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(Redirected from Triangle Factory fire) 1911 fire in New York City

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
DateMarch 25, 1911; 113 years ago (1911-03-25)
Time4:40 p.m. (Eastern Time)
LocationAsch Building, Manhattan, New York, U.S.
Coordinates40°43′48″N 73°59′43″W / 40.73000°N 73.99528°W / 40.73000; -73.99528
Deaths146
Non-fatal injuries78

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, on Saturday, March 25, 1911, was the deadliest industrial disaster in the history of the city, and one of the deadliest in U.S. history. The fire caused the deaths of 146 garment workers—123 women and girls and 23 men—who died from the fire, smoke inhalation, falling, or jumping to their deaths. Most of the victims were recent Italian or Jewish immigrant women and girls aged 14 to 23; of the victims whose ages are known, the oldest victim was 43-year-old Providenza Panno and the youngest were 14-year-olds Kate Leone and Rosaria "Sara" Maltese.

The factory was located on the 8th, 9th, and 10th floors of the Asch Building, which had been built in 1901. Later renamed the "Brown Building", it still stands at 23–29 Washington Place near Washington Square Park, on the New York University (NYU) campus. The building has been designated a National Historic Landmark and a New York City landmark.

Because the doors to the stairwells and exits were locked—a common practice at the time to prevent workers from taking unauthorized breaks and to reduce theft—many of the workers could not escape from the burning building and jumped from the high windows. There were no sprinklers in the building. The fire led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU), which fought for better working conditions for sweatshop workers.

Background

The Triangle Waist Company factory occupied the 8th, 9th, and 10th floors of the 10-story Asch Building on the northwest corner of Greene Street and Washington Place, just east of Washington Square Park, in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of New York City. Under the ownership of Max Blanck and Isaac Harris, the factory produced women's blouses, known as "shirtwaists". The factory normally employed about 500 workers, mostly young Italian and Jewish immigrant women and girls, who worked nine hours a day on weekdays plus seven hours on Saturdays, earning for their 52 hours of work between $7 and $12 a week, the equivalent of $229 to $392 a week in 2023 currency, or $4.77 to $8.17 per hour.

Fire

A horse-drawn fire engine on the way to the burning factory

At approximately 4:40 pm on Saturday, March 25, 1911, as the workday was ending, a fire flared up in a scrap bin under one of the cutter's tables at the northeast corner of the 8th floor. The first fire alarm was sent at 4:45 pm by a passerby on Washington Place who saw smoke coming from the 8th floor. Both owners of the factory were in attendance and had invited their children to the factory on that afternoon.

The Fire Marshal concluded that the likely cause of the fire was the disposal of an unextinguished match or cigarette butt in a scrap bin containing two months' worth of accumulated cuttings. Beneath the table in the wooden bin were hundreds of pounds of scraps left over from the several thousand shirtwaists that had been cut at that table. The scraps piled up from the last time the bin was emptied, coupled with the hanging fabrics that surrounded it; the steel trim was the only thing that was not highly flammable.

Although smoking was banned in the factory, cutters were known to sneak cigarettes, exhaling the smoke through their lapels to avoid detection. A New York Times article suggested that the fire had been started by the engines running the sewing machines. A series of articles in Collier's noted a pattern of arson among certain sectors of the garment industry whenever their particular product fell out of fashion or had excess inventory in order to collect insurance. The Insurance Monitor, a leading industry journal, observed that shirtwaists had recently fallen out of fashion, and that insurance for manufacturers of them was "fairly saturated with moral hazard". Although Blanck and Harris were known for having had four previous suspicious fires at their companies, arson was not suspected in this case.

A photograph of the building's south side, which ran the day after the disaster in the March 26, 1911, issue of The New York Times. Windows marked by an X are those from which 50 women jumped.
62 people jumped or fell from windows.
Bodies of victims being placed in coffins on the sidewalk
"The Washington Place Fire"
An eyewitness account
Problems playing this file? See media help.
People and horses draped in black walk in procession in memory of the victims

A bookkeeper on the 8th floor was able to warn employees on the 10th floor via telephone, but there was no audible alarm and no way to contact staff on the 9th floor. According to survivor Yetta Lubitz, the first warning of the fire on the 9th floor arrived at the same time as the fire itself.

Although the floor had a number of exits, including two freight elevators, a fire escape, and stairways down to Greene Street and Washington Place, flames prevented workers from descending the Greene Street stairway, and the door to the Washington Place stairway was locked to prevent theft by the workers; the locked doors allowed managers to check the women's purses. Various historians have also ascribed the exit doors being locked to management's wanting to keep out union organizers because of management's anti-union bias. The foreman who held the stairway door key had already escaped by another route. Dozens of employees escaped the fire by going up the Greene Street stairway to the roof. Other survivors were able to jam themselves into the elevators for as long as they continued to operate.

Within three minutes of the fire starting, the Greene Street stairway became unusable in both directions. Terrified employees crowded onto the single exterior fire escape—which city officials had allowed Asch to erect instead of the required third staircase—a flimsy and poorly anchored iron structure that may have already been broken before the fire. It soon twisted and collapsed from the heat and overload, spilling about 20 victims nearly 100 feet (30 m) to their deaths on the concrete pavement below. The remainder of the victims jumped to their deaths to escape the fire or were eventually overcome by smoke and flames.

The fire department arrived quickly but was unable to stop the flames, as the department's ladders were long enough to reach only as high as the 7th floor. The fallen bodies and falling victims also made it difficult for the fire department to approach the building.

Elevator operators Joseph Zito and Gaspar Mortillaro saved many lives by traveling three times up to the 9th floor for passengers, but Mortillaro was eventually forced to give up when the rails of his elevator buckled under the heat. Some victims pried the elevator doors open and jumped into the empty shaft, trying to slide down the cables or to land on top of the car. The weight and impacts of these bodies warped the elevator car and made it impossible for Zito to make another attempt.

William Gunn Shepherd, a reporter at the tragedy, would say, "I learned a new sound that day, a sound more horrible than description can picture—the thud of a speeding living body on a stone sidewalk". A large crowd of bystanders gathered on the street, witnessing 62 people jumping or falling to their deaths from the burning building. Louis Waldman, later a New York Socialist state assemblyman, described the scene years later:

One Saturday afternoon in March of that year – March 25, to be precise – I was sitting at one of the reading tables in the old Astor Library. ... It was a raw, unpleasant day and the comfortable reading room seemed a delightful place to spend the remaining few hours until the library closed. I was deeply engrossed in my book when I became aware of fire engines racing past the building. By this time I was sufficiently Americanized to be fascinated by the sound of fire engines. Along with several others in the library, I ran out to see what was happening, and followed crowds of people to the scene of the fire.

A few blocks away, the Asch Building at the corner of Washington Place and Greene Street was ablaze. When we arrived at the scene, the police had thrown up a cordon around the area and the firemen were helplessly fighting the blaze. The eighth, ninth, and tenth stories of the building were now an enormous roaring cornice of flames.

Word had spread through the East Side, by some magic of terror, that the plant of the Triangle Waist Company was on fire and that several hundred workers were trapped. Horrified and helpless, the crowds – I among them – looked up at the burning building, saw girl after girl appear at the reddened windows, pause for a terrified moment, and then leap to the pavement below, to land as mangled, bloody pulp. This went on for what seemed a ghastly eternity. Occasionally a girl who had hesitated too long was licked by pursuing flames and, screaming with clothing and hair ablaze, plunged like a living torch to the street. Life nets held by the firemen were torn by the impact of the falling bodies.

The emotions of the crowd were indescribable. Women were hysterical, scores fainted; men wept as, in paroxysms of frenzy, they hurled themselves against the police lines.

  • An internal staircase in the Asch building An internal staircase in the Asch building
  • Street in front of the Asch Building Street in front of the Asch Building
  • Police officers and fire fighters check for signs of life and collect personal items from victims of the Triangle fire. Police officers and fire fighters check for signs of life and collect personal items from victims of the Triangle fire.
  • A wrapped corpse being lowered by rope from the Asch Building after the Triangle fire A wrapped corpse being lowered by rope from the Asch Building after the Triangle fire

Aftermath

Although early estimates of the death toll ranged from 141 to 148, almost all modern references agree that 146 people died as a result of the fire: 123 women and girls and 23 men. Most victims died of burns, asphyxiation, blunt impact injuries, or a combination of the three.

The first person to jump was a man, and another man was seen kissing a young woman at a window before they both jumped to their deaths.

Bodies of victims were taken to Charities Pier (also called Misery Lane), located at 26th Street and the East River, for identification by friends and relatives. Victims were interred in 16 different cemeteries. Twenty-two victims of the fire were buried by the Hebrew Free Burial Association in a special section at Mount Richmond Cemetery. In some instances, their tombstones refer to the fire. Six victims remained unidentified until 2011, when Michael Hirsch, a historian, completed four years of researching newspaper articles and other sources for missing persons and was able to identify each of them by name. Those six victims were buried together in the Cemetery of the Evergreens in Brooklyn. Originally interred elsewhere on the grounds, their remains now lie beneath a monument to the tragedy, a large marble slab featuring a kneeling woman.

Consequences

Max Blanck and Isaac Harris, owners of the Triangle Waist Company

The company's owners, Max Blanck and Isaac Harris—both Jewish immigrants—who survived the fire by fleeing to the building's roof when it began, were indicted on charges of first- and second-degree manslaughter in mid-April; the pair's trial began on December 4, 1911. Max Steuer, counsel for the defendants, managed to destroy the credibility of one of the survivors, Kate Alterman, by asking her to repeat her testimony a number of times, which she did without altering key phrases. Steuer argued to the jury that Alterman and possibly other witnesses had memorized their statements and might even have been told what to say by the prosecutors. The prosecution charged that the owners knew that the exit doors were locked at the time in question. The investigation found that the locks were intended to be locked during working hours based on the findings from the fire, but the defense stressed that the prosecution failed to prove that the owners knew that. The jury acquitted the two men of first- and second-degree manslaughter, but they were found liable of wrongful death during a subsequent civil suit in 1913 in which plaintiffs were awarded compensation in the amount of $75 per deceased victim. The insurance company paid Blanck and Harris about $60,000 more than the reported losses, or about $400 per casualty.

Tombstone of fire victim Tillie Kupferschmidt at the Hebrew Free Burial Association's Mount Richmond Cemetery

Rose Schneiderman, a prominent socialist and union activist, gave a speech at the memorial meeting held in the Metropolitan Opera House on April 2, 1911, to an audience largely made up of members of the Women's Trade Union League. She used the fire as an argument for factory workers to organize:

I would be a traitor to these poor burned bodies if I came here to talk good fellowship. We have tried you good people of the public and we have found you wanting... We have tried you citizens; we are trying you now, and you have a couple of dollars for the sorrowing mothers, brothers, and sisters by way of a charity gift. But every time the workers come out in the only way they know to protest against conditions which are unbearable, the strong hand of the law is allowed to press down heavily upon us.

Public officials have only words of warning to us-warning that we must be intensely peaceable, and they have the workhouse just back of all their warnings. The strong hand of the law beats us back, when we rise, into the conditions that make life unbearable.

I can't talk fellowship to you who are gathered here. Too much blood has been spilled. I know from my experience it is up to the working people to save themselves. The only way they can save themselves is by a strong working-class movement.

Others in the community, and in particular in the ILGWU, believed that political reform could help. In New York City, a Committee on Public Safety was formed, headed by eyewitness Frances Perkins—who 22 years later would be appointed United States Secretary of Labor—to identify specific problems and lobby for new legislation, such as the bill to grant workers shorter hours in a work week, known as the "54-hour Bill". The committee's representatives in Albany obtained the backing of Tammany Hall's Al Smith, the Majority Leader of the Assembly, and Robert F. Wagner, the Majority Leader of the Senate, and this collaboration of machine politicians and reformers—also known as "do-gooders" or "goo-goos"—got results, especially since Tammany's chief, Charles F. Murphy, realized the goodwill to be had as champion of the downtrodden.

A 1911 cartoon referring to the Triangle fire depicts a factory owner, his coat bedecked with dollar signs, holding a door closed while workers shut inside struggle to escape amid flames and smoke.

The New York State Legislature then created the Factory Investigating Commission to "investigate factory conditions in this and other cities and to report remedial measures of legislation to prevent hazard or loss of life among employees through fire, unsanitary conditions, and occupational diseases." The Commission was chaired by Wagner and co-chaired by Al Smith. They held a series of widely publicized investigations around the state, interviewing 222 witnesses and taking 3,500 pages of testimony. They hired field agents to do on-site inspections of factories. They started with the issue of fire safety and moved on to broader issues of the risks of injury in the factory environment. Their findings led to thirty-eight new laws regulating labor in New York state, and gave them a reputation as leading progressive reformers working on behalf of the working class. In the process, they changed Tammany's reputation from mere corruption to progressive endeavors to help the workers. New York City's Fire Chief John Kenlon told the investigators that his department had identified more than 200 factories where conditions made a fire like that at the Triangle Factory possible. The State Commissions's reports helped modernize the state's labor laws, making New York State "one of the most progressive states in terms of labor reform." New laws mandated better building access and egress, fireproofing requirements, the availability of fire extinguishers, the installation of alarm systems and automatic sprinklers, and better eating and toilet facilities for workers, and limited the number of hours that women and children could work. From 1911 to 1913, 60 of the 64 new laws recommended by the Commission were legislated with the support of Governor William Sulzer.

As a result of the fire, the American Society of Safety Professionals was founded in New York City on October 14, 1911.

Harris and Blanck, after their acquittal, worked to rebuild their business, opening a factory at 16th Street and Fifth Avenue. In the summer of 1913, Blanck was once again arrested for locking the door in the factory during working hours. He was fined $20, which was the minimum amount the fine could be.

In 1918, the two partners closed the Triangle Waist Company and went their separate ways. Harris resumed working as a tailor, while Blanck set up other companies with his brothers, the most prominent of which was Normandy Waist Company, which earned a modest profit.

Legacy

The last living survivor of the fire was Rose Freedman, née Rosenfeld, who died in Beverly Hills, California, on February 15, 2001, at the age of 107. She was two days away from her 18th birthday at the time of the fire, which she survived by following the company's executives and being rescued from the roof of the building. As a result of her experience, she became a lifelong supporter of unions.

On September 16, 2019, U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren delivered a speech in Washington Square Park supporting her presidential campaign, a few blocks from the location of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire. Sen. Warren recounted the story of the fire and its legacy before a crowd of supporters, likening activism for workers' rights after the 1911 fire to her own presidential platform.

Remember the Triangle Fire Coalition

Logo

The Remember the Triangle Fire Coalition is an alliance of more than 200 organizations and individuals formed in 2008 to encourage and coordinate nationwide activities commemorating the centennial of the fire and to create a permanent public art memorial to honor its victims. The founding partners included Workers United, the New York City Fire Museum, New York University (the current owner of the building), Workmen's Circle, Museum at Eldridge Street, the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation, the Lower East Side Tenement Museum, the Gotham Center for New York City History, the Bowery Poetry Club and others. Members of the Coalition include arts organizations, schools, workers’ rights groups, labor unions, human rights and women's rights groups, ethnic organizations, historical preservation societies, activists, and scholars, as well as families of the victims and survivors.

The Coalition grew out of a public art project called Chalk, created by New York City filmmaker Ruth Sergel. Every year beginning in 2004, Sergel and volunteer artists went across New York City on the anniversary of the fire to inscribe in chalk the names, ages, and causes of death of the victims in front of their former homes, often including drawings of flowers, tombstones, or a triangle.

Centennial

The commemoration drew thousands of people, many holding aloft "146 Shirtwaist-Kites" conceived by artist Annie Lanzillotto and designed and fabricated by members of the Remember the Triangle Fire Coalition, with the names of the victims on sashes, as they listened to speakers.

From July 2009 to the weeks leading up to the 100th anniversary, the Coalition served as a clearinghouse to organize some 200 activities as varied as academic conferences, films, theater performances, art shows, concerts, readings, awareness campaigns, walking tours, and parades that were held in and around New York City and in other cities across the nation, including San Francisco, Los Angeles, Chicago, Minneapolis, Boston, and Washington, D.C.

Hilda Solis, the American Secretary of Labor, seen on an overhead screen, speaking at the Centennial Memorial. The Brown (Asch) Building is on the far right.

The ceremony, which was held in front of the building where the fire took place, was preceded by a march through Greenwich Village by thousands of people, some carrying shirtwaists—women's blouses—on poles, with sashes commemorating the names of those who died in the fire. Speakers included the United States Secretary of Labor, Hilda L. Solis, U.S. Senator Charles Schumer, New York City Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg, the actor Danny Glover, and Suzanne Pred Bass, the grandniece of Rosie Weiner, a young woman killed in the blaze. Most of the speakers that day called for the strengthening of workers’ rights and organized labor.

At 4:45 pm EST, the moment the first fire alarm was sounded in 1911, hundreds of bells rang out in cities and towns across the nation. For this commemorative act, the Remember the Triangle Fire Coalition organized hundreds of churches, schools, fire houses, and private individuals in the New York City region and across the nation. On its website, the Coalition maintains a national map denoting each of the bells that rang that afternoon.

Memorial in Manhattan

Main article: Triangle Fire Memorial

The Coalition launched a successful effort to create a permanent public art memorial for the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire at the site of the 1911 fire in lower Manhattan.

In 2011, the Coalition established that the goals of the permanent memorial would be

  • to honor the memory of those who died from the fire;
  • to affirm the dignity of all workers;
  • to value women's work;
  • to remember the movement for worker safety and social justice stirred by this tragedy; and
  • to inspire future generations of activists.

In 2012, the Coalition signed an agreement with NYU that granted the organization permission to install a memorial on the Brown Building and, in consultation with the Landmarks Preservation Commission, indicated what elements of the building could be incorporated into the design. Architectural designer Ernesto Martinez directed an international competition for the design. A jury of representatives from fashion, public art, design, architecture, and labor history reviewed 170 entries from more than 30 countries and selected a spare yet powerful design by Richard Joon Yoo and Uri Wegman. On December 22, 2015, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo announced that $1.5 million from state economic development funds would be earmarked to build the Triangle Fire Memorial.

The memorial includes a steel ribbon descending from the building, before splitting into two horizontal ribbons, twelve feet above street level, on the corner of the building. The ribbons are meant to evoke mourning ribbons, which were traditionally draped on building facades by communities in mourning. The horizontal ribbons list the names and ages of all 146 victims, with the letters and numbers formed as holes in the steel. For married women, both their birth names and married names are included, in part to highlight the family connections between victims.

Under the ribbon is a reflective panel, allowing visitors to see the sky through the letters and numbers on the ribbon. The reflective panel also contains quotes from eyewitnesses about the event, in English, Italian, and Yiddish, reflecting the backgrounds of the victims. Another panel includes a description of the event and its impact, also written in English, Italian, and Yiddish.

The memorial was officially unveiled on October 11, 2023, more than a century after the fire occurred.

An additional vertical steel ribbon was installed in June 2024; it extends up the side of the building, dividing into two at the third floor, and eventually reaching the ninth floor, where many of the workers were trapped and from which many jumped.

Mt. Zion Cemetery Memorial

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Memorial, Mount Zion Cemetery, Maspeth, Queens

A memorial "of the Ladies Waist and Dress Makers Union Local No 25" was erected in Mt. Zion Cemetery in Maspeth, Queens (40°44'2" N 73°54'11" W). It is a series of stone columns holding a large cross beam. Much of the writing is no longer legible due to erosion.

Plaques

Three plaques on the southeast corner of the Brown Building commemorate the women and men who lost their lives in the fire.

In popular culture

Films and television

  • The Crime of Carelessness (1912), 14-minute Thomas A. Edison, Inc. short inspired by the Triangle Factory fire, directed by James Oppenheim
  • With These Hands (1950), directed by Jack Arnold
  • The Triangle Factory Fire Scandal (1979), directed by Mel Stuart, produced by Mel Brez and Ethel Brez
  • American Pop (1981), an adult animated musical drama film written by Ronni Kern and directed by Ralph Bakshi features a scene taking place in the fire.
  • Those Who Know Don't Tell: The Ongoing Battle for Workers' Health (1990), produced by Abby Ginzberg, narrated by Studs Terkel
  • Episode 4 of Ric Burns' 1999 PBS series New York: A Documentary Film, "The Power and the People (1898–1918)", extensively covered the fire.
  • The Living Century: Three Miracles (2001) premiered on PBS, focusing on the life of 107-year-old Rose Freedman (died 2001), who became the last living survivor of the fire.
  • American Experience: Triangle Fire (2011), documentary produced and directed by Jamila Wignot, narrated by Michael Murphy
  • Triangle: Remembering the Fire (2011) premiered on HBO on March 21, four days short of the 100th anniversary.
  • In season 3 episode 7 of SyFy Channel TV show Warehouse 13 (2011), characters Claudia Donovan and Steve Jinks recover an artifact from the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, a doorknob which burns people.
  • The Fire of a Movement (2019) Episode of PBS series The Future of America's Past: "We visit the building and learn how public outcry inspired workplace safety laws that revolutionized industrial work nationwide. Descendants and activists show us how that work reverberates today."

Music

Theatre and dance

  • Naomi Wallace's 1996 play Slaughter City includes a character, the Textile Worker, that was killed in the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, and the play itself was inspired by several labor events throughout the 20th century, including the fire.
  • In Ain Gordon's play Birdseed Bundles (2000), the Triangle Fire is a major dramatic engine of the story.
  • The musical Rags – book by Joseph Stein, lyrics by Stephen Schwartz, and music by Charles Strouse – incorporates the Triangle Shirtwaist fire in the second act.

Literature

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ "The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire". OSHA. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
  2. "Sweatshop Tragedy Ignites Fight for Workplace Safety". APWU. February 29, 2004. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
  3. Kosak, Hadassa. "Triangle Shirtwaist Fire". Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved June 11, 2019.
  4. Stacy, Greg (March 24, 2011). "Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Marks a Sad Centennial". Online Journal. Archived from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved June 11, 2019.
  5. Von Drehle, David. "List of Victims". History on the Net. Archived from the original on February 13, 2013. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
  6. "23 Washington Place, Manhattan" New York City Geographic Information System map
  7. Gale Harris (March 25, 2003). "Brown Building (formerly Asch Building) Designation Report" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 7, 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2012.
  8. Lange 2008, p. 58
  9. ^ Lifflander, Matthew L. "The Tragedy That Changed New York" New York Archives (Summer 2011)
  10. The Century: America's Time - The Beginning: Seeds of Change (DVD). ABC News. 1999. Event occurs at early 1900s. Retrieved February 12, 2024. There were no sprinklers inside the factory then; There had never been a fire drill.
  11. "Triangle Waist Company". Sandbox & Co. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
  12. von Drehle, p. 105
  13. CPI Inflation Calculator United States Bureau of Labor Statistics
  14. ^ von Drehle, p. 118
  15. Stein, p. 224
  16. ^ von Drehle, pp. 162–63
  17. Stein p. 33
  18. von Drehle, p. 119
  19. von Drehle, p. 131
  20. von Drehle, pp. 141–42
  21. Lange, Brenda. The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, Infobase Publishing, 2008, p. 58
  22. "The Triangle Fire of 1911, And The Lessons For Wisconsin and the Nation Today". The New Republic. March 12, 2011. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  23. Kosak, Hadassa (December 31, 1999). "Triangle Shirtwaist Fire". Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
  24. Marrin, Albert (2011). Flesh and blood so cheap : the Triangle fire and its legacy. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-86889-4. OCLC 635461169.
  25. PBS: "Introduction: Triangle Fire" Archived March 20, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, accessed March 1, 2011
  26. Hall, Angus (ed.) (1987) Crimes of Horror Reed Editions. p. 23 ISBN 1-85051-170-5
  27. von Drehle, pp. 143–44
  28. von Drehle, p. 157
  29. von Drehle, p. 126
  30. Shepherd, William G. (March 27, 1911). "Eyewitness at the Triangle". Retrieved October 30, 2024.
  31. Waldman, Louis (1944). Labor Lawyer. New York: E.P. Dutton. pp. 32–33. ASIN B0000D5IYA.
  32. Staff (March 26, 1911) "141 Men and Girls Die in Waist Factory Fire" The New York Times. Accessed December 20, 2009.
  33. "New York Fire Kills 148: Girl Victims Leap to Death from Factory" (reprint). Chicago Sunday Tribune. March 26, 1911. p. 1. Retrieved October 3, 2007.
  34. ^ Berger, Joseph (February 20, 2011). "100 Years Later, the Roll of the Dead in a Factory Fire Is Complete". The New York Times. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
  35. ^ von Drehle, passim
  36. Staff (March 26, 1997) "In Memoriam: The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire" The New York Times
  37. "The Triangle Factory Fire". The Kheel Center, Cornell University.
  38. "98th Anniversary of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire". Archived March 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine New York City Fire Department.
  39. "Labor Department Remembers 95th Anniversary of Sweatshop Fire". Archived March 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine U.S. Department of Labor.
  40. Stein, passim
  41. von Drehle, pp. 271–83
  42. von Drehle, pp. 155–57
  43. Stein, p. 100
  44. Dwyer, Jim (March 31, 2009). "On Staten Island, A Jewish Cemetery Where All Are Equals in Death". The New York Times.
  45. "HFBA Timeline". Archived from the original on February 9, 2009. Retrieved March 26, 2009.
  46. "Evergreens Cemetery". Archived from the original on June 3, 2009. Retrieved May 28, 2009. Evergreens Cemetery reports that there were originally eight burials, one male and six females, along with some unidentified remains. One of the female victims was later identified and her body removed to another cemetery. Other accounts do not mention the unidentified remains at all. Rose Freedman was the last living survivor of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire. (1893–2001)
  47. Swanson, Lillian (April 8, 2011). "A Grave Marker Unveiled for Six Triangle Fire Victims Who Had Been Unknowns". The Jewish Daily Forward.
  48. Blakemore, Erin (March 25, 2020) "How a tragedy transformed protections for American workers" National Geographic
  49. Stein p. 158
  50. von Drehle, p. 220
  51. Volk, Kevin. "A Brief Examination of the Difficulties in Finding Justice for the Victims of the Triangle Factory Fire, 1911" (PDF).
  52. ""Triangle Owners Acquitted By Jury"" (PDF).
  53. Drehl, David Von (December 20, 2018) "No, history was not unfair to the Triangle Shirtwaist factory owners" The Washington Post
  54. Linder, Douglas O. (2021) "The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire Trial: An Account" Famous Trials
  55. "Shirtwaist Kings " PBS
  56. Greenwald, Richard (2002). "The Burning Building at 23 Washington Place': The Triangle Fire, Workers and Reformers in Progressive Era New York". New York History. 83 (1): 55–91. JSTOR 23183517.
  57. Schneiderman, Rose. "We Have Found You Wanting" (reprint).
  58. Jones, Gerard (2005). Men of Tomorrow. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-03657-8.
  59. Downey, Kirsten. The Woman Behind the New Deal. Nan A. Talese, 2009 pp. 33–36. ISBN 9780385513654.
  60. Staff (October 11, 1911) "Seek Way to Lessen Factory Dangers", The New York Times
  61. "Robert Ferdinand Wagner" in Dictionary of American Biography (1977)
  62. Slayton, Robert A. (2001) Empire Statesman: The Rise and Redemption of Al Smith New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-684-86302-2
  63. Staff (October 14, 1911) "Factory Firetraps Found by Hundreds" The New York Times
  64. Greenwald, Richard A. (2005) The Triangle Fire, the Protocols of Peace, and Industrial Democracy in Progressive Era New York Philadelphia: Temple University Press, p. 128
  65. Staff (March 19, 2011) "Triangle Shirtwaist: The birth of the New Deal" The Economist p. 39.
  66. "At the State Archives: Online Exhibit Remembers the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire" New York Archives (Summer 2011)
  67. American Society of Safety Engineers (2001). "A Brief History of the American Society of Safety Engineers: A Century of Safety". Retrieved March 20, 2011.
  68. "Shirtwaist Kings". Encyclopedia of Things. PBS. 2011. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
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