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Tingamarra Temporal range: Early Eocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Subclass:	Theria
Genus:	†Tingamarra Godthelp et al., 1992
Species:	†T. porterorum
Binomial name
†Tingamarra porterorum Godthelp et al., 1992

Tingamarra is an extinct genus of mammals from Australia. Its age, lifestyle, and relationships remain controversial.

Discovery

Tingamarra was discovered in 1987, when a single tooth was found at the Murgon fossil site in south-eastern Queensland. An ankle bone and an ear bone found at Murgon may also belong to this animal.

Material

Holotype: QMF20564, isolated right lower molar, probably an M2 or M3.

Diagnosis

1. Non-twinned hypoconulid and entoconid.
2. Lack of a well developed buccal postcingulid.
3. Lack of anteroposteriorly compressed trigonid.
4. Broadly open trigonid.
5. Lingually situated paraconid that is also well anterior to the protoconid.

Assumed lifestyle

Tingamarra is believed to be a small (about 20 cm from head to tail) ground-dwelling mammal that ate insects and fruit.

Scientific significance

The age of Murgon fossils was determined as the early Eocene. If it is correct, then these fossils are the oldest Australian mammal ones.

By the shape of the found tooth, Tingamarra was first classified as a condylarth. This is a primitive order of mammals which are ancestral to modern ungulates. If this interpretation is correct, Tingamarra appears to be the only land-based placental mammal to have arrived to Australia before about 8 million years ago. The only other native placental mammals in Australia are rodents and dingos (which arrived here more recently), and bats (which presumably flew in).

Most Australian mammals are marsupials instead. Before Tingamarra was found, it was hypothesised that marsupials had done well in Australia only because for many millions of years they had no placentals to compete with.

However, both the age and placental nature of Tingamarra were subsequently challenged by other researchers. Woodburne et al. argued that: 1) the true age of Murgon fossil site is the late Oligocene, and 2) that indeed neither shape nor microstructure of the tooth do not allow to distinguish whether Tingamarra was marsupial or placental. Then Rose concluded that at present there is no undoubted evidence to change the established views.

References

1. ^ Godthelp, Henk; Archer, Michael; Cifelli, Richard; Hand, Suzanne J. & Gilkeson, Coral F. (1992). "Earliest known Australian Tertiary mammal fauna". Nature. 356 (6369): 514–516. Bibcode:1992Natur.356..514G. doi:10.1038/356514a0. S2CID 4338242.
2. Woodburne, Michael O. & Case, Judd A. (1996). "Dispersal, Vicariance, and the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary Land Mammal Biogeography from South America to Australia". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 3 (2): 121–161. doi:10.1007/bf01454359. S2CID 44211530.
3. Rose, Kenneth D. (2006). "Reflections and Speculations on the Beginning of the Age of Mammals". The Beginning of the Age of mammals. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 337. ISBN 0-8018-8472-1.

v t e Mammalia
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: Cynodontia Clade: Mammaliaformes Synapsida see Synapsida Cynodontia see Cynodontia Mammalia see below↓
Mammalia Australosphenida? †Ambondro †Tendagurutherium? Monotremata? †Henosferidae Asfaltomylos Henosferus †Ausktribosphenidae Ausktribosphenos Bishops? Kryoparvus? Monotremata †Kollikodontidae? Kollikodon Kryoryctes? Sundrius †Steropodontidae Parvopalus? Steropodon †Teinolophidae Stirtodon? Teinolophos Ornithorhynchoidea †Opalios Ornithorhynchidae †Dharragarra? †Monotrematum? †Obdurodon Ornithorhynchus †Patagorhynchus? Tachyglossidae †Megalibgwilia †Murrayglossus Tachyglossus Zaglossus †Allotheria? see Allotheria includes multituberculates Theriimorpha see below↓
Theriimorpha Theriimorpha †Acinacodus †Amphidon †Amphilestes †Aploconodon †Chaoyangodens †Comodon †Condorodon †Dyskritodon? †Fruitafossor? †Hakusanodon †Indotriconodon †Juchilestes †Jueconodon †Kemchugia †Kryptotherium †Liaoconodon †Liaotherium †Manchurodon †Nakunodon †Phascolotherium †Sangarotherium †Tendagurodon †Allotheria? Monotremata? †Gobiconodontidae Fuxinoconodon Gobiconodon Hangjinia Huasteconodon? Meemannodon Repenomamus Spinolestes †Jeholodentidae Jeholodens Yanoconodon †Klameliidae? Ferganodon Klamelia †Triconodontidae Alticonodon Arundelconodon Astroconodon Corviconodon Eotriconodon Jugulator Meiconodon Priacodon Triconodon Trioracodon Victoriaconodon Volaticotheria? †Volaticotheria Argentoconodon Ichthyoconodon Triconolestes? Volaticotherium †Tinodontidae Gobiotheriodon? Tinodon Trishulotherium Yermakia Trechnotheria Monotremata? †Zhangheotheriidae Anebodon Kiyatherium Maotherium Ningchengodon Origolestes Zhangheotherium †Spalacotheriidae Akidolestes Aliaga Cifellitherium Heishanlestes Infernolestes Lactodens Shalbaatar Spalacolestes Spalacotheridium Spalacotherium Spalacotheroides Symmetrodontoides Symmetrolestes Yaverlestes Cladotheria see below↓
Cladotheria †Dryolestida Brancatherulum? Dorsetodon Drescheratherium Euthlastus Henkelotherium Paurodon Tathiodon Dryolestidae Achyrodon Amblotherium Anthracolestes Beckumia Crusafontia Dryolestes Groebertherium? Guimarotodus Hercynodon Krebsotherium Lakotalestes? Laolestes Minutolestes Phascolestes Portopinheirodon Treslagosodon †Meridiolestida Amarillodon Austrotriconodon Bondesius Casamiquelia Cronopio Groebertherium? Lakotalestes? Leonardus Necrolestes Paraungulatum Quirogatherium Solanutherium Mesungulatoidea Coloniatherium Mesungulatum Orretherium Peligrotherium Reigitherium †Donodontidae Amazighodon Anoualestes Donodon Stylodens Prototribosphenida †Abelodon †Amphibetulimus †Amphitherium †Arguimus †Brancatherulum? †Chunnelodon †Magnimus †Minimus †Mozomus †Nanolestes †Palaeoxonodon †Vincelestes Monotremata? †Peramuridae Afriquiamus? Kouriogenys Peramuroides Peramus Tendagurutherium? Tribosphenida / Boreosphenida †Aegialodon †Argaliatherium †Brasilestes †Carinalestes †Eomaia †Holoclemensia †Hypomylos †Juramaia †Kermackia †Kielantherium †Pappotherium †Picopsis †Tirotherium †Tribactonodon Theria †Patagomaia Eutheria see Eutheria includes placentals Metatheria see Metatheria includes marsupials
Other taxa Incertae sedis †Atlasodon †Chronoperates †Microderson †Thereuodon †Tingamarra Saint Bathans Mammal UA 8699 Other taxa Prototheria Yinotheria Eutriconodonta Amphilestidae Theriiformes Pantotheria Symmetrodonta Eupantotheria Paurodontidae Amphitheriidae Marsupionta

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