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Tyap
Katab
A̱lyem Tyap
Native to	Nigeria
Region	Kaduna and Plateau States
Ethnicity	Atyap
Native speakers	255,000 (2020) 875,000 with Jju
Language family	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Benue–Congo Plateau Central ? Tyapic Tyap
Dialects	Fantswam Gworok Sholyio Takad "Mabatado" (Tyap 'proper') Tyecarak Tyuku
Writing system	Latin (Tyap alphabet)
Official status
Regulated by	Tyap Literacy Committee
Language codes
ISO 639-3	kcg
Glottolog	tyap1238
Glottopedia	Tyap
Tyap is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
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Tyap is a regionally important dialect cluster of Plateau languages in Nigeria's Middle Belt, named after its prestige dialect. It is also known by its Hausa exonym as Katab or Kataf. It is also known by the names of its dialectical varieties including Sholyio, Fantswam, Gworok, Takad, "Mabatado" (Tyap 'proper'), Tyeca̱rak and Tyuku (Tuku). In spite of being listed separately from the Tyap cluster, Jju's separation, according to Blench R.M. (2018), seems to be increasingly ethnic rather than a linguistic reality.

Distribution

Native Tyap speakers are primarily found in the local government areas of Jema'a, Kaura and Zangon Kataf, although pockets of speakers are also found in Kachia and Kauru in southern Kaduna state, and Riyom (especially Takad speakers) in Plateau State of Nigeria. There are also large speaking communities in Kaduna South and Chikun Local Government Areas of the state. Skoggard (2014) presented the distribution of the Atyap (Katab) people in Nigeria to include: Niger, Nasarawa, Kaduna states and the FCT.

Classification and dialects

Meek (1931:2) suggested that the Katab (Atyap), Morwa (Asholyio), Ataka (Atakad) and Kagoro (Agworok) speak a common tongue and may be regarded as one; and later on, McKinney (1983:290) commented that the Kaje (Bajju) should likewise be included with the above, due to the linguistic and cultural similarities shared by them. Murdock (1959) classified Kagoro (Gworok) and other dialects comprising the current Tyap language group as "Plateau Nigerian", in his "Semi-Bantu" branch of "Bantoid subfamily" of "Negritic Stock". Tyap and Jju were placed by Greenberg (1963) under the "Plateau II" branch of the Benue-Congo language family. Later on, Gerhardt (1974) made a reconstruction of the branch, assigning it as "proto-Plateau". Again in 1989, Gerhardt placed Tyap and Jju under the South-Central subgroup, Central group, Plateau branch of Platoid, a division of the Benue-Congo languages. Achi (2005) stated that the Atyap speak a language in the Kwa group of the Benue-Congo language family. However, according to Bitiyong, Y. I., in Achi et al. (2019:44), the Kataf Group (an old classification) to which Tyap language belongs, is a member of the eastern Plateau. He went further to suggest that by utilizing a glotochronological time scale established for Yoruba and Edo languages and their neighbours, the separation of the Kataf Group into distinguishable dialects and dialect clusters would require thousands of years. Also mentioned was that,

Between Igala and Yoruba language, for example, at least 2,000 years were required to develop the distinction, while 6,000 years were needed for the differences observable in a comparison of Idoma and Yoruba language clusters

noting further that this indicates that

even within dialect clusters, a period of up to 2,000 years was needed to create clearly identifiable dialect separation and that it is thus a slow process of steady population growth and expansion and cultural differentiation over thousands of years.

He thereafter summarized that the implication for Tyap is that it has taken thousands of years to separate, in the same general geographical location from its about six most closely related dialects and stated that as a sub-unit, they required probably more thousands of years earlier to separate from other members of the "Kataf group" like Gyong, Hyam, Duya and Ashe (Koro) who are little intelligible to them. The stability of language and other culture traits in this region of Nigeria has been recognized.

Dialects

Tyap has a number of dialects, including:

Phonology

The Tyap alphabet (Zwunzwuo A̱lyem Tyap ji) had 39 letters, as drafted by the Tyap Literacy Committee (TLC) during the early 1990s:

However, a current development as of 2018, has the Tyap Basic Alphabetical Chart reduced to 24, as follows:

The letter "ch" would henceforth be represented by the symbol "c", without the "h". All others remain the same.

Vowels

The seven vowels of Tyap may either be short or long monophthongs sounds. The language has five (or six) diphthongs: /ei(/əi) ea əu ai oi/.

Consonants

The language has over 80 monographic and digraph labialized and palatalized consonant sounds, classified into fortis and lenis modifications. The following table contains the main basic consonant sounds of Tyap:

Syntax

Tyap has the SVO constituent order type as illustrated below in the first given example:

Shyimfwuo

Shyimfwuo

wan

cook.PST

kyayak

food

hu

DET

Shyimfwuo wan kyayak hu

Shyimfwuo cook.PST food DET

‘Shyimfwuo cooked the food.’

N

I

na

will.MOD

ngya

eat

bah

NEG

N na ngya bah

I will.MOD eat NEG

‘I will not eat.’

A̱li

House

nung

my

ka

DET

shyia̱

is

gbang

far

A̱li nung ka shyia̱ gbang

House my DET is far

‘My house is far.’

Vocabulary

Affixes and concord

Tyap's noun-class affixes appear after its word stem. These affixes consist of prefixes, usually attached to the root of the word for pluralization. For example: a̱som (hare)—a̱yaasom (hares), bwak (hand)—mbwak (hands), a̱kwon (tree)—a̱ka̱kwon (trees), etc. Meanwhile, the CV suffixes—usually alternating, and following the noun, are usually rendered as separate words in the orthography. For example, a̱som wu (the hare), a̱yaasom ba (the hares), bwak hu (the hand)—mbwak na (the hands), a̱kwon ka (the tree)—a̱ka̱kwon na (the trees), etc. These constitute the nominal affixes and concord of Tyap.

Reduplication

Reduplication of nouns takes place for pluralization. Usually, the first root syllable gets duplicated. For example, tyan (place)—tityan (places), a̱nyung (tooth)—a̱nyunyung (teeth), a̱kwon (tree)—a̱ka̱kwon (trees), etc.

Words associated with the alphabet

Common phrases and sentences

Comparison of dialects

Comparing the cognate percentages between Kaje (Jju), Katab ("Mabatado" Tyap) and Kagoro (Gworok) on the Swadesh wordlist consisting of 118 items of core basic vocabulary, Wurm (1971), in his remark stated that, the cognate percentages indicate that the three ethnic groups speak dialects of the same language.

_{Percentages of cognates on the Swadesh wordlist: Wurm (1971).}

With a further comparison of their kinship terminologies, McKinney (1983:291), after comparing 174 entries between the above three found only eight to be non-cognate.

_{Percentages of kingship cognate terms: McKinney (1983:291).}

Below are comparisons made by Akau (2020) between the seven Tyap core dialects and Jju.

Numbers

• 0: gum/piit/sa̱khat
• 1: a̱nyiung (also nyiung, jhyiung)
• 2: a̱feang (also feang, sweang)
• 3: a̱tat (also tat, tsat)
• 4: a̱naai (also naai, nyaai)
• 5: a̱fwuon (also fwuon, tswuon)
• 6: a̱taa
• 7: a̱natat
• 8: a̱ni̱nai (or a̱ri̱nai)
• 9: a̱kubunyiung

10 to 100

The numbers 11 to 19 are created by adding 1–9 to 10 with the middle ma̱ng (often shortened in pronunciation to ma̱ and the next a̱, e.g. in a̱fwuon, being silent) to the adjoining number, but usually each word is written in full: e.g. swak ma̱ng a̱fwuon (15).

• 10: Swak
• 11: Swak ma̱ng a̱nyiung
• 12: Swak ma̱ng a̱feang
• 13: Swak ma̱ng a̱tat
• 14: Swak ma̱ng a̱naai
• 15: Swak ma̱ng a̱fwuon
• 16: Swak ma̱ng a̱taa
• 17: Swak ma̱ng a̱natat
• 18: Swak ma̱ng a̱ni̱nai
• 19: Swak ma̱ng a̱kubunyiung

The numbers 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 are formed by replacing the prefix 2 to 5, affixed to the "swak" (ten) with n-, with the swak itself taking the prefix n- throughout:

• 20: Nswak nfeang
• 30: Nswak ntat
• 40: Nswak nnaai
• 50: Nswak nfwuon
• 60: Nswak a̱taa
• 70: Nswak a̱natat
• 80: Nswak a̱ni̱nai (or nswak a̱ri̱nai)
• 90: Nswak a̱kubunyiung

Other numbers are formed by adding 1–9, similar to the teens:

• 91: Nswak a̱kubunyiung ma̱ng a̱nyiung
• 92: Nswak a̱kubunyiung ma̱ng a̱feang
• 93: Nswak a̱kubunyiung ma̱ng a̱tat
• 94: Nswak a̱kubunyiung ma̱ng a̱naai
• 95: Nswak a̱kubunyiung ma̱ng a̱fwuon
• 96: Nswak a̱kubunyiung ma̱ng a̱taa
• 97: Nswak a̱kubunyiung ma̱ng a̱natat
• 98: Nswak a̱kubunyiung ma̱ng a̱ni̱nai
• 99: Nswak a̱kubunyiung ma̱ng a̱kubunyiung

Hundreds

Note that what could be termed as the "ancient" counting system used for 1-5 is usually used from 100 until infinity. 1 becomes jhyiung, and no more a̱nyiung. Same thing the 2,3,4 and 5 placed immediately after cyi, the word for hundred.

• 100: Cyi jhyiung
• 200: Cyi sweang
• 300: Cyi tsat
• 400: Cyi nyaai
• 500: Cyi tswuon
• 600: Cyi a̱taa
• 700: Cyi a̱natat
• 800: Cyi a̱ni̱nai (or a̱ri̱nai)
• 900: Cyi a̱kubunyiung
• 479: Cyi nyaai ma̱ng nswak a̱natat ma̱ng a̱kubunyiung

Thousands

Hayab (2016:66-67) in his research on Hyam, a related language to Tyap found out that the original word for number 10 is "kop"/kwop, and that the present word used for ten was the de facto word used for twelve or a dozen is "shwak" (in Hyam) or swak (in Tyap). Due to the growing Hausa/English influence, undoubtedly before 1920 (because Thomas (1920:59) cited an example with Kagoro (Gworok) which, unlike its neighbours the Nungu, Ninzam, S. Mada and Mama, was not using as of then, the duodecimal system), the counting system has taken the shape of the Hausa/English decimal style and the word "kop/kwop" became almost extinct, while the "swak" took its place and misplaced its original meaning, which is twelve, to now mean ten. With this in mind, when one considers the number "1,000" or cyi kwop jhyiung ("cyi kwop" is spelled one word), one can say that it literally means "hundred ten one" or "100 X 10 X 1".

Below are the modern Tyap Counting style in thousands:

• 1,000: Cyikwop jhyiung
• 2,000: Cyikwop sweang
• 3,000: Cyikwop tsat
• 4,000: Cyikwop nyaai
• 5,000: Cyikwop tswuon
• 6,000: Cyikwop a̱taa
• 7,000: Cyikwop a̱natat
• 8,000: Cyikwop a̱ni̱nai
• 9,000: Cyikwop a̱kubunyiung
• 2,018: Cyikwop sweang ma̱ng nswak ma̱ng a̱ni̱nai
• 10,000: Cyikwop swak
• 100,000: Cyikwop cyi jhyiung

Larger numbers

• 1,000,000: Milyon or cyikwop cyikwop jhyiung or simply Cyikwop a̱ka̱feang jhyiung
• 1,000,000,000: Bilyon or Cyikwop cyikwop cyikwop or simply Cyikwop a̱ka̱tat jhyiung
• 1,000,000,000,000: Trilyon or cyikwop cyikwop cyikwop cyikwop or simply Cyikwop a̱ka̱naai jhyiung.

Concord

Tyap has three ways of writing units 1-5. This is because concord in Tyap is brought down to only lower numerals and a few adjectives. The 'direct-copy' or 'echo' type of agreement in which the numeral has the same prefix as the noun it is in agreement with, is being followed here. For example, a̱ka̱sa (houses)—a̱ka̱sa na (the houses)—a̱ka̱sa a̱feang (two houses)—a̱ka̱sa a̱feang na (the two houses), nkyang (things)—nkyang na (the things)—nkyang nfeang (two things)—nkyang nfeang na (the two things), and nywán (fowls)—nywán ji (the fowls)—nywán sweang (two fowls)—nywán sweang ji (the two fowls). For the second example, an "n-" prefix is added to the lower unit when used with a plural noun carrying the "hu" singular like kyang (thing).

Names for other languages

Some Tyap names for neighbouring and other languaɡes are as follows:

.

Related languages

A research list called the "Swadesh 100-word List" presented by Shimizu (1975:414) shows that Tyap (Katab) shares the following cognate percentages with fellow Plateau languages and Jukun beginning from the highest to the lowest: 72% with Izere (Izarek), 66% with Rigwe, 50% with Chara, 49% with Berom, 42% with Tarok, 41% with Pyem, 41% with Ninzam, 39% with Kuche, 39% with Eggon, 38% with Ibunu, 37% with Rindre and 34% with Jukun.

Endangered status

Research has shown that the Tyap language is classified as one of the endangered languages vulnerable towards extinction.

Language is the key to the heart of a people. If we lose the key, we lose the people. A lost language is a lost tribe, a lost tribe is a lost culture, a lost culture is a lost civilization a lost civilization is invaluable knowledge lost. The whole vast archives of knowledge and experience in them will be consigned to oblivion.

— Centre for Endangered Languages (1996).

A study by Ayuba (2014) showed that Tyap is endangered and that the Hausa language and the non-transmission of Tyap by the older generation of Atyap to the younger generation largely accounted for the endangerment of Tyap.

The study recommended, among other measures, that the Atyap Community Development Association (ACDA) should set up a committee to create awareness on the need for Atyap to rise up and save their language and another to work towards establishing vacation schools where older adults would provide pre-school child care where Tyap children could be immersed in the language.

See also

• Jju language
• Kuteb language

References

1. Tyap at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
2. Glottopedia article on Tyap.
3. Blench, R. (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
4. Meek, C. K. (1928). "The Katab and Their Neighbours: Part I". Journal of the Royal African Society. 27 (106): 104–126. JSTOR 717082. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
5. ^ McKinney, N. P. (April 1990), p. 255.
6. ^ Blench, Roger M. (2018). Watters, John R. (ed.). East Benue-Congo: Nouns, pronouns, and verbs (Niger-Congo Comparative Studies 1) [Nominal affixes and number marking in the Plateau languages]. Berlin: Language Science Press. pp. 128–129. ISBN 9783961101009. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
7. "Riyom Local Government Area". Plateau State Government. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
8. ^ Akau, K. (2020). . Unpublished raw data.
9. Skoggard, I. A. (2014). "Culture Summary: Katab" (Online). eHRAF. New Haven: Human Relations Area Files. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
10. Meek, C. K. (1931), p. 2.
11. McKinney, C. (1983), p. 290
12. Smith, M. G. (1982). "Cosmology, Practice, and Social Organization among the Kadara and Kagoro". Ethnology. 21 (1): 1–20. doi:10.2307/3773702. JSTOR 3773702. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
13. Murdock, G. P. (1959). Africa: Its Peoples and Their Culture History. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 91. ISBN 0070440522.
14. Smith, M. G. (1960), p. 138.
15. Gerhardt, L. (1974). Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Sprachen des nigerianischen Plateaus (mimeographed) (in German). J.J. Augustin. ISBN 9783870300623.
16. Gerhardt, L. (1989). Bendor-Samuel (ed.). Kainji and Platoid. In The Niger-Congo languages (1 ed.). University Press of America.
17. Greenberg, J. H. (1963). "The languages of Africa". International Journal of American Linguistics. 29 (1). The Hague: Mouton.
18. Achi, B. (2005). Philips, J. E. (ed.). Writing African history [Local History in Post-Independent Africa] (Print book). University of Rochester Press. p. 375. ISBN 9781580462563.
19. ^ Achi, B.; Bitiyonɡ, Y. A.; Bunɡwon, A. D.; Baba, M. Y.; Jim, L. K. N.; Kazah-Toure, M.; Philips, J. E. (2019). A Short History of the Atyap. Tamaza Publishinɡ Co. Ltd., Zaria. pp. 9–245. ISBN 978-978-54678-5-7.
20. Fagg, B. (1959). The Nok Culture in Prehistory. Journal of Historic Society of Nigeria, 1:4. pp. 288–293.
21. Smith, M. G. (1960), p. 143.
22. Akau, K. T. L. (2014), p. xxi.
23. "Atuku language". Global Recordings Network. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
24. Haruna, D.; Follingstad, C. & J. (n.d.), p. 74.
25. Follingstad, C. (1992). Zhwunzhwuo A̱lyem A̱ Tyap (in Tyap and English). Tyap Literacy Committee & Nigeria Bible Translation Trust. pp. 4–43.
26. A̱lyiat A̱gwaza na di̱n Tyap: A̱li̱ka̱uli A̱fai (2015), p. vii.
27. McKinney, N. P. (April 1990), p. 256.
28. Akau, K. T. L. (2014), pp. xxv-xxvi.
29. Akau, K. T. L. (2014), p. xxiv-xxix.
30. Haruna, D.; Follingstad, C. & J. (n.d.), pp. 72-73
31. A̱lyiat A̱gwaza na di̱n Tyap: A̱li̱ka̱uli A̱fai (2015), p. viii-ix.
32. McKinney, N. P. (April 1990), p. 257
33. "Language Gworok". WALS Online. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
34. Wurm, S.A. (1971). Sebeok, T.A. (ed.). "Papuan Linguistic Situation" [Current Trends in Linguistics]. Linguistics. 8. The Hague: 541–657. doi:10.1515/ling.1975.13.147.31.
35. McKinney, C. (1983). "A Linguistic Shift in Kaje, Kagoro, and Katab Kinship Terminology". Ethnology. 22 (4): 281–293. doi:10.2307/3773677. JSTOR 3773677. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
36. Thomas, N. (1920). "32. Duodecimal Base of Numeration". Man. 20: 56–60. doi:10.2307/2840036. JSTOR 2840036. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
37. Follingstad, Alison J. (1991). Aspects of Tyap Syntax. Arlington: University of Texas MA thesis. p. 71.
38. Shimizu, Kiyoshi (1975). "A Lexicostatistical Study of Plateau Languages and Jukun". Anthropological Linguistics. 17 (8): 413–418. JSTOR 30027577. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
39. Ndimele, Ozo-Mekuri; Byat, Grace Caleb; Bivan, Amos D. (2015). "Language Endangerment: Globalisation & the fate of minority languages in Nigeria" [Towards the Preservation of the Tyap language]. The Nigerian Linguists Festschrift Series (12): 99–106. ISBN 9789785412727. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
40. Ayuba, Y. (2014). "Language Endangerment and the Survival of Tyap: Implications for Transitional Bilingual Education (MA Thesis)" (PDF). Ahmadu Bello University. Unpublished. Retrieved 13 December 2023.

Further reading

Books and manuscripts

• Adwiraah, E. (1989). Grammatik des Gworok (Kagoro): Phonologie, Tonologie, Morphologie und Textanalyse (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 1–155. ISBN 3631416032.
• Akau, K. T. L. (2014). The Tyap-English Dictionary. Benin City. pp. x–xxxii. ISBN 978-978-0272-15-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• A̱lyiat A̱gwaza na di̱n Tyap: A̱li̱ka̱uli A̱fai (The New Testament in the Tyap language of Nigeria) (in Tyap) (1 ed.). Lagos: The Nigeria Bible Translation Trust & Wycliffe Bible Translators, Inc. 2015. p. vii. ISBN 978-978-944-941-5.
• Blench, R. (2008). Prospecting proto-Plateau. (manuscript)
• Dabo, L. A. (2009). Introduction to Tyap for Beginners. Kaduna: Bi-Shann Publishing. ISBN 978-978-49261-0-2.
• Follingstad, Alison J. (1991). Aspects of Tyap Syntax. Arlington: Ann Arbor: UMI.
• Haruna, D.; Follingstad, C. & J. (n.d.). Learn to Read and Write Tyap (Myam Fang ma̱ng Lyuut Tyap). Jos: Tyap Literacy Committee & Nigeria Bible Translation Trust. pp. 3–39. ISBN 978-2104-00-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
• Hayab, P. (2016). Basic Hyam Grammar with Ethnographic Notes. Abuja: Beltina Digital Press. ISBN 978-978-95298-9-6.
• McKinney, N. P. (April 1990). "Temporal characteristics of fortis stops and affricates in Tyap and Jju". Journal of Phonetics. 18 (2): 255–266. doi:10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30392-4.
• Meek, C. K. (1931). Tribal Studies of Northern Nigeria. Vol. 2. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co.
• Smith, M. G. (1960). "Kagoro Political Development". Human Organization. 19 (3): 137–149. doi:10.17730/humo.19.3.d423j73861544u8t. JSTOR 44127738. Retrieved 14 December 2020.

External links

• Sholio (Tyap) ComparaLex
• The Book of Luke in Takad
• Wordlist Tyap (Gworok)
• 4laws (in Tyap)
• Tyap: Katab language (Global Recordings Network)
• Programs in Tyap (Global Recordings Network)
• World Atlas of Language Structure Online (Gworok)
• OLAC resources in and about the Tyap language

• Central Plateau languages
• Languages of Nigeria
• Endangered languages of Africa