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Prior to European settlement, the Caribbean was dominated by forested ecosystems. The insular Caribbean has been considered a biodiversity hotspot. Although species diversity is lower than on mainland systems, endemism is high.

Species diversity is highest and endemism is lowest in Trinidad, which has a predominantly continental flora. Endemism is highest in Cuba and Hispaniola, the largest members of the Greater Antilles.

List of species

Native species

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2008)

Acanthaceae

• Avicennia germinans

Anacardiaceae

• Comocladia dodonaea
• Spondias mombin

Annonaceae

• Annona trinitensis
• Duguetia
  • Duguetia lucida
  • Duguetia tobagensis
• Rollinia
  • Rollinia mucosa
  • Rollinia exsucca

Apocynaceae

• Plumeria rubra

Arecaceae

Araliaceae

• Aralia
  • Aralia excelsa
  • Aralia rex
• Dendropanax
  • Dendropanax arboreus
  • Dendropanax blakeanus
  • Dendropanax cordifolius
  • Dendropanax cuneifolius
  • Dendropanax elongatus
  • Dendropanax filipes
  • Dendropanax grandiflorus
  • Dendropanax grandis
  • Dendropanax laurifolius
  • Dendropanax nervosus
  • Dendropanax nutans
  • Dendropanax oblanceatus
  • Dendropanax pendulus
  • Dendropanax portlandianus
  • Dendropanax selleanus
  • Dendropanax swartzii
• Didymopanax
  • Didymopanax morototoni – Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Leeward Islands, and Trinidad. Introduced to Windward Islands
• Frodinia
  • Frodinia gleasonii – Puerto Rico
  • Frodinia tremula – Hispaniola
• Oreopanax
  • Oreopanax capitatus
  • Oreopanax dussii
  • Oreopanax ramosissimus
• Sciodaphyllum
  • Sciodaphyllum attenuatum – Leeward Islands and Windward Islands
  • Sciodaphyllum glabratum – Trinidad
  • Sciodaphyllum brownei – Jamaica
  • Sciodaphyllum troyanum – Jamaica
  • Sciodaphyllum urbanianum – Martinique

Bignoniaceae

• Catalpa longissima
• Crescentia
  • Crescentia cujete (Calabash)
  • Crescentia portoricensis
• Tabebuia
  • Tabebuia heterophylla
  • Tabebuia rosea
• Tecoma stans

Bombacaceae

• Ceiba pentandra (kapok tree)
• Ochroma pyramidale

Boraginaceae

• Bourreria succulenta
• Cordia
  • Cordia alliodora
  • Cordia sulcata
• Rochefortia acanthophora

Burseraceae

• Dacryodes excelsa (Tabonuco)
• Bursera simaruba

Buxaceae

• Buxus
  • Buxus aneura
  • Buxus brevipes
  • Buxus crassifolia
  • Buxus ekmanii
  • Buxus excisa
  • Buxus heterophylla
  • Buxus imbricata
  • Buxus muelleriana
  • Buxus olivacea
  • Buxus pilosula
  • Buxus portoricensis
  • Buxus rheedioides
  • Buxus vahlii

Canellaceae

• Canella winteriana

Cannabaceae

• Celtis trinervia - Hispaniola

Capparidaceae

• Capparis
  • Capparis baducca
  • Capparis cynophallophora
  • Capparis flexuosa
  • Capparis hastata
  • Capparis indica

Celastraceae

• Cassine xylocarpa
• Gyminda latifolia
• Maytenus
  • Maytenus monticola
  • Maytenus reflex
• Schaefferia frutescens

Clusiaceae

• Calophyllum
  • Calophyllum calaba
  • Calophyllum lucidum
• Clusia
  • Clusia aripoensis
  • Clusia intertexta
  • Clusia minor
  • Clusia rosea
  • Clusia tocuchensis
• Mammea americana

Combretaceae

• Buchenavia tetraphylla
• Bucida buceras
• Conocarpus erectus (Buttonwood)
• Laguncularia racemosa
• Terminalia amazonia

Cupressaceae

• Juniperus barbadensis
• Juniperus gracilior
• Juniperus saxicola

Cyrillaceae

• Cyrilla racemiflora

Dilleniaceae

• Curatella americana

Elaeocarpaceae

• Muntingia calabura
• Sloanea berteroana
• Sloanea caribaea

Erythroxylaceae

• Erythroxylum
  • Erythroxylum areolatum
  • Erythroxylum brevipes
  • Erythroxylum rotundifolium
  • Erythroxylum urbanii

Euphorbiaceae

• Adelia rincinella
• Alchornea latifolia
• Bernardia dichotoma
• Fluggea acidoton
• Gymnanthes lucida
• Hura crepitans
• Jatropha hernandiifolia
• Picrodendron baccatum
• Savia sessiliflora

Fabaceae

• Andira inermis
• Caesalpinia coriaria
• Enterolobium cyclocarpum
• Hymenaea courbaril
• Inga
  • Inga fagifolia
  • Inga vera
• Mora excelsa
• Ormosia krugii
• Pictetia aculeata
• Piscidia carthagenensis
• Pithecellobium unguis-cati
• Pterocarpus officinalis

Flacourtiaceae

• Samyda dodecandra
• Xylosoma buxifolia

Garryaceae

• Garrya fadyenii

Hernandiaceae

• Hernandia sonora

Juglandaceae

• Juglans jamaicensis

Lecythidaceae

• Eschweilera subglandulosa

Malpighiaceae

• Byrsonima
  • Byrsonima crassifolia
  • Byrsonima spicata

Malvaceae

• Hibiscus elatus (blue mahoe)
• Hildegardia cubensis
• Thespesia grandiflora

Magnoliaceae

• Magnolia
  • Magnolia cristalensis
  • Magnolia cubensis
  • Magnolia dealbata
  • Magnolia domingensis
  • Magnolia ekmanii
  • Magnolia emarginata
  • Magnolia hamorii
  • Magnolia minor
  • Magnolia pallescens
  • Magnolia portoricensis
  • Magnolia splendens

Meliaceae

• Carapa
  • Carapa guianensis
• Cedrela odorata
• Guarea
  • Guarea guidonia
• Swietenia mahagoni (West Indian Mahogany)
• Trichilia
  • Trichilia hirta
  • Trichilia triacantha

Moraceae

• Cecropia
  • Cecropia peltata
  • Cecropia schreberiana
• Ficus
  • Ficus americana
  • Ficus aurea
  • Ficus citrifolia
  • Ficus maxima
• Maclura tinctoria

Myrtaceae

• Eugenia
  • Eugenia axillaris
  • Eugenia biflora
  • Eugenia cruegeri
  • Eugenia foetida
  • Eugenia lingustrina
  • Eugenia monticola
  • Eugenia procera
  • Eugenia rhombea
  • Eugenia woodburyana
  • Eugenia xerophytica
  • Myrciaria floribunda
• Psidium
  • Psidium amplexicaule
  • Psidium guajava (Guava)

Nyctaginaceae

• Guapira fragrans
• Neea buxifolia
• Pisonia
  • Pisonia aculeata
  • Pisonia albida
  • Pisonia subcordata

Oleaceae

• Forestiera segregata
• Ximenia americana

Pinaceae

• Pinus
  • Pinus caribaea
  • Pinus cubensis
  • Pinus occidentalis
  • Pinus tropicalis

Podocarpaceae

• Podocarpus
  • Podocarpus angustifolius
  • Podocarpus aristulatus
  • Podocarpus coriaceus
  • Podocarpus hispaniolensis
  • Podocarpus purdieanus
  • Podocarpus trinitensis
  • Podocarpus urbanii

Polygonaceae

• Coccoloba
  • Coccoloba diversifolia
  • Coccoloba krugii
  • Coccoloba microstachya
  • Coccoloba swartzii
  • Coccoloba uvifera (Sea grape)

Rhamnaceae

• Colubrina
  • Colubrina arborescens
  • Colubrina elliptica
• Reynosia
  • Reynosia guama
  • Reynosia uncinata
• Krugiodendron ferreum
• Ziziphus reticulata

Rhizophoraceae

• Rhizophora mangle

Rosaceae

• Prunus occidentalis

Rubiaceae

• Antirhea
  • Antirhea acutata
  • Antirhea lucida
• Erithalis fruticosa
• Exostema caribaeum
• Genipa americana
• Guettarda
  • Guettarda elliptica
  • Guettarda krugii
  • Guettarda odorata
• Randia
  • Randia aculeata
  • Randia portoricensis
• Rondelita inermis

Rutaceae

• Amyris
  • Amyris balsamifera
  • Amyris elemifera
• Zanthoxylum
  • Zanthoxylum flavum
  • Zanthoxylum martinicense
  • Zanthoxylum monophyllum
  • Zanthoxylum spinifex
  • Zanthoxylum thomasianum

Sapindaceae

• Cupania americana
• Melicoccus bijugatus
• Thouinia striata

Sapotaceae

• Chrysophyllum
  • Chrysophyllum argenteum
  • Chrysophyllum cainito
  • Chrysophyllum oliviforme
  • Chrysophyllum pauciflorum
• Manilkara
  • Manilkara bidentata
  • Manilkara excisa
  • Manilkara gonavensis
  • Manilkara jaimiqui
  • Manilkara mayarensis
  • Manilkara pleeana
  • Manilkara sideroxylon
  • Manilkara valenzuelana
• Micropholis
  • Micropholis chrysophylloides
• Pouteria
  • Pouteria multiflora
  • Pouteria sapota–Mamey sapote
• Pradosia
• Sideroxylon
  • Sideroxylon obovatum
  • Sideroxylon salicifolium

Sterculiaceae

• Guazuma ulmifolia

Theophrastaceae

• Jacquinia
  • Jacquinia armillaris
  • Jacquinia berteroi
  • Jacquinia umbellata

Verbenaceae

• Citharexylum fruticosa
• Petitia domingensis

Zamiaceae

• Zamia
  • Zamia amblyphyllidia
  • Zamia portoricensis
  • Zamia pumila (Coontie)

Zygophyllaceae

• Guaiacum
  • Guaiacum officinale (Lignum vitae)
  • Guaiacum sanctum

Non-native species

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2008)

Anacardiaceae

• Mango (Mangifera indica)

Arecaceae

• Coconut (Cocos nucifera)

Bignoniaceae

• Jacaranda (Jacaranda spp.)

Casuarinaceae

• Casuarina equisetifolia

Combretaceae

• Indian almond (Terminalia catappa)

Fabaceae

• Samaan tree (Albizia saman)
• Flamboyant (Delonix regia)
• Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)

Moraceae

• Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis)
• Ficus benjamina

Sapindaceae

• Ackee (Blighia sapida)

Sapotaceae

• Manilkara zapota

Verbenaceae

• Teak (Tectona grandis)

References

1. Myers, N., R. A. Mittermeier, C. G. Mittermeier, G. A. B. da Fonseca, and J. Kent. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853-858.
2. ^ Van den Eynden, V. 2006. Review of endemic plants of Trinidad and Tobago.
3. "Aralia excelsa". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
4. "Aralia rex". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
5. "Dendropanax arboreus". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
6. "Dendropanax blakeanus". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
7. "Dendropanax cordifolius". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
8. "Dendropanax cuneifolius". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
9. "Dendropanax elongatus". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
10. "Dendropanax filipes". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
11. "Dendropanax grandiflorus". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
12. "Dendropanax grandis". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
13. "Dendropanax laurifolius". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
14. "Dendropanax nervosus". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
15. "Dendropanax nutans". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
16. "Dendropanax oblanceatus". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
17. "Dendropanax pendulus". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
18. "Dendropanax portlandianus". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
19. "Dendropanax selleanus". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
20. "Dendropanax swartzii". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
21. "Didymopanax morototoni(Aubl.) Decne. & Planch". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
22. "Frodinia gleasonii (Britton & P.Wilson) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
23. "Frodinia tremula (Krug & Urb.) Lowry & G.M.Plunkett". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
24. "Oreopanax capitatus". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
25. "Oreopanax dussii". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
26. "Oreopanax ramosissimus". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
27. "Sciodaphyllum attenuatum (Sw.) Lowry, G.M.Plunkett & M.M.Mora". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
28. "Sciodaphyllum glabratum (Kunth) Lowry, G.M.Plunkett & M.M.Mora". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
29. "Sciodaphyllum brownei Spreng". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
30. "Sciodaphyllum troyanum Urb". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
31. "Sciodaphyllum urbanianum (Marchal ex Urb.) Lowry, G.M.Plunkett & M.M.Mora". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
32. Magnolia cristalensis WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.
33. Magnolia cubensis Magnolia cubensis subsp. cacuminicola Magnolia cubensis subsp. cubensis WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.
34. Magnolia dealbata WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.
35. Magnolia domingensis WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.
36. Magnolia ekmanii WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.
37. Magnolia emarginata WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.
38. Magnolia hamorii WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.
39. Magnolia minor WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.
40. Magnolia pallescens WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.
41. Magnolia portoricensis WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.
42. Magnolia splendens WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.
43. ^ Berg, C.C. (2007). "Proposals for treating four species complexes in Ficus subgenus Urostigma section Americanae (Moraceae)". Blumea. 52 (2): 295–312. doi:10.3767/000651907x609034. S2CID 84505051.
44. "Ficus maxima". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-06-28.
45. "Chrysophyllum argenteum". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
46. "Chrysophyllum cainito". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
47. "Chrysophyllum oliviforme". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
48. "Chrysophyllum pauciflorum". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
49. "Manilkara bidentata". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
50. "Manilkara excisa". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
51. "Manilkara gonavensis". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
52. "Manilkara jaimiqui". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
53. "Manilkara mayarensis". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
54. "Manilkara pleeana". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
55. "Manilkara sideroxylon". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
56. "Manilkara valenzuelana". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
57. "Manilkara zapota". WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Retrieved 2008-01-04.

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