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| Names | |||
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| IUPAC names
Tetrachlorostannane Tin tetrachloride Tin(IV) chloride | |||
| Other names Stannic chloride | |||
| Identifiers | |||
| CAS Number |
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| 3D model (JSmol) |
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| ChemSpider | |||
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.028.717 
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| EC Number |
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| UNII | |||
| UN number | 1827 | ||
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |||
InChI
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SMILES
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| Properties | |||
| Chemical formula | SnCl4 | ||
| Molar mass | 260.50 g/mol (anhydrous) 350.60 g/mol (pentahydrate) | ||
| Appearance | Colorless fuming liquid | ||
| Odor | Acrid | ||
| Density | 2.226 g/cm (anhydrous) 2.04 g/cm (pentahydrate) | ||
| Melting point | −34.07 °C (−29.33 °F; 239.08 K) (anhydrous) 56 °C (133 °F; 329 K) (pentahydrate) | ||
| Boiling point | 114.15 °C (237.47 °F; 387.30 K) | ||
| Solubility in water | hydrolysis,very hygroscopic (anhydrous) very soluble (pentahydrate) | ||
| Solubility | soluble in alcohol, benzene, toluene, chloroform, acetone, kerosene, CCl4, methanol, gasoline, CS2 | ||
| Vapor pressure | 2.4 kPa | ||
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | −115·10 cm/mol | ||
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.512 | ||
| Structure | |||
| Crystal structure | monoclinic (P21/c) | ||
| Hazards | |||
| GHS labelling: | |||
| Pictograms | 
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| Signal word | Danger | ||
| Hazard statements | H314, H412 | ||
| Precautionary statements | P260, P264, P273, P280, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P321, P363, P405, P501 | ||
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) |
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| Safety data sheet (SDS) | ICSC 0953 | ||
| Related compounds | |||
| Other anions | Tin(IV) fluoride Tin(IV) bromide Tin(IV) iodide | ||
| Other cations | Carbon tetrachloride Silicon tetrachloride Germanium tetrachloride Lead(IV) chloride | ||
| Related compounds | Tin(II) chloride | ||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
 N verify (what is ?)
Infobox references
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-chlorid.svg)
Tin(IV) chloride, also known as tin tetrachloride or stannic chloride, is an inorganic compound of tin and chlorine with the formula SnCl4. It is a colorless hygroscopic liquid, which fumes on contact with air. It is used as a precursor to other tin compounds. It was first discovered by Andreas Libavius (1550–1616) and was known as spiritus fumans libavii.
Preparation
It is prepared from reaction of chlorine gas with tin at 115 °C (239 °F):
- Sn + 2Cl
2 → SnCl
4
Structure
Anhydrous tin(IV) chloride solidifies at −33 °C to give monoclinic crystals with the P21/c space group. It is isostructural with SnBr4. The molecules adopt near-perfect tetrahedral symmetry with average Sn–Cl distances of 227.9(3) pm.
_chloride_space-filling3D.png)
Reactions
Tin(IV) chloride is well known as a Lewis acid. Thus it forms hydrates. The pentahydrate SnCl4·5H2O was formerly known as butter of tin. They all consist of molecules together with varying amounts of water of crystallization. The additional water molecules link together the molecules of through hydrogen bonds. Although the pentahydrate is the most common hydrate, lower hydrates have also been characterised.
Aside from water, other Lewis bases form adducts with SnCl4. These include ammonia and organophosphines. The complex is formed with hydrochloric acid making hexachlorostannic acid.
Applications
Precursor to organotin compounds
Anhydrous tin(IV) chloride is a major precursor in organotin chemistry. Upon treatment with Grignard reagents, tin(IV) chloride gives tetraalkyltin compounds:
- SnCl4 + 4 RMgCl → SnR4 + 4 MgCl2
Anhydrous tin(IV) chloride reacts with tetraorganotin compounds in redistribution reactions:
- SnCl4 + SnR4 → 2 SnCl2R2
These organotin halides are useful precursors to catalysts (e.g., dibutyltin dilaurate) and polymer stabilizers.
Organic synthesis
SnCl4 is used in Friedel–Crafts reactions as a Lewis acid catalyst. For example, the acetylation of thiophene to give 2-acetylthiophene is promoted by tin(IV) chloride. Similarly, tin(IV) chloride is useful for the nitrations.
Safety
Stannic chloride was used as a chemical weapon in World War I, as it formed an irritating (but non-deadly) dense smoke on contact with air. It was supplanted by a mixture of silicon tetrachloride and titanium tetrachloride near the end of the war due to shortages of tin.
References
- ^ Egon Wiberg, Nils Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001). Inorganic Chemistry. Elsevier. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Reuter, Hans; Pawlak, Rüdiger (April 2000). "Die Molekül- und Kristallstruktur von Zinn(IV)-chlorid". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie (in German). 626 (4): 925–929. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3749(200004)626:4<925::AID-ZAAC925>3.0.CO;2-R.
- Barnes, John C.; Sampson, Hazel A.; Weakley, Timothy J. R. (1980). "Structures of di-μ-hydroxobis-1,4-dioxane(1/3), di-μ-hydroxobis-1,8-epoxy-p-menthane(1/4), di-m-hydroxobis-1,8-epoxy-p-menthane(1/4), di-μ-hydroxobis, and cis-diaquatetrachlorotin(IV)". J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. (6): 949. doi:10.1039/DT9800000949.
- Genge, Anthony R. J.; Levason, William; Patel, Rina; et al. (2004). "Hydrates of tin tetrachloride". Acta Crystallographica Section C. 60 (4): i47–i49. doi:10.1107/S0108270104005633. PMID 15071197.
- Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- G. G. Graf "Tin, Tin Alloys, and Tin Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a27_049
- John R. Johnson, G. E. May (1938). "2-Acetothienone". Organic Syntheses. 18: 1. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.018.0001.
- Thurston, David E.; Murty, Varanasi S.; Langley, David R.; Jones, Gary B. (1990). "O-Debenzylation of a Pyrrolobenzodiazepine in the Presence of a Carbinolamine Functionality: Synthesis of DC-81". Synthesis. 1990: 81–84. doi:10.1055/s-1990-26795. S2CID 98109571.
- Fries, Amos A. (2008). Chemical Warfare. Read. pp. 148–49, 407. ISBN 978-1-4437-3840-8..
External links
- International Chemical Safety Card 0953
- tinchemical.com/products (industrial uses) at the Wayback Machine (archived 2005-02-28)
| Tin compounds | |
|---|---|
| Sn(II) | |
| Sn(IV) | |