (−37.3 °F)	Bod, Brașov County	25 January 1942
Serbia	−39.8 °C (−39.6 °F)	Karajukića Bunari, Zlatibor District	26 January 2006
Slovakia (then  Czechoslovakia)	−41.0 °C (−41.8 °F)	Vígľaš-Pstruša	11 February 1929
Slovenia (then  SR Slovenia,  SFR Yugoslavia)	−34.5 °C (−30.1 °F)	Babno Polje	15 February 1956 16 February 1956 13 January 1968
Spain	−32.0 °C (−25.6 °F)	Estany Gento (Province of Lleida)	2 February 1956
Sweden	−52.6 °C (−62.7 °F)	Vuoggatjålme, Lappland	2 February 1966
Switzerland	−41.8 °C (−43.2 °F)	La Brévine	12 January 1987
Ukraine (then the  Ukrainian SSR,  Soviet Union)	−41.9 °C (−43.4 °F)	Luhansk	8 January 1935
United Kingdom	−27.2 °C (−17.0 °F)	Braemar, Aberdeenshire Altnaharra, Sutherland	11 February 1895 10 January 1982 30 December 1995
North America
Antigua and Barbuda	16.1 °C (61.0 °F)	V. C. Bird International Airport, Antigua	31 December 1974 and 28 January 1976
Canada	−63.0 °C (−81.4 °F)	Snag, Yukon	3 February 1947
Cayman Islands	11.1 °C (52.0 °F)	Owen Roberts International Airport, Grand Cayman	?
Cuba	0.6 °C (33.1 °F)	Bainoa, Mayabeque Province	18 February 1996
Dominican Republic	−7.0 °C (19.4 °F)	Valle Nuevo, La Vega Province	17 January 1983
Greenland	−69.6 °C (−93.3 °F)	Klinck Automated Weather Station, Greenland Ice Sheet	22 December 1991
Guatemala	−11.5 °C (11.3 °F)	Olintepeque, Quetzaltenango Department	?
Martinique	14.1 °C (57.4 °F)	Le Lamentin	25 December 1964
Mexico	−25.1 °C (−13.2 °F)	Madera, Chihuahua	27 December 1997
Panama	2.0 °C (35.6 °F)	Bajo Grande, Chiriquí Province	20 February 1995
Puerto Rico	4.4 °C (40 °F)	Aibonito San Sebastián	9 March 1911 24 January 1966
US Virgin Islands	10.6 °C (51 °F)	Anna's Hope, Saint Croix	31 January 1954
United States ( Alaska)	−62.2 °C (−80 °F)	Prospect Creek, Alaska	23 January 1971
United States (contiguous)	−56.7 °C (−70 °F)	Rogers Pass, Montana	20 January 1954
South America
Argentina	−32.8 °C (−27.0 °F)	Sarmiento, Chubut Province	1 June 1907
Brazil	−14.0 °C (6.8 °F)	Caçador, Santa Catarina	11 June 1952
Chile	−28.5 °C (−19.3 °F)	Balmaceda, Aysen Region	16 June 1958
Colombia	−11.0 °C (12.2 °F)	Páramo de Berlín, Tona, Santander	11 December 1974
Curaçao	18.9 °C (66.0 °F)	Willemstad	12 December 2017
Guyana	12.7 °C (54.9 °F)	Timehri, Demerara-Mahaica	August 2006
French Guiana	16.9 °C (62.4 °F)	Maripasoula	23 January 1964
Paraguay	−7.5 °C (18.5 °F)	Pratts Gill, Boquerón Department	13 July 2000
Peru	−25.2 °C (−13.4 °F)	Mazo Cruz, Puno Region	30 June 1966
Uruguay	−11.0 °C (12.2 °F)	Melo, Cerro Largo Department	14 June 1967
Oceania
Australia	−23.0 °C (−9.4 °F)	Charlotte Pass, New South Wales	29 June 1994
United States ( Hawaii)	−11.1 °C (12.0 °F)	Mauna Kea, Hawaii	17 May 1979
Nauru	20.0 °C (68.0 °F)	Yaren District	?
New Zealand	−25.6 °C (−14.1 °F)	Ranfurly, Central Otago	18 July 1903
Samoa	11.1 °C (52.0 °F)	Afiamalu	29 September 1971
Solomon Islands	17.0 °C (62.6 °F)	Tigoa, Rennell	June 2016

Other low-temperature records

• Coldest summer (month of July in the Northern Hemisphere): −33 °C (−27.4 °F); Summit Camp, Greenland on 4 July 2017.
• Lowest temperature in the Northern Hemisphere: −69.6 °C (−93.3 °F); Greenland Ice Sheet, Greenland on 22 December 1991.
• Coldest average monthly temperature in the Northern Hemisphere: −54.1 °C (−65.4 °F); Oymyakon, Russia for the month of January 1931.
• Coldest temperature in the tropics: −25.2 °C (−13.4 °F); Mazocruz, Peru on 30 June 1966.

Record extreme temperature differences

• Greatest 2-minute temperature increase: 27 °C (49 °F), from −20 °C (−4 °F) to 7 °C (45 °F); Spearfish, South Dakota, on 22 January 1943.
• Greatest 24-hour temperature increase: +57 °C (+102.6 °F), from −48 °C (−54 °F) to 9 °C (48 °F); Loma, Montana, on 15 January 1972.
• Fastest temperature drop: 27.2 °C (49 °F) in 5 minutes; Rapid City, South Dakota, 10 January 1911.
• Largest temperature range ever in 1 area: 105.8 °C (190.4 °F), from −67.8 °C (−90.0 °F) on 15 January 1885, 5,7 February 1892 to 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) on 20 June 2020; Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic, Russia

Precipitation

• Least per year (locale): 0.2 millimetres (0.008 in) per year or less, Quillagua, Antofagasta Region, Chile.

Rain

• Most in 60 seconds (1 minute): 38 mm (1.5 in). Barot, Sainte-Anne, Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe, France 11:03–11:04 am on 26 November 1970.
• Most in 180 seconds (3 minutes): 62 mm (2.4 in). Portobelo, Colón, Panama, 29 November 1911
• Most in 300 seconds (5 minutes): 106 mm (4.2 in). Portobelo, Colón, Panama, 29 November 1911
• Most in 60 minutes (1 hour): 305 mm (12.0 in). Holt, Missouri, United States, 22 June 1947.
• Most in 12 hours (1⁄2-day): 1,144 mm (45.0 in); Cilaos, Réunion, 8 January 1966, during Tropical Cyclone Denise.
• Most in 24 hours (1 day): 1,825 mm (71.9 in); Cilaos, Réunion, 7–8 January 1966, during Tropical Cyclone Denise.
• Most in 48 hours (2 days): 2,493 mm (98.1 in); Cherrapunji, Meghalaya, India, 15–16 June 1995.
• Most in 72 hours (3 days): 3,929 mm (154.7 in); Commerson, Réunion, 24–26 February 2007, during Cyclone Gamede.
• Most in 96 hours (4 days): 4,869 mm (191.7 in); Commerson, Réunion, 24–27 February 2007, during Cyclone Gamede.
• Most in one year: 26,470 mm (1,042 in); Cherrapunji, Meghalaya, India, 1860–1861.
• Most from a single tropical cyclone: 6,433 mm (253.3 in); Commerson, Réunion, during Cyclone Hyacinthe in January 1980.
• Highest average annual total (observed over 10 years): 11,872 mm (467.4 in) (over 38 years) and 12,701 mm (500.0 in) (1998–2010); Mawsynram, Meghalaya, India or 13,466 mm (530.2 in) (1980–2011); López de Micay, Cauca, Colombia.
• Most consecutive days with measurable rain a day with at least 0.01 inches (0.25 mm) of rainfall: 331 days in Oahu, Hawaii, 1939–1940

Snow

• Most in a 24-hour period: 230 centimetres (90.6 in) of snow on Mount Ibuki, Japan on 14 February 1927.
• Most in one calendar month: 9.91 meters (390 inches) of snow fell in Tamarack, California, in January 1911, leading to a snow depth in March of 11.46 meters (451 inches) (greatest measured in North America).
• Most in one season (1 July – 30 June): 29.0 meters, (95 ft); Mount Baker, Washington, United States, 1998 through 1999.
• Most in one-year period: 31.5 meters (102 ft); Mount Rainier, Washington, United States, 19 February 1971 to 18 February 1972.
• Deepest snowfall recorded: 11.82 meters (38.8 ft) on Mount Ibuki, Japan on 14 February 1927.
• Lowest latitude that snow has been recorded at sea level in North America: Snow fell as far south as the city of Tampico, Mexico, in February 1895 during the Great Freeze.

Wind speeds

• Fastest ever recorded: 484±32 km/h (301±20 mph) (3-second gust); calculated by a DOW (Doppler On Wheels) radar unit in the 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado between Oklahoma City and Moore, Oklahoma, USA, 3 May 1999. Recently, the wind speeds were re-examined and adjusted to a maximum official wind speed of 321 mph (516.6 km/h). A DOW calculation of a subvortice of the 2013 El Reno tornado was estimated in a range of 257–336 mph (414–541 km/h) in 2024.
• Fastest non-tornadic winds: 408 km/h (254 mph) (3-second gust); recorded by anemometer in Severe Tropical Cyclone Olivia passing over Barrow Island, Western Australia, 10 April 1996.
• Fastest non-cyclonic winds: 372 km/h (231 mph) (1-minute average); recorded by anemometer on Mount Washington, New Hampshire, USA, 12 April 1934.
• Fastest daily average: 174 km/h (108 mph); Port Martin (Adélie Land), Antarctica, 24-hour period from 21 March 1951 to 22 March 1951.

Tornadoes

Deadliest in history

• On Earth: Approximately 1,300 deaths (Daulatpur–Saturia tornado); Manikganj District, Bangladesh on 26 April 1989.
• In North America: 695 deaths (Tri-State Tornado); Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, United States, 18 March 1925.
• In Europe: 600 or more deaths (Grand Harbour Tornado); Valletta, Malta, 23 September 1551 or 1556 (sources conflict).
• In South America: 63 deaths, San Justo, Santa Fe, Argentina, 10 January 1973.
• In Australia: Three deaths, Kin Kin, Queensland tornado, 14 August 1971.

Outbreaks

• Largest: The 2011 Super Outbreak: 207 confirmed tornadoes occurred in a span of 24 hours on April 27, 2011, with a total of 367 occurring throughout the duration of the outbreak. They affected six US states, and included 11 rated EF4 and 4 rated EF5.
• Most severe: The 1974 Super Outbreak produced 7 F5, 23 F4, 34 F3, and 34 F2 tornadoes on April 3–4, 1974. It received a score on expert Thomas P. Grazulis's outbreak intensity score of 578, surpassing the 2011 outbreak's score of 378.

Tropical cyclones

Most intense (by minimum surface air pressure)

• Most intense ever recorded: 870 hPa (25.69 inHg); eye of Super Typhoon Tip over the northwest Pacific Ocean, 12 October 1979.
• Most intense in the Western Hemisphere: 872 hPa (25.75 inHg); eye of Hurricane Patricia over the eastern Pacific Ocean, 23 October 2015.
• Most intense ever recorded on land: 892 hPa (26.35 inHg); Craig Key, Florida, United States, eye of the Labor Day Hurricane, 2 September 1935. While other landfalling tropical cyclones potentially had lower pressures, data is vague from areas other than the Atlantic basin, especially before the invention of weather satellites.
• Most intense landfall (estimated): 884 hPa (26.10 inHg); Rakiraki District, Viti Levu, Fiji, during Cyclone Winston, 20 February 2016. Although no official land pressure readings were recorded at the landfall site, it is estimated that Winston made landfall with the aforementioned pressure.

Most precipitation

• Most precipitation from a single tropical storm: 6,433 mm (253.3 in); Commerson, Réunion, during Cyclone Hyacinthe in January 1980.

Other severe weather

Hail

• Heaviest officially recorded: 1.02 kg (2.25 lb); Gopalganj District, Bangladesh, 14 April 1986.
• Largest diameter officially measured: 20 cm (8.0 in) diameter, 47.3 cm (18.625 in) circumference; Vivian, South Dakota, 23 July 2010.
• Largest circumference officially measured: 47.6 cm (18.75 in) circumference, 17.8 cm (7.0 in) diameter; Aurora, Nebraska, 22 June 2003.

Lightning

• Longest lightning bolt: 768 km (477 mi) on 29 April 2020 in the southern United States.
• Longest duration for a single lightning flash: 17.1 seconds on 18 June 2020 in Uruguay and northern Argentina.

Ultraviolet index

• Highest ultraviolet index measured: On 29 December 2003, a UV index of 43.3 was detected at Chile/Bolivia's Licancabur volcano, at 19,423 feet (5,920 m) altitude. A light-skinned individual in such conditions may experience moderate sunburn in as little as 4 minutes.

Thunderstorm cloud height

• Tallest non-tropical thunderstorm The official confirmed tallest thunderstorm was a supercell that occurred on May 24, 2016 near Nueva Rosita, in rural areas of the Mexican state of Coahuila, in the Big Bend area of the Rio Grande basin. This storm had a cloud top height of 68,000 ft (21 km; 12.9 mi). Lightning from this storm was detected as far as 50–60 mi (80–97 km) away from the center of the storm. A supercell thunderstorm that struck Chicago, Illinois and surrounding areas on June 13, 2022 may have surpassed its height, being at least over 60,000 ft (18 km; 11 mi) and potentially reaching as high as 65,000–70,000 ft (20–21 km; 12.3–13.3 mi) above the ground.

Other categories

• Highest air pressure ever recorded : 1084.8 hPa (32.03 inHg); Tosontsengel, Zavkhan, Mongolia, 19 December 2001. This is the equivalent sea-level pressure; Tosontsengel is located at 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) above sea level.

The highest adjusted-to-sea-level barometric pressure ever recorded (below 750 meters) was at Agata, Evenkiyskiy, Russia (66°53′N 93°28′E / 66.883°N 93.467°E / 66.883; 93.467, elevation: 261 m (856.3 ft)) on 31 December 1968 of 1083.3 hectopascals (hPa) (31.99 inHg).

The discrimination is due to the problematic assumptions (assuming a standard lapse rate) associated with reduction of sea level from high elevations.

See also

• Weather of 2013
• Extremes on Earth
• List of extreme temperatures in Canada
• List of snowiest places in the United States by state
• U.S. state and territory temperature extremes
• United Kingdom weather records
• Weather extremes in Canada
• Climate change

Notes

1. A reading of 50.1 °C (122.2 °F) in Vioolsdrif on 28 November 2019 was declared invalid by the South African Weather Service.
2. According to Christopher Burt, Africa's hottest reliably measured temperature is 50.7 °C (123.3 °F) at Semara, Western Sahara on 13 July 1961. This value was surpassed on 5 July 2018 when 51.3 °C (124.3 °F) was recorded at Ouargla, Algeria.
3. According to the World Meteorological Organization, the reported temperature is the highest recorded in Asia.
4. ^ Part of the July 2019 European heat wave
5. A disputed record temperature of 42.9 °C (109.2 °F) was measured on 24 July 2019 in Deelen, Gelderland.
6. Record measured on German territory at that time: Proskau, Landkreis Oppeln, Oberschlesien (now Prószków, Opole Voivodeship). The record in Poland proper at that time was attained on the same day by the village of Zbiersk at 40.0 °C.
7. According to Christopher Burt, South America's hottest reliably measured temperature is 47.3 °C (117.1 °F) at Campo Gallo, Argentina on 16 October 1936. Another record, of 49.1 °C (120.4 °F), registered in Villa de María del Río Seco, Córdoba Province, on 2 January 1920, is disputed and considered dubious.
8. Temperature reached on multiple occasions; this is the most recent.
9. This record is disputed because of the forest fires that occurred around the town of Quillón. It is highly probable those fires have influenced this record.
10. The former world record was 43.3 °C (110 °F) set on 5 July 1918, in Death Valley, California.
11. This temperature is considered the lowest ever officially recorded in Antarctica and in the World, as it was perceived by ground-positioned thermometers in 1983. Satellite analyses made on 10 August 2010 pointed to a temperature of −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) near Dome F in Queen Maud Land, but this record is not officially listed because it was measured by remote sensing methods that are not totally consistent, unlike the 1983 temperature. See Lowest temperature recorded on Earth for details.
12. It is reported by local news outlet that temperatures Mount Pulag which is 2,926 meters above sea level plunges to as low as −2.0 °C (28.4 °F) although it was not verifiable.
13. A reading of −35.5 °C (−31.9 °F) in Čakovec on 3 February 1929 and −36.0 °C (−32.8 °F) in Gospić were not measured under standard conditions and are not considered to be official record lows in Croatia.
14. The lowest unofficially measured temperature in Slovenia was recorded at Komna on 9 January 2009 and reached −49 °C (−56 °F).
15. The records of −34.1 °C (−29.4 °F) of Clot del Tuc de la Llança, Catalonia, and −35.4 °C (−31.7 °F) of Vega de Liordes, León, both registered in January 2021, are not recognized by AEMET.
16. the Servicio Meteorologico Nacional, Argentina's national meteorological organization, reports a record low of −39 °C (−38 °F) in a high mountain valley of Río de los Patos, but this is not recognized by the World Meteorological Organization.

References

1. "Mean Monthly Temperature Records Across the Globe / Timeseries of Global Land and Ocean Areas at Record Levels for October from 1951-2023". NCEI.NOAA.gov. National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). November 2023. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. (change "202310" in URL to see years other than 2023, and months other than 10=October)
2. "World Meteorological Organization: Global Weather & Climate Extremes". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
3. "Mean Monthly Temperature Records Across the Globe". NCEI.NOAA.gov. National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). November 2023. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. (Change "202310" in URL to see years other than 2023, and months other than 10=October. Use "Timeseries of ratio... data across all months.)
4. "The 2023 Annual Climate Summary / Global Climate Highlights 2023". Copernicus Programme. 9 January 2024. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024.
5. "WMO (2018): Guide to Instruments and Methods of Observation". Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
6. ^ Mildrexler, David J.; Zhao, Maosheng; Running, Steven W. (2011). "Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 2011 (7): 855–860. Bibcode:2011BAMS...92..855M. doi:10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1.
7. Kubecka, Paul (2001). "A possible world record maximum natural ground surface temperature". Weather. 56 (7): 218–221. Bibcode:2001Wthr...56..218K. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.2001.tb06577.x. S2CID 120698040.
8. Table 9.2, p. 158, Dryland Climatology, Sharon E. Nicholson, Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 1139500244.
9. Garratt, J. R. (1992). "Extreme Maximum Land Surface Temperatures". Journal of Applied Meteorology. 31 (9): 1096–1105. Bibcode:1992JApMe..31.1096G. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<1096:EMLST>2.0.CO;2.
10. Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite Archived 14 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Jonathan Amos, BBC News, 9 December 2013.
11. The Coldest Place on Earth: -90 °C and below from Landsat 8 and other satellite thermal sensors Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Ted Scambos, Allen Pope, Garrett Campbell, and Terry Haran, American Geophysical Union fall meeting, 9 December 2013.
12. "World: Highest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
13. ^ "Doubts Cloud Death Valley's 100-year Heat Record". 15 July 2013. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
14. ^ Burt, Christopher C. (22 July 2016). "Hottest Reliably Measured Air Temperatures on Earth". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
15. ^ Fadli, Khalid; Cerveny, Randall; Burt, Christopher; Eden, Philip; Parker, David; Brunet, Manola; Peterson, Thomas (2013). "World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58 °C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (2): 199–204. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94..199E. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1.
16. "Climate Extremes in Israel". Israel Meteorological Service. 21 June 1942. Archived from the original on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
17. "Temperature reaches 130 °F (54.4 °C) at California's Death Valley". 10 July 2021.
18. Weather Extremes Archived 25 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Weather Underground – Retrieved 14 September 2012.
19. Burt, Christopher C (2004). Extreme Weather. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-393-32658-1. Retrieved 21 June 2007. heat burst 158.
20. ^ Copernicus (25 July 2024). "New record daily global average temperature reached in July 2024". climate.copernicus.eu. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
21. McGuinness, Jackie; Rohloff, Katherine (14 August 2023). "NASA Clocks July 2023 as Hottest Month on Record Ever Since 1880". NASA. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
22. Copernicus (5 October 2023). "Copernicus: September 2023 – unprecedented temperature anomalies; 2023 on track to be the warmest year on record". climate.copernicus.eu. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
23. Jacobo, Julia; Peck, Daniel (24 July 2024). "Earth sets daily global temperature record for 2nd day in a row: Copernicus". ABC News. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
24. ^ Watts, Jonathan (13 July 2018). "Heatwave sees record high temperatures around world this week". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
25. "Botswana: Heat Wave Breaks Maximum Temperature Records". Allafrica.com. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
26. "Weather Data: Botswana, Maun, 2016, January". Retrieved 26 June 2020.
27. ^ "Programme D'Action National D'Adaptation a la Variabilite et aux Changements Climatiques (Pana du Burkina Faso)" (PDF) (in French). Ministere de L'Environnnement et du Cadre de Vie. p. 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
28. ^ "May 2023 was the world's third-warmest May on record". 14 June 2023.
29. ^ Watts, Jonathan (14 August 2024). "Unprecedented number of heat records broken around world this year". The Guardian. theguardian.com. Retrieved 14 August 2024.
30. "Météo climat stats | Station Asswan / Données Météorologiques Gratuites" [Weather climate stats] (in French).
31. ^ "Groundwater Resources of Swaziland" (PDF). Swaziland Ministry of Natural Resources, Land Use and Energy. December 1992. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
32. D.E., Pedgley (September 1967). "Air Temperature at Dallol, Ethiopia". Met Office. Archived from the original on 27 July 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
33. ^ "Third National Communication of the Gambia under the UNFCCC" (PDF). Ministry of Climate Change environment and Natural Resources. 2020. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
34. ^ Masters, Jeff (18 January 2018). "NOAA: Earth Had Its Third Warmest Year on Record in 2017". Wunderground. Archived from the original on 30 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
35. ^ "Madagascar Initial National Communication" (PDF) (in French). Le Ministre de l'Environnement, des Eaux et des Forets. 2019. p. 22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
36. https://twitter.com/BNONews/status/1690094767655231488
37. ^ "Troisieme Communication Nationale A La Conference Des Parties De La Conventioncadre Des Nations Unies Sur Les Changements Climatiques" (PDF). Republique de Niger. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
38. ^ "Climat de la Réunion" (in French). Météo-France. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
39. "What are the temperature, rainfall and wind extremes in SA?". South African Weather Service. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
40. "VIOOLSDRIF TEMPERATURE ON 28 NOVEMBER 2019" (PDF). South African Weather Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
41. Khalid Ibrahim El Fadli; Randall S. Cerveny; Christopher C. Burt; Philip Eden; David Parker; Manola Brunet; Thomas C. Peterson; Gianpaolo Mordacchini; Vinicio Pelino; Pierre Bessemoulin; José Luis Stella; Fatima Driouech; M.M Abdel wahab; Matthew B. Pace (2012). "World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58 °C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (2): 199–204. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94..199E. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1.
42. ^ Burt, Christopher C. (19 August 2016). "Hottest Reliably Measured Air Temperatures on Earth: PART TWO". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
43. "WMO Region VII (Antarctic: all land/ice south of 60°S): Highest Temperature". Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
44. ^ Afghanistan Constitution and Citizenship Law Handboook – Strategic Information and Basic Laws. Int'l Business Publications. 2013. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-4387-7835-8.
45. "Bangladesh records highest temperature 42.2-degree Celsius in last 14 years". Asian Tribune. 27 April 2009. Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
46. Passang Norbu (14 June 2013). "The heat has got into the Himalayas". Kuensel. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
47. "China logs 52.2 Celsius as extreme weather rewrites records". Reuters. 17 July 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
48. "Daily Extract of Meteorological Observations , July 2022 - Sheung Shui". 1 August 2022.
49. "Temperature over Delhi" (PDF). 29 May 2024.
50. "Mungeshpur's 52.9°C reading was off by 3°C due to sensor error: IMD". The Times of India. 1 June 2024. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
51. "Historis Kejadian Iklim Ekstrim" (in Indonesian). Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency of Indonesia (BMKG). 2011. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
52. Putri, Gloria Setyvani (24 October 2019). "Cuaca Panas Masih 9 Hari, Ini Daftar Hari Terpanas di Indonesia" (in Indonesian). Kompas. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
53. "Temperatures in Iranian city of Ahvaz hit 129.2F (54C), near hottest on Earth in modern measurements". independent. 30 June 2017. Archived from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
54. Samenow, Jason (22 July 2016). "Two Middle East locations hit 129 degrees, hottest ever in Eastern Hemisphere, maybe the world". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
55. Tapper, James (23 July 2016). "Think you're hot? Spare a thought for Kuwait, as mercury hits record 54C". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
56. Christopher, Burt. "Hottest Reliably Measured Air Temperatures on Earth". Weather Underground. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
57. "Japan heatwave: Temperature hits new historic record 41.1C, says Japanese weather agency". The Independent. 23 July 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
58. ^ "National Rankings". Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
59. ^ القيم المتطرفة (in Arabic). Jordanian Meteorological Department. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
60. ^ "Climate and weather of Kazakhstan". Advantour.
61. ^ "WMO verifies 3rd and 4th hottest temperature recorded on Earth". World Meteorological Organization. 18 June 2019. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
62. "National Report". cbd.minjust.gov.kg. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
63. "Climate details in Lebanon".
64. ^ "General Climate Information". Malaysia Meteorological Department. Archived from the original on 16 November 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
65. ^ "Mongolia: Assessment Report on Climate Change 2009" (PDF). Ministry of Environment, Nature and Tourism, Mongolia. September 2009. pp. 36–37. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 December 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
66. Myint, Yee (2 May 2016). "Heat takes its toll". Myanmar Times. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
67. Soe, Kyaw (25 February 2016). "Warnings of strong El Niño through June". Myanmar Times. Archived from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
68. ^ "Climatic Extremities in Nepal". Compendium of Environmental Statistics Nepal 2015. Central Bureau of Statistics. 2016. pp. 43–44. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
69. "The highest temperatures recorded", Oman Meteorology, retrieved 17 June 2021
70. Vidal, John; Walsh, Declan (1 June 2010). "Temperatures reach record high in Pakistan". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
71. ^ "Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" (PDF). Government of the Philippines. 29 December 2014. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
72. "saudigazette". Archived from the original on 30 September 2015.
73. ^ "Historical Extremes". Meteorological Service Singapore. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
74. "Temperature soars to 37 °C in Singapore, equals record for daily high set in 1983". CNA. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
75. "한반도 폭염 신기원...서울 39.6도·홍천 41.0도". news1. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
76. "Ever Recorded Daily Extreme Values" (PDF). 29 December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 December 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
    
77. "SL experiencing highest temperatures in 140 years: Prof. Jayaratne - Breaking News | Daily Mirror". www.dailymirror.lk. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
78. "Initial National Communication of the Syrian Arab Republic" (PDF). Ministry of state for Environmental Affairs. April 2010. pp. 18–20. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
79. "Ventusky - Weather Forecast Maps". www.ventusky.com. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
80. ^ Masters, Jeff (12 January 2023). "2022: Earth's 5th- or 6th-warmest year on record » Yale Climate Connections". Yale Climate Connections. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
81. "Tajikistan Climate and Weather - Average Temperatures and Precipitation". www.advantour.com.
82. "Historic Asia heat breaks hundreds of records, with extremes in Thailand and China". The Washington Post. 17 April 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
83. ^ "Ülkemizi etkisi altına alan sıcak hava dalgasının etkisiyle, bugün Türkiye'de sıcaklık rekoru kırıldı".
84. ^ "Third National Communication of Turkmenistan Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" (PDF). Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan. 2015. pp. 12–13. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
85. "Report on implementation of the UNCCD in Turkmenistan". Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan. 2000. p. 7. Archived from the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
86. Ponce de Leon, Janice (11 August 2016). "Debunking weather myths in the UAE". Gulf News. Archived from the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
87. Croucher, Martin (12 July 2013). "UAE weather: Temperature soars to near record level". The National. Archived from the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
88. Nguyen Hoai (2023). "Nghe An recorded 44.2 degrees Celsius, the highest in Vietnamese history". Tien Phong News. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
89. "Dhekelia, GB Climate Zone, Monthly Weather Averages and Historical Data".
90. "Akrotiri, GB Climate Zone, Monthly Weather Averages and Historical Data".
91. "Albania hits all-time high as heat blasts southern Europe and fires rage". Washington Post.
92. "French Station Breaks All-Time Heat Record by Astounding Margin". www.wunderground.com. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
93. ^ "Republic of Armenia Third National Communication on Climate Change" (PDF). Ministry of Nature Protection. 2015. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
94. "Hottest Day on Record – 43.7 Celsius". Hetq Online. 3 August 2011. Archived from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
95. Jessica Blunden; Derek Arndt (2019). "State of the Climate in 2018". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 100 (9): Si-S306. doi:10.1175/2019BAMSStateoftheClimate.1. hdl:11603/24308. S2CID 202481135. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
96. "Neuer Hitze-Rekord: 40,5 °C in Bad Deutsch-Altenburg". ZAMG. 9 August 2013. Archived from the original on 10 August 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
97. "Zo uitzonderlijk was het gisteren: 41,8 graden in Begijnendijk" (in Dutch). VRTNWS. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
98. "Federal Hydrometeorological Institute". Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
99. ^ "C'est officiel : on a atteint les 46 °C en France en juin" (in French). Météo France. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
100. ^ "Bulgaria Second National Communication" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
101. "Croatia Sixth National Communication" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
102. ^ "Česká republika – Česká nej". atlasceska.cz. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
103. ^ "Vejrekstremer i Danmark" (in Danish). Danish Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
104. ^ "Weather records". Estonian Weather Services. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
105. ^ "Lämpötilaennätyksiä" (in Finnish). Finnish Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
106. "DWD-Stationen Duisburg-Baerl und Tönisvorst jetzt Spitzenreiter mit 41,2 Grad Celsius". www.dwd.de (in German). 17 December 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
107. ^ "Global Weather & Climate Extremes". World Meteorological Organisation. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
108. ^ "Website of the Hungarian Meteorological Service". Met.hu. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
109. ^ Einarsson, Markús. Climate of Iceland Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine pg 683. Retrieved 29 April 2009.
110. Heat Wave Hits Iceland, New Records Set Archived 29 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine Iceland Review 31 July 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2009.
111. ^ "Temperature – Climate – Met Éireann – The Irish Meteorological Service Online". Met.ie. 2 January 1979. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
112. "WMO is monitoring potential new temperature records". public.wmo.int. 17 July 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
113. ^ LVGMC Twitter account Archived 19 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre. Retrieved 4 August 2014. (in Latvian)
114. "papildināts (17:24) - Gaisa temperatūra Latvijā pirmo reizi pārsniegusi +37 grādus". Diena.lv. 4 August 2014. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2014. (in Latvian)
115. "Wild Weather Around the World | Weather Extremes". Weather Underground. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
116. "Germany Breaks its All-Time Heat Record | Category 6". Weather Underground. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
117. ^ "(Meteorologiniai rekordai Lietuvoje)" (in Lithuanian). Lithuanian Hydrometeorological Service. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
118. "40,8 °C: Neuer offizieller Temperaturrekord in Luxemburg" (in German). AgriMeteo. 25 July 2019. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
119. "40,8 °C: Neuer offizieller Temperaturrekord in Luxemburg" (in German). Ministerium für Landwirtschaft, Weinbau und ländliche Entwicklung. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
120. ^ "The Second Communication of Malta to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Xhange" (PDF). Ministry of Resources and Rural Affairs. May 2010. pp. 40–41. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
121. ^ Galdies, Charles (2011). "The Climate of Malta: statistics, trends, and analysis 1951–2010" (PDF). National Statistics Office. pp. 6–7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
122. ^ "Recorduri meteorologice în Republica Moldova" (in Romanian). Serviciul Hidrometeorologic de Stat. Archived from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
123. Masters, Jeff. "2012: Earth's 10th warmest year on record, and warmest with a La Niña". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
124. "Het was dus wel 42,9 graden, waar kwam die mysterieuze hitte in Deelen vandaan?" (in Dutch). Algemeen Dagblad. 3 December 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
125. "'Heel, heel, heel uitzonderlijk': 40+ gemeten in vijf provincies". nos.nl. 25 July 2019.
126. "Second National Communication on Climate Change" (PDF). Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning. December 2008. p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
127. ^ "Klima". met.no. Archived from the original on 29 November 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
128. "Polskie Rekordy". MeteoModel.pl. 31 May 2011. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
129. ^ "Rekordy klimatyczne w Polsce". Klimat.Geo.UJ.edu.pl (in Polish). Zakład Klimatologii – Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków. Archived from the original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
130. Extremes Archived 21 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, IPMA
131. THERMAL EXTREMES Archived 9 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine Administratiei Nationale de Meteorologie
132. "Погода и Климат – В России установлен новый абсолютный температурный максимум". Pogoda.ru.net. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
133. "TEMPERATURE REGIME IN SERBIA, Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia". Hidmet.gov.rs. Archived from the original on 26 August 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
134. ^ "Historical Extremes: Review of historical extremes (extreme values) of selected meteorological elements at the territory of Slovak republic". Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
135. "V Cerkljah ob Krki namerili rekordnih 40,8 stopinje Celzija" (in Slovenian). 24ur.com. Archived from the original on 8 August 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
136. "14 de agosto de 2021,se batió el récord de temperatura más alta registrada en España" (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. 2 August 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
137. ^ "Svenska temperaturrekord". Sveriges meteorologiska och hydrologiska institut. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
138. ^ "Records Suisse". MeteoSwiss. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
139. ^ Кліматичні рекорди (in Ukrainian). Central Observatory for Geophysics. Archived from the original on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
140. Andersson, Jasmine; Faulkner, Doug (19 July 2022). "UK heatwave sees temperatures above 40C for first time". BBC. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
141. ^ Masters, Jeff (27 January 2016). "Sixteen National/Territorial All-Time Extreme Heat Records Set in 2015". Wunderground. Archived from the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
142. ^ "Our Climate". Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
143. ^ "Normal Daily Temperature: TEMPERATURE AT V.C. Bird International Airport". Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
144. https://x.com/extremetemps/status/1725561066136953133?lang=en
145. ^ Masters, Jeff; Henson, Bob (18 January 2017). "Confirmed: 2016 the Warmest Year in History of Global Recordkeeping". Wunderground. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
146. @ECCCWeatherBC (29 June 2021). "At 4:20pm, Lytton Climate Station reported 49.5 °C, once again, breaking the daily and all-time temperature records for the 3rd straight day. Final numbers and all other temperature records will be posted later this afternoon. #BCStorm" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
147. Zeidler, Maryse (27 June 2021). "B.C. heat wave shatters Canadian record for highest temperature ever recorded". CBC News. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
148. ^ Samenow, Jason (30 June 2021). "'Hard to comprehend': Experts react to record 121 degrees in Canada". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
149. ^ Hopper, Tristin (2 July 2021). "Literally hotter than the Sahara: How Western Canada became one of the hottest corners of the globe". National Post. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
150. ^ "State of the Global Climate 2021 WMO Provisional report". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 29 April 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
151. "State of the Global Climate 2020". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
152. "August 2023 was Earth's hottest August on record". yaleclimateconnections.org. 14 September 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
153. Mejía, Mariela (7 January 2011). "Frío extremo, calor agobiante" (in Spanish). Diario Libre. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
154. "Greenland witnessed its highest June temperature ever recorded on Thursday". The Washington Post. 10 June 2016. Archived from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
155. "Greenland -Dnk- - Ivigtut". Pendientedemigracion.ucm.es. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
156. "More record lows since 1937 than record highs". Iceagenow.info. 27 June 2017. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
157. ^ "Datos metorologicos de los departamentos" (in Spanish). INSIVUMEH. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
158. "Sube la temperatura media" (in Spanish). 21 May 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
159. ^ "Le climat en Martinique" (in French). Météo-France. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
160. Christopher Burt. "Early Summer Heat Broils Northern Hemisphere". Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
161. García Cueto, O.R.; Santillán Soto, N.; Quintero Núñez, M.; Ojeda Benítez, S.; Velázquez Limón, N. (October 2013). "Extreme temperature scenarios in Mexicali, Mexico under climate change conditions". Atmósfera. 26 (4): 509–520. Bibcode:2013Atmo...26..509G. doi:10.1016/S0187-6236(13)71092-0.
162. ^ "Extreme Temperatures". Empresa de Transmisión Eléctrica S.A. Archived from the original on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
163. ^ "All Time Extremes for PR and VI". National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 19 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
164. World: Highest Temperature Archived 4 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
165. Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation. Archived 25 May 2012 at archive.today National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 13 August 2023
166. "Australian Temperature Extremes" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology. 1 April 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
167. "50.5 °C – W.A.'s Highest Ever Temperature". Bureau of Meteorology. 20 February 1998. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
168. "Australia matches its hottest day on record as Western Australia town goes above 50C". The Guardian. 13 January 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
169. Birch, Laura (13 January 2022). "Onslow in the Pilbara reaches 50.7C, equalling Australia's hottest day on record". ABC News. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
170. "Australia equals hottest day on record at 50.7C". BBC News. 13 January 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
171. "Carl Walrond. 'Natural environment', Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 25-Sep-2007". Teara.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 16 August 2009. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
172. ^ "Environmental and Social Management Framework for the Samoa Agriculture Competitiveness Enhancement Project" (PDF). World Bank. 2 December 2011. p. 53. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
173. Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation. Archived 25 May 2012 at archive.today National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 21 June 2007.
174. "Continental Weather & Climate Extremes: Based on World Meteorological Organization Defined Regions". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
175. The record of 49.1 °C (120.4 °F) in Villa de María, Córdoba Province, Argentina, on 2 January 1920, is disputed and considered dubious"Servicio Meteorólogico Nacional (Argentina)". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
176. "Calor de 44,8 °C: Araçuaí (MG) tem o dia mais quente no histórico de medições do Brasil, diz Inmet". G1. 20 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
177. "En Bío Bío se registró temperatura máxima de la historia de Chile" (in Spanish). Biobiochile.cl. 27 January 2017. Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
178. "Quillón tuvo hoy la temperatura más alta de la historia de Chile: 44.9 grados a la sombra". The Clinic. 26 January 2017. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
179. "Informe Técnico Diario N°364". IDEAM. 30 December 2015. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
180. Masters, Jeff (13 October 2023). "September 2023 was Earth's most extreme month for heat ever recorded » Yale Climate Connections". Yale Climate Connections. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
181. Masters, Jeff (15 November 2023). "Last month was by far the world's hottest October on record » Yale Climate Connections". Yale Climate Connections. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
182. ^ "Clima del Uruguay" (in Spanish). Red Académica Uruguaya. Archived from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
183. ^ "Boletín meteorológico" [Meteorologic records of Uruguay] (in Spanish). Dirección Nacional de Meteorología. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
184. diaria, la (14 January 2022). "Ola de calor: Florida registró un récord histórico de temperatura". la diaria (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 January 2022.
185. "Marble Bar heatwave, 1923–1924". Australian Climate Extremes. Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
186. Mildrexler, D.; M. Zhao; S. W. Running (October 2006). "Where Are the Hottest Spots on Earth?". EOS. 87 (43): 461, 467. doi:10.1002/eost.v87.43.
187. Mildrexler, D.; M. Zhao; S. W. Running (2011). "Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth". Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 92 (7): 850–860. Bibcode:2011BAMS...92..855M. doi:10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1.
188. "Weather and Climate Death Valley National Park" (PDF). U.S. National Park Service. July 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
189. "The world's hottest rain fell in California, setting new world record". Newsweek. 5 August 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
190. Masters, Jeff (21 June 2017). "A World Record Low Humidity? 116 °F With a 0.36% Humidity in Iran". Wunderground. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
191. "July Daily Normals And Records" (PDF). The Death Valley Climate Book. National Weather Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
192. Burt, Christopher (13 July 2018). "Heat Records Falling Around the World in 2018". Wunderground. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
193. Ian, Livingston. "Death Valley Sets New Global Record for Hottest Single Month". Wunderground. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
194. Fritz, Angela (7 August 2017). "Death Valley just experienced the hottest month ever recorded on Earth". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
195. ^ "WMO verifies -69.6 °C Greenland temperature as Northern hemisphere record". World Meteorological Organization. 22 September 2020. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
196. Sinclare, Terry (22 June 2020). "A small town in Siberia has likely broken the Arctic high temperature record". Webcenter11. Gray Television, Inc. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
197. "Arctic Temperatures Hit Record High in Russia Amid Heat Wave". The Moscow Times. 22 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
198. ^ "Greatest temperature range on Earth". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
199. ^ "Iranian city soars to record 129 degrees: Near hottest on Earth in modern measurements". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
200. "Iran city hits suffocating heat index of 165 degrees, near world record". Klean Industries. 4 August 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
201. "Seconde Communication Nationale de L'Algerie Sur Les Changements Climatiques a la CCNUCC" (PDF) (in French). Ministere de L'Amenagement du Territoire et de L'Environnement. 2010. p. 27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
202. "St. Katrine Climate Normals 1961-1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
203. "Global Surface Summary of the Day - GSOD". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
204. "Botswana's Climate". Meteorological Services Botswana. Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
205. "Climatology". Ghana Meteorological Services Department. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
206. "Quelques Records en Guinée" (in French). Météorologie Nationale, République de Guinée. Archived from the original on 9 January 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
207. "Lesotho – National report on climate change" (PDF). Ministry of Natural Resources. April 2000. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
208. "WMO Region I (Africa): Lowest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
209. "New minimum temperature record for South Africa". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
210. "Canarias a 15 grados bajo cero: las insólitas cifras del histórico temporal". El Español (in Spanish). 31 January 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
211. "Sudan". Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles. Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from the original on 16 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
212. ^ Lyons, Walter A (1997). The Handy Weather Answer Book (2nd ed.). Detroit, Michigan: Visible Ink press. ISBN 978-0-7876-1034-0.
213. Budretsky, A.B. (1984). "New absolute minimum of air temperature". Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (in Russian) (105). Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat. Archived from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 11 May 2008.
214. Mahmudov, Rza. "Water Resources of the Azerbaijan Republic". Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Azerbaijan Republic. Archived from the original on 24 May 2007. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
215. "Dinajpur district map". Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
216. "Climate". en.chinaculture.org. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
217. "China just saw its coldest temperature on record: Minus-53 degrees". The Washington Post. 23 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
218. "China's northernmost city just saw its coldest day ever". CNN Travel. 24 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
219. Sisovann, Pin; Kinetz, Erika (29 January 2007). "Cambodia Sees Record Low Temperatures Reach Record Lows History". The Cambodia Daily. Archived from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
220. "Weather data for Dras".
221. Zain, Fadlan Mukhtar (24 June 2019). Belarminus, Robertus (ed.). "Pagi Ini Suhu Dieng Mencapai Minus 9 Derajat Celsius, Embun Es Muncul sejak Malam" (in Indonesian). Kompas. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
222. "رکورد گرمترین و سردترین نقطه ایران مربوط به کی و کجاست؟ / ثبت دمای بالای 71 درجه تا 46 درجه زیر صفر". danakhabar.com. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
223. Judah Ari Gross, "Golan sees record low temperatures during storm" Archived 30 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The Times of Israel, 12 January 2015.
224. "Climate History". Kuwait Meteorological Department. Archived from the original on 13 February 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
225. "Weather Data: Kuwait, Salmy, 2009, January". geographic.org. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
226. "Country profile". mineconom.gov.kg. Ministry of Economy of the Kyrgyz Republic. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
227. "Lowest Temperature Ever Record in Lebanon". 18 February 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
228. "Climate of Maldives". Maldives Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
229. "Mongolia Third National Communication" (PDF). Ministry of Environment and Tourism. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
230. Cho, Myo. "High of 40C, low of 13C in Yangon for 2003". Government of Myanmar. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
231. 선종일 (1 August 1942). "Korean Climate". User.chollian.net. Archived from the original on 29 December 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
232. "Snow blankets Jabel Shams in Oman". Oman Daily Observer. 24 January 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
233. Hamayoon Janjua (30 January 2019). "Pakistan Climate". crayon.pk. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
234. Luces, Kim (31 January 2014). "'Abnormally cold' temperatures recorded in January". GMA News. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2015. However, these are nothing compared to the all-time lowest temperature ever felt in Baguio City and in the Philippines – the 6.3-degree cold felt on January 18, 1961.
235. Dumlao, Artemio (29 December 2013). "Mt. Pulag freezes below zero". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
236. "Northern Hemisphere: Lowest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
237. "Second National Communication" (PDF). Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
238. "Climate of Korea". Korea Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 1 July 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
239. "Station Nuwara Eliya" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
240. "أبرد شتاء مر على سوريا منذ عام 1950 !". طقس سوريا – طقس العرب. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
241. "世界最低溫是幾度？ 臺灣最低溫是幾度？" (in Chinese). Central Weather Bureau. 25 October 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
242. "The Climate". Yushan National Park. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
243. "The Climate of Thailand" (PDF). Thai Meteorological Department. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
244. "Vì sao miền Bắc lạnh bất thường?" (in Vietnamese). Vietnam Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
245. "BULETINI MUJOR KLIMATIK" (PDF). www.geo.edu.al. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
246. "TEMPERATURE COMPARISON BETWEEN SOME ALPINE DOLINES IN WINTER TIME" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
247. Baglasov Andrey; Belov Alexandr; Sinitsa Valentina; Bychenkov Alexandr. "Department of Hydrometeorology". Pogoda.by. Archived from the original on 22 August 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
248. "KMI (Belgian Royal Meteorological Institute) site". Kmi.be. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
249. "Interview with the Federal Hydrometeorological Institute of BiH". Klix.ba. Archived from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
250. ^ "Najniže izmjerene temperature zraka u Hrvatskoj za razdoblje od kada postoje mjerenja" (in Croatian). Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
251. "Αυτή είναι η χαμηλότερη θερμοκρασία που καταγράφηκε ποτέ στην Κύπρο!". Newsbomb. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
252. Geographic.org. "Weather Data: Finland, Kittila Pokka, 1999, January". Retrieved 25 July 2020.
253. "MétéoFrance". Comprendre.meteofrance.com. Archived from the original on 13 May 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
254. Andreas Wagner (August 2009). "Wetterextreme (Temperaturspanne von bis zu 146,5 °C)". MeteoGroup. Archived from the original on 31 August 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
255. "The Meteorologist's book" (PDF). HNMS. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
256. "New Italian record in sinkhole". 24 May 2022.
257. "Normal- und Extremwerte" (in German). Meteolux. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
258. |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815143830/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_99138001.pdf
259. "Recordkoude februari van 1956". KNMI.nl.
260. "Климатски екстреми" (in Macedonian). Hydrometeorological Service. Archived from the original on 19 August 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
261. "Terras da Beira – "Reveillon" português sem chuva, mas a bater o dente de frio" (in Portuguese). 27 March 2014. Archived from the original on 12 August 2010. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
262. infoTURIST (25 January 1942). "Romania". Infoturist.ro. Archived from the original on 23 August 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
263. "Minus trideset za početak". arhiva.vesti-online. November 2015.
264. "Slovenski vremenski rekordi" (PDF) (in Slovenian). Slovenian Environment Agency. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
265. "El récord de frío de -34º C no será reconocido por la agencia de meteorología". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 8 January 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
266. "Погодные рекорды Украины | Новости Украины | СЕГОДНЯ". Segodnya.ua. Archived from the original on 1 August 2009. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
267. "UK climate – Extremes". Met Office. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
268. "WMO Region IV (North America): Lowest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 1 November 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
269. "Climate". National Weather Service (Cayman Islands Government). Archived from the original on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
270. "III Congreso Cubano de Meteorología" [Third Cuban Congress of Meteorology] (PDF) (in Spanish). ACQ & Asociados. p. 36. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2011. Desde el punto de vista sinóptico, se realizó un estudio del día 18 de febrero de 1996, cuando se registraron temperaturas notablemente frías en la región occidental, y muy frías en el resto del país. Ese día, en la estación meteorológica de Bainoa se registró el record nacional de 0.6 °C.
271. Cassá Bernaldo de Quirós, Constancio (July 2012). "Valle Nuevo: su historia y naturaleza" (PDF). Clío (in Spanish) (184). Academia Dominicana de la Historia: 222. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
272. "¡Bajo cero! Ésta es la temperatura más baja registrada en la historia de México". Milenio. 29 January 2022. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
273. "National Climate Extremes Committee: Existing Records". National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
274. "Top Ten Montana Weather Events of the 20th Century". National Weather Service Unveils Montana's Top Ten Weather/Water/Climate Events of the 20th Century. National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2007.
275. "World Meteorological Organization Global Weather & Climate Extremes Archive". Arizona State University. Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
276. "História de Caçador" [Quarta-feira pode ter recorde de temperatura mínima neste ano em Santa Catarina] (in Portuguese). A Notícia. 2010. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2010. Caçador has the lowest recorded temperature, officially, in Brazil, of −14 °C in 1952. Another record, unofficial, of −17.8 °C in 1996-06-29, at the summit of Morro da Igreja, Urubici, also in Santa Catarina, would give the record to this locality.
277. "Recordes de Frio em SC". Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
278. "¿Sobrevivirías a -28,5°Celsius? Conoce los récords de frío en Chile". 26 May 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
279. "Promedios 71-00" (in Spanish). IDEAM. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
280. "Koud op Curaçao". www.antilliaansdagblad.com (in Dutch). 12 December 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
281. "Guyana's Climate Records". WorldData. August 2006. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
282. "Le Climat Guyanais" (in French). Météo-France. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
283. (in Spanish) Con 1,2 grados bajo cero en Asunción, la ola polar llegó para quedarse Archived 2 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine, La Nación. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
284. ^ Programa de Capacitación Para la Estimación del Riesgo Archived 25 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Biblioteca Virtual en Prevención y Atención de Desastres (BVPAD). Retrieved 30 August 2009.
285. "Australian Temperature Extremes" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology. 1 April 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
286. "1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 2008". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 7 February 2008. Retrieved 30 April 2008.
287. "State Climate Extremes Committee (SCEC): Records by State". National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
288. "New record for New Zealand's coldest day". TVNZ. 12 July 2011. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
289. "Rennell record lowest temperature - Ministry of Environment, Climate Change and Disaster Management".
290. "*Impressive cold in Greenland and near record accumulations of snow and ice". vencore weather. 6 July 2017. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
291. "Погода и Климат - Климатический монитор: погода в Оймяконе". Pogodaiklimat.ru. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
292. "A NATIONAL TEMPERATURE RECORD AT LOMA, MONTANA" (PDF).
293. "Установлена в честь 120-летия регистраций абсолютного минимума температуры в Северном полушарии Земли" (JPG).
294. "Погода в Верхоянске. Температура воздуха и осадки. Февраль 1892 г." pogodaiklimat.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 19 April 2020.
295. "Погода в Верхоянске. Температура воздуха и осадки. Июль 1988 г." pogodaiklimat.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 19 April 2020.
296. Christopher C. Burt. "Time to Update World's Driest and Wettest Locations?". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
297. Christopher C. Burt (8 September 2013). "World's greatest 1-minute Precipitation Record". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 16 June 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
298. ^ Ch. Péguy (1970)
299. ^ Sepúlveda, Sílvia Maria Ferreira. "Avaliação da Precipitação Extrema na Ilha da Madeira" (PDF). p. 19. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
300. Quetelard, Hubert; Bessemoulin, Pierre; Cerveny, Randall S.; Peterson, Thomas C.; Burton, Andrew; Boodhoo, Yadowsun (1 May 2009). "Extreme Weather: World-Record Rainfalls During Tropical Cyclone Gamede". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 90 (5): 603–608. Bibcode:2009BAMS...90..603Q. doi:10.1175/2008BAMS2660.1. ISSN 0003-0007. S2CID 122555985.
301. "Précipitations extrêmes (report)". www.meteo.fr. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
302. Christopher Burt, New Wettest Place on Earth Discovered?, 18 March 2013
303. "Where It Rained for 331 Days in a Row in the U.S." The Weather Channel.
304. Fritz, Angela (11 March 2015). "World record? 100 inches of snow may have clobbered Italy in 18 hours, review pending". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 31 December 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
305. ^ Burt, Christopher (2004), Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book, W.W. Norton & Co., p. 77, ISBN 978-0-393-32658-1
306. Frank H. Forrester, 1001 Questions Answered about the Weather (ISBN 0486242188), page 235: "The greatest amount of snowfall for a calendar month occurred at Tamarack, California, in January, 1911–390 inches."
307. "News". The Weather Channel. 10 February 2015. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
308. Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book; Christopher Burt; 2007
309. "Answers archive: Winter, snow, ice". USA Today. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012.
310. Center for Severe Weather Research (2006). "Doppler On Wheels". Archived from the original on 5 February 2007. Retrieved 18 February 2007.
311. Lyza, Anthony W.; Flournoy, Matthew D.; Alford, A. Addison (19 March 2024). "Comparison of Tornado Damage Characteristics to Low-Altitude WSR-88D Radar Observations and Implications for Tornado Intensity Estimation". Monthly Weather Review. -1 (aop). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and University of Oklahoma via the American Meteorological Society: 1689–1710. Bibcode:2024MWRv..152.1689L. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-23-0242.1. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
312. ^ "World: Maximum Surface Wind Gust (3-Second)". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
313. ^ "Info note No. 58 – World Record Wind Gust: 408 km/h". World Meteorological Organization. 5 November 2015. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
314. "Tornadoes in Bangladesh". Tornadoproject.com. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
315. "Research: Tornado Extremes". TORRO. Archived from the original on 14 August 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
316. "A 39 años del tornado en San Justo, el único F5 en toda Sudamérica y Latinoamérica". Uno Santa Fe. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
317. National Climate Centre. "Australian Climate Extremes-Storm". BOM. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
318. World: Largest tornado Outbreak Archived 26 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine at the World Meteorological Organization website
319. Grazulis, Thomas P. (2023). Significant Tornadoes 1974–2022. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project. p. 637. ISBN 978-1-879362-01-7.
320. "Catastrophic Landfall Expected in Mexico Friday; Patricia Becomes Strongest Hurricane Ever Recorded". weather.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
321. American Meteorological Society, Journal of Climate, 15 August 2014, A Reanalysis of the 1931–43 Atlantic Hurricane Database Archived 4 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Landsea et al., pg. 6114
322. Diamond, Howard (5 July 2017). "Southwest Pacific Enhanced Archive for Tropical Cyclones (SPEArTC)". Archived from the original on 18 June 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
323. ^ "Appendix I – Weather Extremes" (PDF). San Diego, California: National Weather Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
324. NWS (30 July 2010). "Record Setting Hail Event in Vivian, South Dakota on July 23, 2010". Aberdeen, South Dakota: National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 5 August 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
325. "Largest Hailstone in U.S. History Found". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 20 April 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
326. ^ "Megaflash: Longest lightning flash ever breaks record". Guinness World Records. 14 February 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
327. "Blazing World Record: Strongest UV Rays Measured in South America". LiveScience.com. 8 July 2014. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
328. Belles, Jonathan (24 May 2016). "Supercell Thunderstorm Towers Nearly 70,000 Feet, About Twice the Cruising Altitude of Commercial Planes". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
329. "June 13, 2022: Supercell Storm Brings a Swath of Severe Wind Damage and Two Tornadoes to the Chicago Metro". National Weather Service Chicago, Illinois.
330. ^ "World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Above 750 meters". Arizona State University. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
331. ^ "World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Below 750 meters". Arizona State University. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 7 October 2012.

External links

• National Climate Extremes Committee Archived 29 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine
• Global Weather & Climate Extremes (Arizona State University)
• Weather and Climate Extremes from US Army Corps of Engineers

• Weather

• Lists of weather records
• Weather extremes of Earth