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Timeline of the Ilkhanate

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The Ilkhanate from 1256-1353
The disintegration of the Ilkhanate, 1345

This is a timeline of the Ilkhanate.

13th century

1210s

Year Date Event
1217 15 October Hulagu Khan is born to Tolui and Sorghaghtani Beki
1218 autumn Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Muhammad II of Khwarezm's forces clash with a Mongol army led by Jochi and Subutai, the battle ending inconclusively
winter Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: A Muslim merchant delegation sent by Genghis Khan arrives at Otrar and the governor Inalchuq kills them, seizing their goods for himself; a sole survivor reaches Mongolia and alerts Genghis, who sends three more envoys to demand custody of Inalchuq - they are also killed
1219 fall Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Ögedei and Chagatai take Otrar and massacres its population; Genghis Khan dispatches Jochi to conquer Syr Darya and another army to conquer Fergana

1220s

Year Date Event
1220 15 February Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Genghis Khan takes Bukhara and places Yelü Ahai in control of Transoxiana
16 March Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Genghis Khan takes Samarkand and Muhammad II of Khwarezm flees to Nishapur; Genghis Khan dispatches Jebe and Subutai to destroy the sultan
May Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Jebe and Subutai take Balkh and capture Muhammad II of Khwarezm's mother Terken Khatun and family in the Zagros Mountains
winter Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Muhammad II of Khwarezm dies
1221 March Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Tolui destroys Merv
April Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Jochi, Chagatai, and Ögedei destroy Urgench while Tolui takes Nishapur and Herat
spring Battle of Parwan: Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu defeats a Mongol army led by Shikhikhutug in the Hindu Kush
Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Genghis Khan takes Termez
Siege of Bamyan (1221): Genghis Khan takes Bamyan; Chagatai's son Mutukan dies in the process
November Battle of Indus: Genghis Khan defeats Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, who swims across the Indus River and escapes

1230s

Year Date Event
1231 August Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Chormaqan defeats Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, who escapes only to be killed by an unknown Kurd; so ends the Khwarazmian dynasty
1232 Tolui is struck by sickness and dies
1236 Mongol invasions of Georgia: Chormaqan subjugates Georgia and Armenia

1240s

Year Date Event
1242 Mongol invasions of Anatolia: Mongols take Erzurum
1243 26 June Battle of Köse Dağ: Baiju defeats Kaykhusraw II and subjugates the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
1244 The Ayyubid dynasty gives tribute to the Mongols
Badr al-Din Lu'lu' of Mosul submits to the Mongol Empire

1250s

Year Date Event
1251 fall Möngke Khan places Hulagu Khan in charge of North China
1252 summer Möngke Khan charges Hulagu Khan with the invasion of taking Baghdad
1256 20 November Hulagu Khan takes Alamut from the Assassins
Mongols defeat Kaykaus II at Aksaray and enthrone Kilij Arslan IV
1258 17 January Siege of Baghdad (1258): Hulagu Khan sends a Mongol contingent across the Tigris River which suffers a defeat against Aybak
18 January Siege of Baghdad (1258): Baiju floods the enemy camp and attacks, driving them back
29 January Siege of Baghdad (1258): Hulagu Khan lays siege to Baghdad
1 February Siege of Baghdad (1258): Mongol siege weapons breach Baghdad's Ajami tower
3 February Siege of Baghdad (1258): Mongol forces take Baghdad's walls
10 February Siege of Baghdad (1258): Al-Musta'sim, his sons, and 3,000 dignitaries surrender
13 February Siege of Baghdad (1258): Mongols sack Baghdad
20 February Siege of Baghdad (1258): Al-Musta'sim and his family are executed; so ends the first Abbasid Caliphate
Hulagu Khan takes the title of Ilkhan, meaning "obedient khan"
March Öljei Khatun's brother Bukha-Temur sacks Wasit

1260s

Year Date Event
1260 January Siege of Aleppo (1260): Hulagu Khan takes Aleppo from An-Nasir Yusuf; so ends the Ayyubid dynasty
The Principality of Antioch submits to the Mongol Empire
6 June Hulagu Khan receives news of Möngke Khan's death and retreats to Ahlat
26 July Battle of Ain Jalut: Qutuz of the Mamluks advance into Palestine and drive the Mongols from Gaza
spring Hulagu Khan's son Yoshmut and commander Elege of the Jalayir take Mayyafaraqin and Mardin
August Kitbuqa sacks Sidon
3 September Battle of Ain Jalut: Qutuz of the Mamluks defeats Mongol forces under Kitbuqa and push them back to the Euphrates
10 December First Battle of Homs: Baibars defeats a Mongol expedition into Syria
Toluid Civil War: Berke of the Golden Horde allies with Ariq Böke and declares war on Hulagu Khan
1261 Mosul and Cizre rebel
1262 summer Rebellions in Mosul and Cizre are suppressed
November Hulagu Khan kills his vizier Saif-ud-Din Bitigchi and replaces him with Shams al-Din Juvayni
Berke–Hulagu war: Berke of the Golden Horde allies with the Mamluks and invades Azerbaijan
Hulagu Khan gives Khorasan and Mazandaran to his son Abaqa and Azerbaijan to his other son Yoshmut
1263 13 January Berke–Hulagu war: Berke defeats Hulagu Khan's army on the Terek River
1265 8 February Hulagu Khan dies and is succeeded by his son Abaqa Khan
1266 Berke–Hulagu war: Berke dies in Tbilisi and is succeeded by his grandnephew Mengu-Timur

1270s

Year Date Event
1270 Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq of the Chagatai Khanate invades the Ilkhanate but suffers defeat at the battle of Qara-Su near Herat
1271 Samagar raids Qalaat al-Madiq
1273 January Yisüder, brother of Abaqa, sacks Bukhara
1277 15 April Battle of Elbistan: Mamluks defeat Mongol forces at Elbistan

1280s

Year Date Event
1281 29 October Second Battle of Homs: Abaqa's brother Möngke Temur is defeated by Mamluk forces
1282 Abaqa dies and is succeeded by his brother Tekuder, a Muslim
1284 Arghun, son of Abaqa, deposes Tekuder

1290s

Year Date Event
1290 Golden Horde attacks Ilkhanate but is defeated by Arghun
Nawrūz rebels and fails
1291 7 March Arghun is murdered by the very unpleasant Taghachar of the Baarin, who then enthrones Gaykhatu, Arghun's brother
1294 Gaykhatu copies the Yuan dynasty and tries to introduce paper money, which fails fantastically
1295 Taghachar deposes Gaykhatu and enthrones Baydu
October Ghazan, son of Arghun, deposes Baydu and becomes ruler; also a Muslim
1299 22–23 December Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar: Ghazan defeats An-Nasir Muhammad of the Mamluks

14th century

1300s

Year Date Event
1301 Ghazan makes a failed attempt to take Aleppo
1303 20 April Battle of Marj al-Saffar (1303): Mongol army under Kutlushah is defeated by the Mamluks
1304 11 May Ghazan dies and is succeeded by his brother Öljaitü
1307 June Ilkhanate tributizes Gilan, Ghazni, and Sistan
1308 winter Öljaitü converts to Twelver Shi'ism

1310s

Year Date Event
1310 Kurds and Arabs in Erbil massacre the Christian population with the Ilkhanate's permission
1312 Ilkhanate seizes Ghazni
1316 Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war: Conflict breaks out between the Chagatai Khanate and the Yuan dynasty and Ilkhanate
16 December Öljaitü dies and is succeeded by his son Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan
1318 Chagataid elements rebel in Khorasan
Öz Beg Khan attacks the Ilkhanate
1319 13 July Chupan defeats Mongol rebellions at the battle of Zanjan-Rud

1320s

Year Date Event
1323 Ilkhanate makes peace with the Mamluk Sultunate

1330s

Year Date Event
1335 30 November Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan dies and Ghiyas al-Din ibn Rashid al-Din enthrones Arpa Ke'un, a descendant of Ariq Böke; effective end of the Ilkhanate
1336 Arpa Ke'un is defeated by 'Ali Padsah of Baghdad, who enthrones Musa
1337 Musa is deposed by Hasan Buzurg, who enthrones Muhammad Khan
1338 Muhammad Khan is deposed by Hasan Kuchak, who enthrones Jahan Temür

1340s

Year Date Event
1346 Black Plague spreads to the Ilkhanate

1350s

Year Date Event
1356 Shaikh Awais Jalayir sets up his own Jalairid Sultanate; so ends the Ilkhanate

See also

References

  1. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 225.
  2. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 431.
  3. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 307.
  4. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 308.
  5. Atwood 2004, p. 81.
  6. Twitchett 1994, p. 372.
  7. Atwood 2004, p. 196.
  8. ^ Jackson 2005, p. 74.
  9. Atwood 2004, p. 331.
  10. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 323.
  11. Twitchett 1994, p. 405.
  12. Jackson 2005, p. 116.
  13. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 28.
  14. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 29.
  15. ^ Jackson 2005, p. 117.
  16. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 6.
  17. ^ Twitchett 1994, p. 412.
  18. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 226.
  19. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 234.
  20. Atwood 2004, p. 231.
  21. Jackson 2005, p. 167.
  22. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 235.
  23. Atwood 2004, p. 341.
  24. ^ Jackson 2005, p. 170.
  25. Atwood 2004, p. 86.
  26. Twitchett 1994, p. 504.
  27. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 236.

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