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Timeline of the Golden Horde

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This article is about post-1241 events involving the Golden Horde. For pre-1241 events involving the Mongol Empire, see Timeline of the Mongol Empire. For the battles of the 1223, 1237–1241 Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus', see List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'.
The Golden Horde as it was governed under the dual khanship of the Western and Eastern Wings. When the Golden Horde was founded, it was jointly ruled by two separate wings. The right wing in the west was ruled by Batu Khan and his descendants. The left wing in the east, also known as the "Blue Horde" by the Russians or the "White Horde" by the Timurids, was ruled by four Jochid khans under Orda Khan.
The Golden Horde and its Rus' tributaries in 1313 under Öz Beg Khan

This is a timeline of events involving the Golden Horde (1242–1502), from 1459 also known as the Great Horde.

13th century

For pre-1242 events involving Mongols in Europe, see Timeline of the Mongol Empire § 13th century

1240s

Year Date Event
1242 Mongol invasion of Europe: Mongol Empire forces the Second Bulgarian Empire to pay tribute
spring Mongol invasion of Europe: Mongol forces retreat after receiving news of Ögedei Khan's death; Batu Khan stays at the Volga River and his brother Orda Khan returns to Mongolia
The Golden Horde stretches from the Chu River to the Danube
Yaroslav II of Vladimir visits Sarai and submits to Batu Khan for confirmation of his office
1245 December Daniel of Galicia visits Sarai and submits to Batu Khan for confirmation of his office
Golden Horde carries out census of Ruthenian lands
1246 20 September Michael of Chernigov visits Sarai, but refuses to (fully) submit to Batu Khan and is executed
Yaroslav II of Vladimir is poisoned by Oghul Qaimish in Karakorum and dies
1248 20 April Güyük Khan dies on his way to confront Batu Khan and his wife Oghul Qaimish becomes regent

1250s

Year Date Event
1251 Möngke Khan grants Berke Georgia
1255 Batu Khan constructs Sarai
Batu Khan dies and is succeeded by his son Sartaq Khan, who dies soon after, and then Ulaghchi
1256 Daniel of Galicia expels Mongol garrisons from his territory
Golden Horde carries out census of Ruthenian lands
1257 Ulaghchi dies and Berke, a Muslim, succeeds him
1258 Novgorod rebels and is defeated
1259 Second Mongol invasion of Poland: Berke and Boroldai invade Poland and Daniel of Galicia flees, however his sons and brother Vasilko of Galicia join the Mongols to plunder Lithuania and Polish territories
Golden Horde elements in Bukhara rebel and Alghu suppresses them

1260s

Year Date Event
1260 2 February Sack of Sandomierz (1260): Berke and Boroldai sack Sandomierz
Toluid Civil War: Berke of the Golden Horde allies with Ariq Böke and declares war on Hulagu Khan
1262 Berke–Hulagu war: Berke of the Golden Horde allies with the Mamluks and invades Azerbaijan
Suzdal rebels and is defeated
1263 13 January Berke–Hulagu war: Berke defeats Hulagu Khan's army on the Terek River
1264 Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace: Berke attacks Thrace and secures the release of Kayqubad II
1265 Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace: Nogai Khan attacks Thrace and secures the release of Kayqubad II
1266 summer Berke dies in Tbilisi and is succeeded by his grandnephew Mengu-Timur
Byzantine–Mongol alliance: Michael VIII Palaiologos marries Euphrosyne Palaiologina to Nogai Khan
1267 Mengu-Timur grants Genoa Caffa
1269 Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq is defeated by the Golden Horde and loses a third of Transoxiana
Golden Horde assists Vladimir-Suzdal in evicting the Germans from Narva

1270s

Year Date Event
1273 Golden Horde carries out census of Ruthenian lands
Byzantine–Mongol alliance: Nogai Khan assists the Byzantines against Bulgaria
1279 Byzantine–Mongol alliance: Nogai Khan assists the Byzantines against Bulgaria

1280s

Year Date Event
1280 Mengu-Timur dies and his brother Tode Mongke succeeds him
George I of Bulgaria submits to the Golden Horde
1282 Byzantine–Mongol alliance: Nogai Khan sends forces to Byzantium to assist them against Thessaly
1283 Tode Mongke converts to Islam and starts neglecting state affairs and as a result Köchü and Nogai Khan become co-khans
1284 Golden Horde invades Bulgaria and annexes Isaccea
1285 Second Mongol invasion of Hungary: Golden Horde invades Hungary and reaches as far as Pest before being defeated and forced to retreat
1287 6 December Third Mongol invasion of Poland: Golden Horde invades Poland
Köchü is overthrown and Talabuga becomes khan
1288 February Third Mongol invasion of Poland: Mongol forces are defeated and forced to retreat
1289 Rostov rebels and is defeated

1290s

Year Date Event
1291 Mengu-Timur's fifth son Toqta flees to the Ilkhanate which helps him seize the throne
Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde: Serbia submits to the Golden Horde
1293 Golden Horde sacks Sandomierz
1295 Golden Horde invades Bulgaria
1296 Nogai Khan rebels against Toqta
1298 Nogai Khan sacks Caffa
1299 Toqta defeats Nogai Khan

14th century

1300s

Year Date Event
1300 Chaka, son of Nogai Khan, is murdered by Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria to appease Toqta
1305 Golden Horde raids Leles
1308 Toqta sacks Caffa

1310s

Year Date Event
1312 Toqta dies
1313 Toqta's nephew Öz Beg Khan seizes the throne, prohibits Buddhism among the elite, and applies Islamization among the Mongols.
1318 Öz Beg Khan attacks the Ilkhanate

1320s

Year Date Event
1320 Mubarak Khwaja of the White Horde converts to Islam
Golden Horde attacks Thrace
1321 Golden Horde attacks Thrace
1324 Öz Beg Khan attacks Thrace and the Ilkhanate
1326 Golden Horde raids Hungary
1327 Tver Uprising of 1327: citizens of the Principality of Tver rebelled against the Golden Horde. The Golden Horde and its Muscovite and Suzdalian allies organised a punitive expedition to the Tver principality and put the revolt down.

1330s

Year Date Event
1330 Basarab I of Wallachia allies with the Golden Horde
1335 Öz Beg Khan attacks the Ilkhanate
1338 Golden Horde is ravaged by the Black Death
1339 Golden Horde starts receiving 24,000 ding of paper currency annually from the Yuan dynasty

1340s

Year Date Event
1340 Golden Horde sacks Sandomierz
1341 Öz Beg Khan dies and is succeeded by his son Tini Beg
1342 Tini Beg is overthrown by his brother Jani Beg
1345 Hungary attacks the Golden Horde
1346 Hungary forces the Golden Horde back to the Black Sea coasts
1347 Siege of Caffa: The Genoese possession of Caffa, a great trade emporium on the Crimean Peninsula, came under siege by an army of Mongol warriors under the command of Janibeg. An epidemic of bubonic plague had been ravaging Central Asia before the conflict in Caffa. Brought across the Silk Road, the Mongols used disease-infected corpses as a biological weapon. The corpses were catapulted over the city walls, infecting the inhabitants.

1350s

Year Date Event
1352 March Golden Horde and Ruthenian allies attack Poland and capture Lublin
1357 Jani Beg is overthrown by his son Berdi Beg
1359 Berdi Beg is overthrown by his brother Qulpa. Beginning of the Great Troubles.

1360s

Year Date Event
1360 Qulpa is overthrown by his brother Nawruz Beg and the Blue Horde rebels and seizes power in Sarai
1361 Nawruz Beg is overthrown by Khidr Khan ibn Sasibuqa Khan
1362 Mamai sets up puppet khans and rules from the Sea of Azov
1363 Battle of Blue Waters: Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Golden Horde and vassalizes Ruthenian princes in the Dnieper region

1370s

Year Date Event
1373 Urus Khan overthrows the lineage of Khidr Khan ibn Sasibuqa Khan
1376 Tokhtamysh takes Sarai.
1378 11 August Battle of the Vozha River: Dmitry Donskoy defeats a Mongol detachment
Tokhtamysh overthrows the lineage of Urus Khan and leads the Turkic Blue Horde west

1380s

Year Date Event
1380 Golden Horde starts passing decrees in Turkish language
8 September Battle of Kulikovo: A largely Muscovite army led by Dmitri Donskoi defeated Mongol warlord Mamai in a pyrrhic victory at Kulikovo field. Mamai's Tverian allies never showed up, his Lithuanian and Riazani allies arrived too late to take part, but did harass the victorious Muscovite troops as they returned to Moscow.
1381 Battle of the Kalka River (1381): Tokhtamysh defeated Mamai, becoming the undisputed khan of the Golden Horde, and ending the war of succession that had been raging ever since 1359.
1382 26 August Siege of Moscow (1382): khan Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde and his allied Rus' princes of Tver, Riazan, and Nizhniy Novgorod besieged and sacked Moscow. The princes of Nizhniy Novgorod tricked the Muscovite citizens into surrendering the city, after which Moscow was immediately sacked. Thereafter, Tokhtamysh' troops sacked surrounding towns including Serpukhov, Pereyaslavl, and Kolomna, and on their way home southwards also the principality of Riazan.
1383 Tokhtamysh defeats the Lithuanians at Poltava
1387 Golden Horde loses control of the Black Sea coast

1390s

Year Date Event
1391 18 June Battle of the Kondurcha River: Timur attacked the Golden Horde and defeats Tokhtamysh
1395 15 April Battle of the Terek River: Timur sacked New Sarai and Tokhtamysh was overthrown; Edigu seized power and set up Temür Qutlugh as puppet khan
1397 Tokhtamysh fled to Lithuania, where Vytautas allowed him to stay at Vilnius
1399 12 August Battle of the Vorskla River: Temür Qutlugh of the Golden Horde and Mongol warlord Edigu defeated the forces of grand prince Vytautas of Lithuania, Mongol warlord Tokhtamysh, and their allies. Tokhtamysh was forced to flee.

15th century

1400s

Year Date Event
1405 Tokhtamysh is killed by Shadi Beg's troops.
1408 Edigu attacked Moscow and extracted a ransom before retreating.
The Nogai Horde emerges under Taibuga

1410s

Year Date Event
1411 The Golden Horde starts splintering; effective end of the Golden Horde
1412 Jalal al-Din Khan ibn Tokhtamysh reclaims the Golden Horde with Lithuanian support
1413 Jalal al-Din Khan ibn Tokhtamysh is murdered by his brother Karim Berdi
1418 Yeremferden seizes control of the Golden Horde

1420s

Year Date Event
1428 The Uzbek Khanate emerges under Abu'l-Khayr Khan

1430s

Year Date Event
1430 The Great Horde emerges

1440s

Year Date Event
1445 The Khanate of Kazan emerges under Ulugh Muhammad
1449 The Crimean Khanate emerges under Hacı I Giray

1450s

Year Date Event
1453 The Qasim Khanate emerges under Qasim Khan
1458 The Kazakh Khanate emerges under Janibek Khan and Kerei

1460s

Year Date Event
1466 The Astrakhan Khanate emerges under Mahmud bin Küchük's descendants

1470s

Year Date Event
1474 Ahmed Khan bin Küchük commands the Grand Duchy of Moscow to give tribute but is denied
1476 Ivan III of Moscow refuses to pay tribute to the Golden Horde

1480s

Year Date Event
1480 8 October – 28 November Great Stand on the Ugra River: armies of Muscovy and the Great Horde confronted each other without fighting and then simultaneously retreated. Although long hailed as the "end of the Tatar yoke" in traditional Russian historiography, the event changed little in Muscovite–Horde relations.

16th century

Year Date Event
1502 The Crimean Khanate destroys the Great Horde

Gallery

See also

References

  1. Atwood 2004, p. 73.
  2. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 79.
  3. Atwood 2004, p. 201.
  4. ^ Vernadsky 1953, p. 142.
  5. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 479.
  6. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 205.
  7. Twitchett 1994, p. 389.
  8. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 202.
  9. Atwood 2004, p. 203.
  10. Atwood 2004, p. 37.
  11. Atwood 2004, p. 48.
  12. ^ Twitchett 1994, p. 412.
  13. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 480.
  14. Atwood 2004, p. 226.
  15. ^ Jackson 2005, p. 202.
  16. Atwood 2004, p. 234.
  17. Nicol 1993, p. 81.
  18. Atwood 2004, p. 122.
  19. Atwood 2004, p. 83.
  20. ^ Jackson 2005, p. 203.
  21. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 207.
  22. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 206.
  23. ^ Jackson 2005, p. 205.
  24. ^ Jackson 2005, p. 206.
  25. ^ Jackson 2005, p. 305.
  26. ^ Jackson 2005, p. 204.
  27. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 42.
  28. Jackson 2005, p. 212.
  29. ^ Jackson 2005, p. 210.
  30. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 208.
  31. ^ Jackson 2005, p. 213.
  32. Svat Soucek. A History of Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-521-65704-0. P. 116.
  33. Christian 2018, p. 55.
  34. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 481.
  35. ^ Halperin 1987, p. 73–74.
  36. Halperin 1987, p. 74–75.
  37. Halperin 1987, p. 74–75, 119.
  38. ^ Crummey 2014, p. 57.
  39. Shaikhutdinov 2021, p. 106.
  40. Grousset 1970, p. 407.
  41. Jackson 2005, p. 217.
  42. Halperin 1987.
  43. Jackson 2005, p. 216.
  44. Jackson 2005, p. 218.
  45. ^ Jackson 2005, p. 219.
  46. Vernadsky 1953, p. 282.
  47. Halperin 1987, p. 57.
  48. Atwood 2004, p. 343.
  49. Halperin 1987, p. 29.
  50. ^ Cosmo 2009, p. 253.
  51. Christian 2018, p. 63.
  52. ^ Grousset 1970, p. 470.
  53. ^ Halperin 1987, p. 70–73.
  54. Halperin 1987, p. 59.

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