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Textual variants in the Primary Chronicle manuscripts of the Kievan Rus' arise when a copyist makes deliberate or inadvertent alterations to the text that is being reproduced. Textual criticism (or textology) of the Primary Chronicle or Tale of Bygone Years (Old East Slavic: Повѣсть времѧньныхъ лѣтъ, romanized: Pověstĭ vremęnĭnyxŭ lětŭ, commonly abbreviated PVL) has included study of its textual variants.

Legend

Frequently used sigla (scribal symbols and abbreviations) of Primary Chronicle manuscripts and editions include:

Critical editions

• Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles: PSRL
• Aleksey Shakhmatov: Šax
• A. F. Bychkov 1872: Byč
• Dmitry Likhachev: Lix
• Donald Ostrowski et al. Paradosis (2003, digitised 2014): α
• L. Müller (2001) critical modern German translation

List

Note: Unlike the chapters and verses of the Bible used in biblical studies, textual criticism of the Primary Chronicle (PVL) employs notation by page and line. For example, a notation such as "3.2" refers to the "third (3rd) page, second (2nd) line".

0

0.1

Се повѣсти времѧньных лѣт., Se pověstĭ vremęnĭnyx lět, 'These are the tales of bygone years.' – Lav Tro Byč Šax Lix

повесть временных лѣтъ черноризца феѡдось|ева, pověstĭ vremennyx lětŭ čĭrnorizĭtsa Feodosieva, 'Tale of bygone years by the monk of Theodosius' – Rad Aka Ipa α

Пѡвѣсти врѣменных лѣт. нестера черноризца.| федѡосїева , pověstĭ vremennyx lět. nestera čĭrnorizĭtsa Fedōsïeva, 'Tale of bygone years by the nestera monk of Theodosius' – Xle

Error: {{Langx}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 37) (help) – Novgorod First Chronicle Younger Redaction

0.2

манастыря печерьскаго,, manastyrja pečerĭskago,, 'from the Monastery of Pechersk (the Caves),' – Rad Aka Ipa Xle α

omitted – Lav Tro Byč Šax Lix

0.2–3

ѿкуду есть пошла рускаꙗ земѧ. кто въ киевѣ нача первѣе кнѧ<жит>, 'regarding the origin of the land of Rus', the first princes of Kiev' – Lav

князеи и земля Руския, knyazej i zemlya Ruskiya, 'about the Rus' princes and land.' – Novgorod First Chronicle Younger Redaction

0.3

киевѣ нача, Kievě nača, 'of Kiev began' – Lav Byč Šax Lix

и како избра богъ страну нашу на послЂднЂе время, и грады почаша бывати по мЂстом, преже Новгородчкая Б волость и потом Кыевская, и о поставлении Киева, како во В имя назвася В Кыевъ., 'and how God chose our country for the last time, and the cities began to be in their places, first in the Novgorodian volost and then the Kyevan, and of the rise of Kiev, which was called by the name of Kyevû.' – Novgorod First Chronicle Younger Redaction

omitted – all other manuscripts, α

1

1.1

се начнемъ повѣсть сию., se načnemŭ pověstĭ siju., 'let us begin this story.' – Lav Tro Aka Ipa Byč Lix α

Се начнемъ повѣсть сїю., Se načnemŭ pověstĭ sīju., 'Let us begin this story.' – Xle

се начне повѣсть сию., Se načne pověstĭ siju., 'Let us this story.' – Rad

Се начьнѣмъ повѣсть сию., Se načĭněmŭ pověstĭ siju., 'Let us begin this story.' – Šax

1.2

трие сынове ноеви, trie synove noevi, 'the three sons of Noah' – Tro Byč Lix

.г҃.е сн҃ве ноеви, .g'.e snve noevi, 'the 3 sns of Noah' – Rad Aka α

бо .г҃.е сн҃ве ноеви, bo .g'.e snve noevi, 'for the 3 sns of Noah' – Ipa

оубо трїе с҃нове ноеви, ubo trīe snove Noevi, 'for the three sons of Noah' – Xle

убо трие сынове Ноеви, ubo trie synove Noevi, 'for the three sons of Noah' – Šax

первие с<нве> ноеви, pervie s<ive> noevi, '(the) first s of Noah' – Lav

1.3

симъ. хамъ. афетъ., simŭ. xamŭ. afetŭ., 'Simŭ, Xamŭ, Afetŭ.' – Lav Tro Ipa Byč Šax Lix α

си. ха. афе, si. xa. afe., 'Smi, Xma, Afet.' – Aka Rad (афетъ) Xle (и афе)

1.9

елмаисъ. инди. равиꙗ. на всѧ., elmaisŭ, indi, rabija na vsja, 'Elmais, Indi, all of rabia.' – Lav

елмаисъ инди аравия силная колия комагини финикия вся, elmaisŭ indi arabija silnaja kolija finikija vsja, 'Elmais Indi Arabia the Strong Kolija Komagini all of Phinicia.' – Tro

елоумаисъ. инди. равиꙗ силнаа. коулїи. колгини. фикиа всѧ:-, elymaisŭ, indi, rabija silnaa, kulīi, kolgini, fikia vsja, 'Elymais, Indi, rabia the Stron, Kulīi, Kolgini, all of Phicia.' – Rad Aka (3 ї/и variations)

елумаисъ. индиѧ. aравиа силнаꙗ. кулии. колгини. финикиꙗ всѧ, elymaisŭ, indija, arabija silnaja, kulii, kolgini, finikija vsja, 'Elymais, India, Arabia the Strong, Kulii, Kolgini, all of Phinicia.' – Ipa

елоумаись. индиѧ аравїа силнаа. коулии. комагины. финикїа всѧ., elymaisŭ, indija arabīa silnaa, kulii, komaginy, finikīa vsja, 'Elymais, India Arabia the Stron, Kulii, Komaginy, all of Phinicīa.' – Xle

3

3.8

илурикъ, ilurikŭ, 'Illyricum' – Rad Aka Ipa Xle Šax α

илюрикъ, iljurikŭ, 'Illyricum' – Lav Byč Lix

люрикъ, ljurikŭ, 'Illyricum' – Tro

Ἰλλυρίς, Illyrís, 'of Illyria' – George Hamartolos

See also Generations of Noah

3.8–3.9

Ἰλλυρίς, ἡ Λυχνίτις, Ἀδριανή, Illyrís, he Lychnítis, Adriané, 'of Illyria, Lychnitis, Adriane' – George Hamartolos

Илурикъ, Словѣне, Лухития, Анъдриакия, Ilurikŭ, Slověne, Luxnitija, Anŭdriakija, 'Illyricum, the Slavs, Lychnitia, Andriakia' – α

4

4.12

<св>еи. оурма<не> русь. агнѧне галичане, <sv>ei. urma<ne> rusĭ. agnjane galichane, '<Sw]edes, Urma<ne> Rus', Agnjane, Galichane' – Lav

свѣе урмане готе русь ангняне галичане, svěi urmane gote rusĭ angnjane galichane, 'Swedes Urmane Gote Rus' Angnjane Galichane' – Tro

всеи оурмане галичанѣ, vsei urmane galichaně, 'all Urmane Galichane' – Rad

свеи. оурмане. галичане., svei. urmane. galichane, 'Swedes, Urmane, Galichane' – Aka

свеи. оурмане. готѣ. русь. аглѧнѣ. галичанѣ., svei. urmane. gotě. rusĭ. agljaně. galichaně, 'Swedes, Urmane, Gote, Rus', Agljane, Galichane.' – Ipa

свеи, оурмане. гте роу а<глѧ>не, галичане., svei, urmane. gte rus a<glja>ne, galichane, 'Swedes, Urmane. Gte Rus Ane, Galichane.' – Xle

The Urmane are usually interpreted as "Normans" or "Norsemen"; Gote as either "Goths" or "Gotlanders"; A(n)gnjane or Agljane as "Angles" / "English"; and Galichane as either "Galicians" (and thus translated as "Spaniards", see Galicia (Spain)), "Gauls" or "Welsh".

4.13

волохове, voloxove, 'Vlachs or Italians' – Tro Ipa Xle Šax α

<волъ>хва, <volŭ>xva, 'Vlachs or Italians' – Lav Byč Lix

omitted – Rad Aka

It is unclear what Volokhove (or Volŭkhva) means. Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor (1930, 1953) translated it as "Italians" (compare modern Polish Włochy "Italy" or "Italians"); but in 6.6 he rendered Волохомъ/Волхомъ/Волотомъ as Vlakhs. Lunt (1995) described the Volokhs as 'people speaking Latin or a Romance language.' Thuis (2015) translated both as "Vlachs", adding 'This is possibly a Celto-Romance people.'

4.13

римляне, rimljane, 'Romans' – Tro Byč Šax Lix α; (римлѧне) Lav Xle; (римлѧнѣ) Ipa

omitted – Rad Aka

5

5.22

племени афетова. нар ци еже суть словѣне., plemeni afetova, nar tsi ezhe sutĭ slověne., 'the line of Afet, the Nartsi who are Slovenes.' – Lav Byč Lix

племени афетова нарицаеми иновѣрци еже соуть словене, plemeni afetova naritsaemi inověrtsi ezhe sutĭ slovene., 'the line of Afet, called the Inovertsi, who are Slovenes.' – Rad

племени же а҃фетова. нарицаемии норци еже сѹть словѣне., plemeni zhe ahfetova, naritsaemii nortsi ezhe sutĭ slověne., 'the line of Ahfet, called the Nortsi, who are Slovenes.' – Aka

племени же афетова. нарѣ<ц>аемѣи норци. иже сѹть словенѣ., plemeni zhe afetova, narě<ts>aeměi nortsi, izhe sutĭ sloveně., 'the line of Afet, called the Nortsi, who are Slovenes.' – Ipa

The N- ethnonym is unclear. Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor (1930, 1953) rendered them as the Noricians, who are identical to the Slavs. Lunt (1995), noting that Lav and Rad 'have independent corruptions', translated Ipa/Xle/Aka as (those) called Norci, who are Slavs. He commented: 'These clauses do not fit together easily. (...) This rather odd sentence seems, then, to imply that the Norci are a sub-tribe of Slavs.' Thuis (2015) wrote the Noriks, who are Slavs, adding 'The inhabitants of the Roman province of Noricum along the Danube. Possibly, this is a reference to the purported Urheimat of the Slavic people.'

5.23–25 See also Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin § Second phase (900–902)

6

6.6–8 See also Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin § Second phase (900–902)

6.13

деревлѧне, derevlęne, 'Derevlęne' – Rad Ipa Xle (деревлѧ)

Деревляне, Derevliane, 'Derevliane' – α

древлѧне, drevlęne, 'Drevlęne' – Lav Aka

Древляне, Drevliane, 'Drevliane' – Byč Šax Lix

7

8

7.21–9.4 Journey of Andrew the Apostle along the Dnieper from Korsun via the future site of Kyiv towards the future site of Veliky Novgorod.

9–10

9.5–10.16

9.5–21 The legendary founding of Kiev (Kyiv)

9.17

киевъ, kievŭ, 'Kiev' – Lav Tro Rad Ipa Byč Lix

кыевь, kyevŭ, 'Kyev' – Aka Xle Šax α

9.26–10.16 The acts of Kyi, and the death of the four siblings.

10.5

приходившю ему ко цр҃ю. ꙗко|же сказають. – Lav

приходившю ему и ко царю якоже сказають – Tro

приходившю ему ко царю, якоже сказають, – Byč

приходившю ему ко царю, якоже сказають, – Lix

проходившю емоу ко цр҃ю не свѣмы.|но токмо ѡ сем вѣмы. ꙗкож сказоують. – Rad

пришедшѹ емѹ | къ цр҃ю не свѣмы. но токмо ѡ семь вѣмы. ꙗкоже | сказѹютъ. – Aka

приходившю ему къ с | црсю | не свѣмы. но токмо ѡ се|мъ вѣмы ꙗкоже сказаю|ть. – Ipa

прихдовїшю емоу къ цр҃ю, не свѣмы – Xle

приходивъшю ему къ цѣсарю, которого не съвѣмы, нъ тъкъмо о семь вѣмы, якоже съказають, – Šax

приходивъшю ему къ цьсарю, не съвѣмы, нъ тъкъмо о семь вѣмы, якоже съказають, – α

12

12.16

деревлѧне, derevlęne, 'Derevlęne' – Rad Aka Ipa

Деревляне, Derevliane, 'Derevliane' – Byč Lix α

древѧнѧ, drevlęnę, 'Drevlęnę' – Lav

древяня, drevliania, 'Drevliania' – Tro

Древляне, Drevliane, 'Drevliane' – Šax

– Xle

16

16.21–17.3

17

17.4–24 Prediction of Khazar downfall.

17.25–29 See also Primary Chronicle § Opening date error.

19–20

23

25

25.10–21 See also Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin § Second phase (900–902)

26

26.21

ко ѡлго| гл҃ѧ, ko Ōlgo glę, 'Oleg' – Lav

ко лвови гл҃ѧ, ko Lvovi glę, 'Leo' – Rad, Aka,

къ лвови гл҃ѧ, kŭ Lvovi glę, 'Leo' – Ipa, Xle,

29–32

32–37

41

41.13 reference to Acts 19:13–14.

46–54.12a

54.12b–55.9

The death of Igor of Kiev.

55.10–60.8

Olga's revenge on the Derevlians. See also Olga of Kiev § Drevlian Uprising.

55.10

вольга, vōlǐga, 'Vōlǐga' – Lav, Byč, Lix

ольга, ōlǐga, 'Ōlǐga' – Tolstoy, Šax, α

ѡльга, ōlǐga, 'Ōlǐga' – Ipa

ѡлга, ōlga, 'Ōlga' – Rad, Xle

олга, olga, 'Olga' – Aka, Kom

55.22

никифоровъ, nikiforovŭ, 'Nikiforov' – Ipa, Byč, Šax, Lix, α

никифоровь, nikiforovǐ, 'Nikiforov' – Aka

микифоровъ, mikiforovŭ, 'Mikiforov' – Kom, Tolstoy

микифорѡ, mikiforōv, 'Mikiforōv' – Xle

никировъ, nikithrovŭ, 'Nikithrov' – Rad

нифовъ., nifovŭ, 'Nifov' – Lav

55.23

идѣже е н҃нѣ дворъ воротиславль и, 'where in there is now the courtyard of Vorotislavl' and' – Rad (воротиславль. и), Xle(идеже)

идѣже есть н҃нѣ дворъ воротиславль. и, 'where there is now the courtyard of Vorotislavl'. And' – Aka

идеже есть нынѣ двор воротиславль и, 'where there is nowadays the courtyard of Vorotislavl' and' – Ipa

есть, 'there is' – Lav

идеже есть нынѣ дворъ Воротиславль и, 'where there is nowadays the courtyard of Vorotislavl' and' – Byč, Šax, Lix

иде же есть нынѣ дворъ Воротиславль и, 'There is also nowadays the courtyard of Vorotislavl' and' – α

55.24

omitted – Lav

чюдинь, а перевѣсище бѣ внѣ града., chjudinĭ, a perevěsishte bě vŭně grada., 'Chudin, and hunting ground / bird trap was outside city' – Rad (гра.), Aka (чюнь.), Ipa (города), Xle (перевѣсишто; города.), Byč (Чюдинъ), Šax (вънѣ), Lix (Чюдинъ), α (вънѣ)

55.25

дворъ другыи, идеже есть дворъ Деместниковъ, 'another courtyard, where courtyard of Demestnikov is' – Rad, Aka, α

дворъ другый идѣже есть дворъ Демьстиковъ, 'another courtyard where courtyard of Demestikov is' – Byč, Šax, Lix

дворъ другыи, 'another courtyard' – Kom, Tolstoy (другии)

дворъ теремныи. и другыи идеже е дворъ демесниковъ, ' terem courtyard and another, where courtyard of Demes(t)nikov is' – Ipa (демесниковъ), Xle (деместниковь)

дворъ демьстковъ., ' courtyard of Demestikov' – Lav

Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor (1953): 'another palace, where the palace of the Cantors is now situated'.

56.1

дерьвьска землѧ, derĭvǐska zemlẹ – Lav

деревлѧньскаа землꙗ, derevlẹnǐskaa zemlja – Rad

деревѧньскаа землѧ, derevẹnǐskaa zemlẹ – Aka

деревьскꙗ землѧ, derevǐskaja zemlẹ – Ipa

деревскаа землѧ, derevskaa zemlẹ – Xle

деревьскаꙗ землꙗ, derevĭskaja zemlja – Kom Tolstoy (деревъскаꙗ)

Дерьвьска земля, Derĭvǐska zemlia – Byč, Šax (Деревьска), Lix

Деревьская земля, Derevǐskaia zemlia – α

60–62

60.25–62.8 Olga's visit to Tsargrad (Constantinople), and conversion to Byzantine Christianity. See also Olga of Kiev § Conversion.

60.26

бѣ тогда ц҃рь имѧнемь цѣмьскии., 'There was then a tsarĭ named Tsěmĭskii.' – Lav

и бѣ тогда ц҃рь костѧнтинъ с҃нъ леѡновъ., 'And there was then a tsarĭ Kostyantinŭ son of Leōnovŭ.' – Rad

и бѣ тогда ц҃рь костѧнтинь с҃нъ леѡновь., 'And there was then a tsarĭ Kostyantinĭ son of Leōnovĭ.' – Aka

и бѣ тогда црсь костѧнтинъ. с҃нъ леѡнтовъ., 'And there was then a tsrsĭ Kostyantinŭ, son of Leōntovŭ.' – Ipa

и бѣ тогда ц҃рь костѧнтин. с҃нь леоновь., 'And there was then a tsarĭ Kostyantin, son of Leonovĭ.' – Xle

и бѣ тогда цесарь именемь чемьскыи они, 'And there was then a tsesarĭ named Chemĭskȳi they' – Kom

и бѣ тогда цесарь именемь чемьскии, 'And there was then a tsesarĭ named Chemĭskii' – NAk Tol

Ostrowski (2007): 'Since the emperor at the time was not Tsimiskes but Constantine, the reading Костянтинъ сынъ Леоновъ might be considered a correction of the primary but historically incorrect reading.'

61.21b–22

и ре црь преклюкала мѧ еси ольга. и дасть еи, i rech tsrĭ perekljukala mę esi olĭga. i dastĭ ei, 'And tsar said: ' have fooled me, Olga .' And gives her' – Lav

и ре переклюкала мѧ еси олго. и вдасть еи, i rech perekljukala mę esi olgo. i vdastĭ ei, 'And said: ' have fooled me, Olga .' And gave her' – Rad

и рече переклюкала мѧ еси олго. и вдасть еи, i reche perekljukala mę esi olgo. i vdastĭ ei, 'And said: ' have fooled me, Olga .' And gave her' – Aka

и ре црь переклюка мѧ олга. и вдасть еи, i reche tssrĭ perekljuka mę olga. i vdastĭ ei, 'And tsar said: 'Olga has fool me.' And gave her' – Ipa

и ре црь переклюка мѧ олга. и вдасть еи, i rech tsrĭ perekljuka mę olga. i, 'And tsar said: 'Olga has fool me.' And gave her' – Ipa

и рече цесарь прѣдстоꙗщимъ ту велможамъ своимъ упремудри мꙗ олга словесы своими бѣ же она мудра словесы цесарь же пакы чемьскыи слышавши глаголы еꙗ дасть еи, 'And the Tsesar said to his nobles before him: 'Olga has outsmarted me with her words.' For she was wise in words. And the Tsesar, having heard her words, then gave her' – Kom

Butler (2008): ', lines 61,22, omits "esi" after "Perekliukala" (sometimes with vocative "Ol'go"), which causes some manuscripts to read, "You have fooled, me, Ol'ga."'

62.8–25 Epilogue to Olga's conversion

62.14–18 biblical quotation Proverbs 1:20–22

Премудрость на исходищихъ поеть ся, на путьхъ же дьрзновение водить. На краихъ же забральныхъ проповѣдаеть ся, въ вратѣхъ же градьныхъ дьрзающи глаголеть. Елико бо лѣтъ незълобивии дьржать ся по правьду, 'Wisdom is celebrated in places of concourse, she lifteth up her voice in the streets; she crieth at the entrance to the walls, at the gates of cities she uttereth speech. For as many years as the just cleave to wisdom, they shall not be ashamed.' – α

עַד־מָתַ֣י ׀ פְּתָיִם֮ תְּֽאֵהֲב֫וּ פֶ֥תִי וְלֵצִ֗ים לָ֭צֹון חָמְד֣וּ לָהֶ֑ם וּ֝כְסִילִ֗ים יִשְׂנְאוּ־דָֽעַת׃ בְּרֹ֥אשׁ הֹמִיֹּ֗ות תִּ֫קְרָ֥א בְּפִתְחֵ֖י שְׁעָרִ֥ים בָּעִ֗יר אֲמָרֶ֥יהָ תֹאמֵֽר׃ חָ֭כְמֹות בַּח֣וּץ תָּרֹ֑נָּה בָּ֝רְחֹבֹ֗ות תִּתֵּ֥ן קֹולָֽהּ׃‎, 'Out in the open wisdom calls aloud, she raises her voice in the public square; at noisy street corners she cries out, at the city gate she makes her speech: “How long will you who are simple love your simple ways? How long will mockers delight in mockery and fools hate knowledge?"' – Proverbs 1:20–22 NIV

62.21–22 biblical quotation Proverbs 13:19

Желание благовѣрьныхъ наслажаеть душю, 'The accomplished desire of the faithful is sweet to the soul.' – α

תַּאֲוָ֣ה נִ֭הְיָה תֶעֱרַ֣ב לְנָ֑פֶשׁ וְתֹועֲבַ֥ת כְּ֝סִילִ֗ים ס֣וּר מֵרָֽע׃‎, 'A longing fulfilled is sweet to the soul, but fools detest turning from evil.' – Proverbs 13:19 NIV (KVJ: 'The desire accomplished is sweet to the soul: but it is abomination to fools to depart from evil.')

62.22–23 biblical quotation Proverbs 2:2

62.23–24 biblical quotation Proverbs 8:17

62.24–25 biblical quotation John 6:37

63

63.8–9 biblical quotation 1 Corinthians 1:18

Невѣрьнымъ бо вѣра хрьстияньска уродьство есть, 'For to the infidels, the Christian faith is foolishness.' – α

Ὁ λόγος γὰρ ὁ τοῦ σταυροῦ τοῖς μὲν ἀπολλυμένοις μωρία ἐστίν, 'For the message of the cross is foolishness to those who are perishing.' – 1 Corinthians 1:18 NIV

63.9–11 biblical quotation Psalm 82:5

Не съмыслиша бо, ни разумѣша въ тьмѣ ходящии, и не вѣдять славы Господьня., 'They do not comprehend it, because they walk in darkness and do not see the glory of God.' – α

לֹ֤א יָֽדְע֨וּ ׀ וְלֹ֥א יָבִ֗ינוּ בַּחֲשֵׁכָ֥ה יִתְהַלָּ֑כוּ יִ֝מֹּ֗וטוּ כָּל־מֹ֥וסְדֵי אָֽרֶץ׃‎, 'The 'gods' know nothing, they understand nothing. They walk about in darkness; all the foundations of the earth are shaken.' – Psalm 82:5 NIV

63.13–19 biblical quotation Proverbs 1:24–31 (or 1:25–30)

63.29–64.1 biblical quotation Exodus 21:17 (MT; LXX: Exodus 21:16). See also Textual variants in the Book of Exodus § Exodus 21.

Аще къто отьца или матере не послушаеть, съмьртию да умреть., Ashche kŭto otĭtsa ili matere ne poslushaetĭ, sŭmĭrtiyu da umretĭ., 'Whosoever heedeth not his father or his mother shall suffer death.' – α

וּמְקַלֵּ֥ל אָבִ֛יו וְאִמֹּ֖ו מֹ֥ות יוּמָֽת׃ ס‎, ū-mə-qal-lêl ’ā-ḇîw wə-’im-mōw mō-wṯ yū-māṯ. s, 'And he who curses his father or his mother surely shall be put to death.' – Exodus 21:17 NIV

Compare Deuteronomy 21:18–21.

65–67

65.14–18 Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria (first part)

65.19–67.20 Siege of Kiev (968)

69–73

69–73 Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria (second part)

75–76

79

82–83

84–121

84.18

бохъмичѣ, boxŭmichě, 'of Mohammedan (Islamic)' – Lav

111.23–24 (NPL 152.10–11)

на браченье., na brachenĭe, 'in(to) marriage' – Lav Byč Lix

на ѡброучание:-, na ōbrouchanie:-, 'in(to) betrothal' – Rad

на ѡбрѹченїе., na ōbruchenīe., 'in(to) betrothal' – Aka

на ѡбручение., na ōbruchenie., 'in(to) betrothal' – Ipa

на оброученїе., na obrouchenīe., 'in(to) betrothal' – Xle

на брачение, na brachenie, 'in(to) marriage' – Kom Tol Šax

на обручение., na obruchenie., 'in(to) betrothal' – α

Ostrowski (2007): 'Here the expected reading is 'marriage' (брачение) since Volodimir had already been 'betrothed' (обручение) to Anna earlier in the narrative.' Müller (2006) and Gippius (2002) argued that 'marriage' (брачение) was the primary reading, and that 'betrothal' (обручение) had to have been a later corruption in the protograph of Ipa and Kle, which had also contaminated Rad and Aka. Ostrowski countered that 'one may ask why the scribe of would adopt a contextually incorrect reading from the contaminating source to replace a contextually correct reading in his direct source.' Following the lectio difficilior potior principle, Ostrowski asserted 'betrothed' (обручение) as the original text.

122–125

Volodimer' I defeated the Pechenegs on the river Trubizh, and alleged founded Belgorod (Bilhorod Kyivskyi) and Pereyaslavl' (Pereiaslav).

132–134

Killing of Boris and aftermath. See also Boris and Gleb.

135–141.16

Killing of Gleb and aftermath. See also Boris and Gleb.

135.1

акъ | хулу имуще, akû xulu imuše, 'as though they have blasphemy' – Lav

аки хвалоу имѹще, aki xvalou imuše, 'as though they have praise' – Rad, Aka

аки хвалу имуще, aki xvalu imuše, 'as though they have praise' – Ipa

акы хвалоу имѧще, aky xvalou imęše, 'as though they have praise' – Xle

141.17–142.24

Battle of Liubech (1016) between Sviatopolk I of Kiev and Yaroslav I of Kiev.

142.16–18

И въступиша на ледъ, и одолати нача Ярославъ. Видѣвъ же Святопълкъ, побеже, и одолѣ Ярославъ., 'And when they went onto the ice, Iaroslav began obtaining the advantage. Seeing this, Sviatopolk fled and Iaroslav won.' – Rad Aka Ipat α

и въступиша на ледъ. | и ѡбломисѧ с ними ледъ. и ѡ|далати нача ꙗрославъ. , 'And they went onto the ice, and the ice weakened under them. And Iaroslav began obtaining the advantage. ' – Lav

и въстоупиша на ле, и обломисѧ ле с вои ст҃опочи | и мнѡѕи потопоша въ вода. и ѡдолѧти нача ꙗро|славь. видѣв же ст҃ополкь побѣже. и ѡдолѣ ꙗро|славь., 'And they went onto the ice, and the ice weakened under Sviatopolk's soldiers and many drowned in the waters. Iaroslav began obtaining the advantage. Seeing this, Sviatopolk fled and Iaroslav won.' – Xle

142.25–144

147–149

151

151.19

городъ, gorodŭ, 'citadel' – Lav Ipa Xle (горѡд) Byč Lix

градъ, gradŭ, 'citadel' – Rad Aka (град) Šax α

151.20

кыи, kyi, 'at Kyiv' – Lav

кыевъ, kyevŭ, 'at Kyev' – Ipa Xle Byč

omitted – Rad Aka Šax Lix α

151.21

црк҃вь | ст҃ыꙗ. соѳьꙗ митрополью., 'the metropolitan Church of St. Sophia' – Lav Aka

црк҃вь ст҃ыа софиа. и митрополью., 'the church of St. Sophia. And (the) metropolitan .' – Rad

црк҃вь. ст҃ыꙗ | софьꙗ. премудрость б҃ию | митрополью., 'the metropolitan Church of St. Sophia of divine wisdom' – Ipa

цр҃ковъ премѫдрѡс бж҃їю ст҃ыи соѳеи, митрополїю, 'the church of divine wisdom Saint Sophei, the metropolitan (one)' – Xle

152

152.20

симонъ, Simonŭ, 'Simon' – Lav

соломонъ, Solomonŭ, 'Solomon' – Aka, Ipa, Rad (соломнъ), Xle (солѡмонъ) Byč, Šax, Lix, α

161

The so-called Testament of Yaroslav the Wise.

161.18

переꙗславль. а вѧчеславу, pereyaslavl'. A vęcheslavu, '...Pereyaslavl'. To Vyacheslav...' – Lav Ipa Xle

Переяславль, а Вячеславу, Pereyaslavl', a Vyacheslavu, '...Pereyaslavl', to Vyacheslav...' – Šax α

переꙗславль. а вечславѹ, pereyaslavl'. A vechslavu, '...Pereyaslavl'. To Vechslav...' – Rad

переꙗславль. а вечславѹ, pereyaslavl'. a vechslavu, '...Pereyaslavl'. to Vechslav...' – Aka

переꙗславль а игореви володимирь а вꙗчеславу, pereyaslavl' a igorevi volodimirĭ a vyacheslavu, '...Pereyaslavl' to Igorevi Volodimirĭ to Vyacheslav...' – Kom

переꙗславль а игореви володимиръ а вꙗчеву, pereyaslavl' a igorevi volodimirŭ a vyacheslavu, '...Pereyaslavl' to Igorevi Volodimirŭ to Vyachev...' – NAk Tol

Переяславль, а Игорю Володимеръ, а Вячеславу, Pereyaslavl', a Igoryu Volodimerŭ, a Vyacheslavu, '...Pereyaslavl', to Igor Volodimerŭ, to Vyacheslav...' – Byč Lix

It is not clear why 'to Igor Volomerŭ' is found in relatively late copies, but not in the earliest copies. It could represent a harmonisation effort with 162.12–13 and 162.21–22, where all witnesses attest that 'Igor' in Volodimerŭ', and that when Vyacheslav died in Smolensk shortly thereafter, 'Igor' settled in Smolinĭskě, moving over from Volodimerŭ'. The Igor' in question is probably Igor Yaroslavich, who reportedly died sub anno 1060 (162.28). Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor (1953) and Thuis (2015) both included the city as Vladimir in their translations, footnoting it as "Vladimir-Volÿnsk" and "city in Volhynia" respectively (ergo, modern Volodymyr, Volyn Oblast), without further explanation.

167–173

216–217

215.27–218.5 Eulogy of Vsevolod Yaroslavich I of Kiev. Accession of Sviatopolk Iziaslavich II of Kiev (with prominent role for Vladimir II Monomakh).

218–225

218.6–226.3 Cuman (Polovtsi) invasion of Rus' (1093). See also Siege of Torchesk and Battle of the Stuhna River.

218.20–21

имѣю отрокъ своих· ѱ҃· иже могу|ть прову имъ стати·, iměju otrokŭ svoix· ps· iže mogu tĭ provu imŭ stati·, 'I have about 700 of my men who can stand against them.' – Lav, Bychkov, Karski, Likhachev

имѣю ѿрокъ своих· ѿ иже могѹ|ть имъ противоу стать., iměju ō͡trokŭ svoix· ō iže mogu tĭ imŭ protivou statĭ., 'I have about 800 of my men who can stand against them.' – Rad

имѣꙗ ѡтрокъ своих| ·ѿ· иже могѹть имь противѹ стати·, iměja ōtrokŭ svoix ·ō· iže mogutĭ imŭ protivu stati., 'I have about 800 of my men who can stand against them.' – Aka

имѣю ѡтро|къ своихъ· ·и҃·сот· иже мо|гуть противу имъ ста|ти·, iměju ōtrokŭ svoixŭ· ·i·sot· iže mogutĭ protivu sta ti, 'I have about 8 hundred of my men who can stand against them' – Ipa

имѣю | отрѡк своих. ѡсмь сот. иже могоут противоу им сттаи., iměju otrōk svoix. vosmŭ sot. iže mogout protivou im sttai., 'I have about eight hundred of my men who can stand against them' – Xle

226–255

226.3–255 Chernigov war of succession (1093–1097). See also Oleg I of Chernigov#Chernigov war of succession.

235

235.20

меѳоди папа римскыи·, Methodi papa Rimskyi·, 'Methodius the Pope of Rome' – Lav

мефодїи патариискы·̏и·, Methodïi Patariiskyi, 'Methodius of Patara' – Aka

меѳдии патариискыи, Methdii Patariiskyi, 'Methdius of Patara' – Rad

256–257

256–257.13.

257–263

257.13–263.17 The blinding of Vasilko Rostislavich.

263–273

263.17–273.16 Internecine war in Rus' 1097–1100.

273–274

273.16–274.22 Council of Uvetichi (c. 1100).

275–276

1101–1102. Dynastic challenges to Sviatopolk II Iziaslavich of Kiev by Yaroslav Yaropolkich of Brest (?) and Mstislav Volodimerovich of Novgorod. Peace with Polovtsi.

277–279

1103 campaign against the Polovtsi (Cumans) by Sviatopolk II Iziaslavich of Kiev and Vladimir II Monomakh.

280

1104: various dynastic events, siege of Minsk, signs in sky.

281

1105–1107: various dynastic events, Semigallians defeat Vseslavichi.

282

1107–1108: Polovtsi raid by Boniak. Peace treaty.

282.25–283.3. See also Aepa.

томьж лѣт мцса тогож иде володимеръ и двд҃ъ и ѡлегъ къ аепѣ и другому аепѣ· и створиша миръ· и поꙗ володимеръ за юргѧ· аепину дщерь· ѡсеневу внуку· а ѡлегъ поꙗ за сн҃а· аепину дчерь· гиргеневу внуку· мцса· генвр ·в҃і· дн҃ь·:·, 'That same year, in same month, Volodimer' and Dvd' and Ōleg' went to Ayepě and other Ayepě. And made peace. And Volodimer' took for Yurgę Aepa's (Aepinu's) daughter, Osen(ev)'s granddaughter, and Ōleg' took for son Aepa's (Aepinu's) daughter, Girgen(ev)'s granddaughter, on 12th day of month of January.' – Lav

томъже лѣтѣ тогоже мцса иде володимеръ и двд҃ъ и ѡлегъ к аꙗпѣ· и другому аепѣ· и створиша миръ· и поꙗ володимеръ за гергиꙗ епиѡпину дщерь· ѧсѣну внука· а ѡлегъ поꙗ акаепиду дщерь ꙗневу внуку· мцса генварѧ· во вторы на ·і҃· дн҃ь·, 'That same year, in same month, Volodimer' and Dvd' and Ōleg' went to Ajapě and other Aepě. And made peace. And Volodimer' took for Gergija Epiōpa's (Epiōpinu's) daughter, Ęsěn(u)'s granddaughter, and Ōleg' took Akaepa's (Akaepidu's) daughter, Janev's (Janevu's) granddaughter, on twelfth day of month of January.' – Ipat

283

1108–1109: Sviatopolk II Iziaslavich of Kiev orders construction of various church buildings.

284–285

1109–1110: Rus' campaign against Polovtsi. Signs in sky at Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, including lightning, pillars of fire and cloud, and an angelic apparation.

286.1–7

286.1–7 Only in Lav, Rad and Aka: colophon of Sylvester of Kiev (1116).

286.7a–7pp

286.7a–7pp Only in Ipa and Xle: Primary Chronicle continuation of the Hypatian Codex and Khlebnikov Codex (1110–1117).

Testament of Vladimir Monomakh and Hypatian PVL continuation

Lav: (omitted)

Ipa л.102об: слышавше же Половцѣ смерть Ст҃ополчю, slȳshavshe zhe Polovtsě smertĭ Stopolchyu, 'When the Polovtsi heard of Sviatopolk's death,'

Lav 250.20–21a: к выреви бѧху пришли аепа и бонѧкъ· хотша взѧти, k vȳrevi bęlhu prishli aepa i bonękŭ, khotěsha vzęti, 'Aepa and Bonyak had approached Vÿr', wanting to take it.'

Ipa л.102об: и съвокупившесѧ и придоша къ Выры, i sŭvokupivshesę i pridosha kŭ Vȳrȳ, 'they gathered and marched on Vyr.'

Lav 250.21b–22a: и ко ромну идох со ѡлгомь и з дѣтми на нь·, 'I advanced to meet them as far as Romnÿ with Oleg and my children.'

Ipa л.102об: Володимеръ же совокупивъ сн҃ы свои и сыновцѣ. иде къ Выру. и совокуписѧ съ Ѡлгомъ., 'But Volodimerŭ, having gathered his sons and cousins/nephews, advanced to Vyr and joined with Oleg's.'

Lav 250.22b: и ѡни ѡчитивше бѣжаша·, 'And they noticed, they fled.'

Ipa л.102об: Половцѣ же бѣжаша., ' Polovtsi fled.'

See also

• Rus' chronicle § List of Rus' chronicles
• Textual criticism of the Primary Chronicle
• Textual variants in the Hebrew Bible
• Textual variants in the New Testament

Notes

1. Belarusian: Аповесць мінулых часоў, romanized: Apoviesć minulych časoŭ; Russian: Повесть временных лет, romanized: Povest' vremennykh let; Ukrainian: Повість минулих літ, romanized: Povist' mynulykh lit
2. "Examples are quoted here as they appear in the Laurentian manuscript and are taken from the 1950 Academy of Sciences edition of the Povest' vremennyx let. Numbers in parentheses indicate the location (page and line number) of each example in Volume I of the Academy of Sciences edition."
3. Some readers have taken the word нестера to refer to Nestor the Chronicler, but Ostrowski (1981) pointed out: 'The word нестера was added in , and thus cannot be used as evidence for the name of the compiler of the PVL.'

References

1. Lunt 1988, p. 251.
2. Yakov Lurie, The history of Russia in the chronicle and perception of the New time// Old Rus' and New Russia: (favorites). SPb. : Dmitry Bulanin (publishing house), 1997.
3. The dictionary of scribes and booklore of Old Rus' / Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushkin House ; ed. Dmitry Likhachev. L. : Nauka, 1987—2017.
4. ^ Gippius 2014, p. 342.
5. Ostrowski 1981, pp. 11–12.
6. ^ Lunt 1994, p. 10.
7. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, e-PVL.
8. Dimnik 2004, p. 257.
9. ^ Ostrowski 1981, p. 12.
10. ^ Dimnik 2004, p. 256.
11. Ostrowski 2018, p. 32. sfn error: no target: CITEREFOstrowski2018 (help)
12. Ostrowski 2007, p. 269.
13. ^ Ostrowski 2007, p. 305.
14. ^ Ostrowski 2003, p. xxi.
15. Ostrowski 2007, p. 306.
16. Frink, O. (1964). "Negation and Case Selection in the Laurentian Primary Chronicle". The Slavic and East European Journal. 8 (3). American Association of Teachers of Slavic and East European Languages: 302–307. doi:10.2307/304221. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
17. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 0.1.
18. ^ Ostrowski 1981, p. 28.
19. ^ Izbornyk 2001.
20. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 0.2.
21. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 0.3.
22. ^ Ostrowski 1981, pp. 28–29.
23. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 1.1.
24. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 1.2.
25. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 1.3.
26. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 1.9.
27. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 3.8.
28. ^ Lunt 1995, p. 336.
29. ^ Lunt 1995, pp. 337–338.
30. Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 3.8–9.
31. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 4.12.
32. ^ Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 2013, p. 1.
33. ^ Thuis 2015, p. 8.
34. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 4.13.
35. ^ Lunt 1995, p. 341.
36. Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 2013, p. 2.
37. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 5.22.
38. Lunt 1995, p. 337.
39. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 6.13.
40. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 9.17.
41. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 10.5.
42. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 12.16.
43. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 19, 14–16.
44. ^ Gorsky 2012, pp. 6–23.
45. ^ Laurentian Codex л. 7 - л. 7 об.
46. ^ Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 2013, p. 6–7.
47. ^ PSRL, II, 3rd. ed., col. 15
48. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 19, 16–18.
49. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 19, 18–20.
50. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 19, 20–24.
51. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 19, 24 – 20, 3.
52. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 20, 3–11.
53. ^ Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953, p. 233.
54. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 20, 11–19.
55. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 26.1.
56. ^ Lunt 1994, p. 22.
57. Thuis 2015, p. 34.
58. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 55.10.
59. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 55.22.
60. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 55.23.
61. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 55.24.
62. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 55.25.
63. Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953, p. 78.
64. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 56.1.
65. Butler 2008, p. 232.
66. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 60.26.
67. ^ Ostrowski 2007, p. 275.
68. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 61.21–22.
69. ^ Butler 2008, p. 233.
70. ^ Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953, p. 83.
71. Thuis 2015, p. 51.
72. Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 62.14–18.
73. ^ "Proverbs 1 NIV". biblehub.com. 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
74. Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 62.21–22.
75. ^ "Proverbs 13 NIV". biblehub.com. 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
76. "Proverbs 13 KJV". biblehub.com. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
77. ^ Thuis 2015, pp. 50–51.
78. Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 63.8–9.
79. ^ "1 Corinthians 1:18 text analysis". biblehub.com. 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
80. Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 63.9–11.
81. ^ "Psalm 82 NIV". biblehub.com. 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
82. Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953, p. 84.
83. Thuis 2015, pp. 51–52.
84. ^ Thuis 2015, p. 52.
85. Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 63.29–64.1.
86. "Exodus 21:17 Hebrew Text Analysis". biblehub.com. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
87. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 84.18.
88. Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953, p. 96.
89. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 111.23–24.
90. ^ Ostrowski 2007, p. 276.
91. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 135.1.
92. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 142.16–18.
93. ^ Ostrowski 2006, p. 305.
94. ^ Ostrowski 2006, pp. 305–306.
95. ^ Lunt 1988, p. 253.
96. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 151.19.
97. ^ Lunt 1988, p. 254.
98. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 151.20.
99. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 151.21.
100. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 152.20.
101. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 161.18.
102. Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 162.12–13; 162.21–22.
103. Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953, p. 142.
104. ^ Thuis 2015, p. 128.
105. Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 162.28.
106. Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953, pp. 142, 263.
107. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 218.20–21.
108. ^ Ostrowski 1981, p. 19.
109. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 235.20.
110. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 282.25–283.3.
111. ^ Thuis 2015, p. 216.
112. Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 250.20–21.
113. ^ Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953, p. 214.
114. Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 250.21.
115. Thuis 2015, pp. 216–217.
116. Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 250.22.
117. Thuis 2015, p. 217.

Bibliography

Primary sources

• Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles (PSRL). Saint Petersburg: Typography of Edward Prats.
  • Лѣтопись По Ипатьевскому Списку [The Chronicle according to the Hypatian Codex]. Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles (PSRL). Volume 2. 3rd Edition. Col. 15. Saint Petersburg: Typography of Edward Prats. 1908.
• Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. (1953) . The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text. Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor (PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Mediaeval Academy of America. p. 325. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
  • Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. (2013) . SLA 218. Ukrainian Literature and Culture. Excerpts from The Rus' Primary Chronicle (Povest vremennykh let, PVL) (PDF). Toronto: Electronic Library of Ukrainian Literature, University of Toronto. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 May 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
• Gorsky, A. A. (2012). "Приглашение Рюрика на княжение в памятниках древнерусского начального летописания" [Rurik's invitation to reign in the records of the old Rus' Primary Chronicle]. Исторический вестник (Historical Messenger) (in Russian). 1 (1). Runivers: 6–23. Retrieved 5 May 2023. (web text)
• Ostrowski, Donald, ed. (2003). The Povest' vremennykh let: An Interlinear Collation and Paradosis. 3 volumes (in Russian and English). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Archived from the original on 9 March 2005. Retrieved 23 March 2002. (assoc. ed. David J. Birnbaum (Harvard Library of Early Ukrainian Literature, vol. 10, parts 1–3)) – This 2003 Ostrowski et al. edition includes an interlinear collation including the five main manuscript witnesses, the Trinity Chronicle (as far as can reliably reconstructed), three manuscripts of the Novgorod First Chronicle, as well as a new paradosis ("a proposed best reading").
• Ostrowski, Donald; Birnbaum, David J. (7 December 2014). "Rus' primary chronicle critical edition – Interlinear line-level collation". pvl.obdurodon.org (in Church Slavic). Retrieved 5 May 2023. (digitised and improved online version of Ostrowski et al. 2003).
• Izbornyk (2001). "Новгородская Первая Летопись Младшего Извода" [Novgorod First Chronicle of the Younger Edition]. Izbornyk (in Church Slavic). Retrieved 15 May 2023. – digitised version of the mid-15th-century Archaeographic Commission's edition (or "Younger Edition") of the Novgorod First Chronicle (Komissionnyy NPL)
• Thuis, Hans (2015). Nestorkroniek. De oudste geschiedenis van het Kievse Rijk [Nestor Chronicle: the oldest history of the Kievan Realm] (in Dutch). Nijmegen: Uitgeverij Vantilt. p. 304. ISBN 9789460042287.

Literature

• Butler, Francis (2008). "Ol'Ga's Conversion and the Construction of Chronicle Narrative". The Russian Review. 67 (2). Wiley: 230–242. ISSN 0036-0341. JSTOR 20620746.
• Dimnik, Martin (January 2004). "The Title "Grand Prince" in Kievan Rus'". Mediaeval Studies. 66: 253–312. doi:10.1484/J.MS.2.306512. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
• Gippius, Alexey A. (2014). "Reconstructing the original of the Povesť vremennyx let: a contribution to the debate". Russian Linguistics. 38 (3). Springer: 341–366. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
• Katchanovski, Ivan; Kohut, Zenon E.; Nesebio, Bohdan Y.; Yurkevich, Myroslav (2013). Historical Dictionary of Ukraine. Lanham, Maryland; Toronto; Plymouth: Scarecrow Press. p. 992. ISBN 9780810878471. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
• Lunt, Horace G. (Summer 1988). "On Interpreting the Russian Primary Chronicle: The Year 1037". The Slavic and East European Journal. 32 (2): 251–264. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
• Lunt, Horace G. (June 1994). "Lexical Variation in the Copies of the Rus' "Primary Chronicle": Some Methodological Problems". Ukrainian Philology and Linguistics. 18 (1–2). Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 10–28. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
• Lunt, Horace G. (1995). "What the Rus' Primary Chronicle Tells Us about the Origin of the Slavs and of Slavic Writing". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 19. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 335–357. ISSN 0363-5570. JSTOR 41037009.
• Ostrowski, Donald (March 1981). "Textual Criticism and the Povest' vremennykh let: Some Theoretical Considerations". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 5 (1). Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 11–31. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
• Ostrowski, Donald (2006). "Alexander Nevskii's 'Battle on the Ice': The Creation of a Legend". Russian History/Histoire Russe. 33 (2/4). Brill: 289–312. doi:10.1163/187633106X00186. ISSN 0094-288X. JSTOR 24664446.
• Ostrowski, Donald (2007). "The Načal'Nyj Svod Theory and the Povest Vremennyx Let". Russian Linguistics. 31 (3). Springer: 269–308. ISSN 0304-3487. JSTOR 40221289. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
• Plokhy, Serhii (2006). The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 378. ISBN 978-0-521-86403-9.

Further reading

• Isoaho, Mari (2018). "Shakhmatov's Legacy and the Chronicles of Kievan Rus'". Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 19 (3). Slavica Publishers: 637–648. doi:10.1353/kri.2018.0033. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
• Inés García de la Puente, "Beyond the Sea: On the Use of за море in the Primary Chronicle". Ruthenica. 16. 28–36. 2022.

• Textual criticism of the Primary Chronicle
• Old East Slavic manuscripts
• Old East Slavic chronicles
• Old Church Slavonic literature