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Lourinhã Formation
Stratigraphic range: late Kimmeridgian-earliest Berriasian ~152.5–144.7 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Type	Geological formation
Sub-units	Consolação Sub-Basin - Praia da Amoreira-Porto Novo Member, Praia Azul Member, Santa Rita Member Turcifal Sub-Basin - Assenta Member
Underlies	Porto da Calada Formation
Overlies	Consolação & Alcobaça Formations
Thickness	200–1,100 metres (660–3,610 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Sandstone, mudstone, marl
Other	Conglomerate, limestone
Location
Coordinates	39°14′N 9°19′W / 39.23°N 9.32°W / 39.23; -9.32
Region	Lisbon Region
Country	Portugal
Extent	Lusitanian Basin
Type section
Named for	Lourinhã
Named by	Hill
Year defined	1988
Lourinhã Formation (Portugal)

The Lourinhã Formation (Portuguese pronunciation: [loɾiˈɲɐ̃] ) is a geological formation in western Portugal, outstanding for its abundant fossilized fauna and flora, including dinosaur bones, dinosaur eggs and nests, and fossil tracks, to name but some examples.
At its upper limit, the formation includes some Early Cretaceous (Berriasian) strata, but it mostly consists of Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian/Tithonian) rocks. The stratigraphy of the formation is generally complex and controversial, with the classification and grouping of its lithostratigraphic units varying between different stratigraphers.
The fossil biota present there is very similar to that of the Morrison Formation in the United States and, to a lesser extent, the Tendaguru Formation in Tanzania. There are also similarities to the Villar del Arzobispo Formation in Spain, and the neardy Alcobaça Formation.
The formation is named after the municipality of Lourinhã, the geographic area it mostly occupies.

Lithology and depositional history

Depositional history

The Lourinhã Formation is located within the Lusitanian Basin, a mostly onshore North South orientated rift basin within western Portugal, formed during the Opening of the North Atlantic Ocean, with sediment deposition beginning during the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic. It primarily consists of syn-rift near-coastal continental siliciclastic sediments, with several marine intercalations. The primary flow direction was North to South, originating from Galicia and flowing between the Iberian landmass to the east and the now largely submerged Berlengas horst, a north–south oriented ridge, to the west.

Stratigraphy

The unit was first formally proposed by Hill in 1988.

The stratigraphy of the Lourinhã Formation is complex and varies between sub-basins with several competing stratigraphic proposals and there is currently no consensus on the matter, one of the most recent stratigraphies, divides the formation into three members which are from oldest to youngest the Praia da Amoreira-Porto Novo Member, Praia Azul Member, and the Assenta Member.

Praia da Amoreira-Porto Novo Member

The Praia da Amoreira-Porto Novo Member is composed of the Priaia de Amoreira Member, which consists of massive mudrock-sand with metre thick sandstone lenses, with massive mudrock with calcrete. The overlying Poto Novo Mb. consists of massive bodies of sandstone, often cross bedded. The environment of deposition is interpreted as a meandering fluvial system, while the Porto Novo Mb is interpreted as a deltaic deposit. It is interpreted to be latest Kimmeridgian in age, and overlies the Consolacao Unit at the top of the Aulacostephanus eudoxus ammonite zone.

Praia Azul Member

The Praia Azul Member, formerly known as the Sobral unit/member is 80 to 130 metres thick and consists of tabular marls and mudstones, with rare sandstones bodies. There are three distinct laterally extensive (>20 km) thin shelly carbonate horizons within this member, indicating brief marine transgressions. South of Santa Cruz primarily consists of sandstone with rare conglomerate. The age is considered to be latest Kimmeridgian to earliest Tithonian, correlated to the ammonite zones of Hybonoticeras beckeri and Hybonoticeras hybonotum.

Santa Rita Member + Assenta Member

The Santa Rita Member in the Consolação sub-basin and its lateral equivalent in the Turcifal Basin the Assenta Member is around 300 metres thick and predominantly consists of mudstones with frequent layers of caliche. Near the top of the member several layers of tens of metres thick nodular and marly bioclastic limestones are present, containing marine benthic forams, the nodularity is derived from intense Thalassinoides burrowing. It is predominately late Tithonian in age, with the last few metres probably being earliest Berriasian, with the top of the formation roughly correlative with the base of the magnetochron M18n. (~144.7 Ma) The environment of deposition is interpreted as being an upper fluvial-dominated delta to meandering fluvial systems flowing on a paralic plain.

Fauna

Dinosaurs

In a 2003 study, an analysis of all Portuguese dinosaurs was published. The study created a cladogram showing the possible relations of all Portuguese dinosaurs, including those at the time known from the Lourinhã Formation.

Ornithischia

Ornithopods

Genus	Species	Member	Material	Notes	Images
Ankylopollexia indet.	Indeterminate	Praia Azul Member Santa Rita Member	Appendicular, axial, and cranial elements
Camptosaurus	Intermediate		Limb material	Now referred to its own genus, Draconyx, along with some other material.
Draconyx	D. loureiroi	Praia Azul Member	One partial skeleton
Dryosauridae indet.	Indeterminate	Praia Azul Member	Appendicular, axial, and cranial elements
Dryosaurus	D. sp.	Praia Azul Member
Eousdryosaurus	E. nanohallucis	Praia da Amoreira-Porto Novo Formation	A partial postcranial skeleton.
Hesperonyx	H. martinhotomasorum	Porto Novo Member	Bones from the fore- and hindlimbs	A dryomorphan iguanodontian with uncertain affinities
Ornithopoda indet.	Intermediate		A single track	Gigantic track indicating an ornithopod with a hip height of 2.5 meters. No known Jurassic Ornithopod reaches this size; only known evidence for such sizes in this group at the time. Found alongside Deltapodus print.
Phyllodon	P. henkelli.		Two teeth

Thyreophorans

Genus	Species	Member	Material	Notes	Images
Dacentrurus	D. armatus			A stegosaurid
Deltapodus	D. brodricki		Eleven tracks; Nine pes and two manus prints.	The tracks can be separated into three different morphologies, though all fall within range of the Ornithopodsociation of the pes and manus tracks to the same taxon cannot be directly supported. Preserve various well preserved skin impressions. Largest prints are larger than those from the type horizon. The tracks are individually represented and do not form any sort of trackway, thought one print is associated with giant ornithopod track, potentially representing that the creatures were traveling together or were otherwise going to a similar location. Another is similarly associated with theropod and sauropod prints.
Dracopelta	D. zbyszewskii	Assenta Member		An ankylosaur.
Miragaia	M. longicollum	Santa Rita Member Praia Azul Member	Holotype, neck, partial skull, forelimbs, ribs. Tentative juvenile specimen assigned to this taxon.	Stegosaur with unusually long neck of 17 cervicals, with more neck vertebrae than most sauropods. Probably a junior synonym of Dacentrurus.

Other Ornithiscians

Saurischia

Sauropods

Genus	Species	Member	Material	Notes	Images
Dinheirosaurus	D. lourinhanensis	Praia da Amoreira-Porta Novo Member	One specimen. Vertebrae; potentially other parts of the body.	A diplodocid. Tschopp et al. (2015) sunk the genus into Supersaurus.
Diplodocidae indet.	Intermediate		One Dorsal Vertebra	Regarded by Mannion et al. (2012) as being unique from Dinheirosaurus and possibly indicating another diplodocid in the formation, but being non-diagnostic it doesn't warrant description.
Lourinhasaurus	L. alenquerensis	Praia Azul Member	A partial postcranial skeleton.	Possibly a Camarasaurid Macronarian.
Lusotitan	L. atalaiensis	Praia Azul Member	Fragmentary material.	A large brachiosaur, a close relative of Brachiosaurus proper.
Oceanotitan	O. dantasi	Praia da Amoreira-Porta Novo Member	scapula, almost all of the pelvis, a complete leg sans the toes, and nine caudals.	A titanosauriform
Zby	Z. atlanticus	Amoreira-Porto Novo Member	Holotype: Tooth, cervical neutral arch, forelimb, various other fragments.	A turiasaur.

Theropods

Genus	Species	Member	Material	Notes	Images
Abelisauridae indet.	Intermediate	Praia da Amoreira-Porto Novo Member	Teeth; ML 966, Ml 327.	Potentially diagnostic abelisaur teeth.
Allosaurus	A. europaeus	Praia Azul Member	Two specimens, covering much of the body.	Only European species of Allosaurus.
	A. fragilis	Praia Azul Member	Two specimens, covering much of the body.	Now thought to represent a specimen of A. europaeus.
Ceratosaurus	C. sp.	Praia da Amoreira-Porto Novo Member	Four specimens; teeth, a femur.	Potentially a synonym of the type species, C. nasicornis. Sometimes referred to as C. sp., giving indication of possible distinctiveness or of being intermediate.
Dendroolithidae	Indeterminant		Fragments of multiple eggs in a clutch, with associated embryonic remains.	Probably eggs of Torvosaurus.
Lusovenator	L. santosi	Praia de Amoreira Member Assenta Member	Two partial postcranial skeletons.	Earliest known Carcharodontosaurian from Laurasia.
Lourinhanosaurus	L. antunesi	Praia Azul Member	Three individuals, one largely complete; over 100 eggs with significant amount of skeletal material.	Has come out in various places in the tree, erroneously said to be a megalosaur, mostly accepted to be a carnosaur, probably allosauroid, or basal coelurosaur. Currently unstable on the tree.
Megalosaurus	M. insignis		Teeth.	Invalid. Teeth belong to various other theropod taxa.
	M. pombali		Teeth.	Invalid. Teeth belong to various other theropod taxa
	M. sp.		Tooth fragment.	Invalid; Dubious.
Richardoestesia	R. aff. gilmorei		Tooth; ML 939	Only definite record of this taxon is from the Late Cretaceous of North America, despite erroneous and referrals from other sites in Portugal. Probably a close relative of Richardoestesia and not an actual representation of the taxon.
Torvosaurus	T. gurneyi	Praia da Amoreira-Porto Novo Member Praia Azul Member?	Maxilla, Teeth, Femur; Egg clutch and embryos.	Largest known European theropod. Previous known as Portugal populations of the type species, or as T. sp., before description in early 2014.
	T. tanneri	Praia da Amoireira-Porto Novo	Maxilla, Teeth, Femur; Probable embryo.	Now described as a distinct species of Torvosaurus, T. gurneyi. Sometimes referred to as T. sp. in the past.

Pterosaurs

Genus	Species	Member	Material	Notes	Images
Dsungaripteroidea indet.	Indeterminate		Proximal right femur
Rhamphorhynchidae	Indeterminate		Tooth
Lusognathus	L. almadrava		Skull and cervical vertebrae	Ctenochasmatid
Pteraichnus			Partial tracks

Mammaliaformes

Docodonta

Cladotheria

Multituberculata

Amphibans

Squamates

Crocodyliformes

Genus	Species	Member	Material	Notes
Ophiussasuchus	O. paimogonectes	Praia Azul Member	Partial skull	Goniopholidid
Goniopholididae	Indeterminate		Teeth and partial skeleton.	An aquatic neosuchian
Bernissartiidae			Tooth
Lusitanisuchus			Teeth, and partial skull and jaw fragments	A mesoeucrocodylian of uncertain placement
Atoposauridae			Teeth
Mesoeucrocodylia			Teeth	Distinct from Lusitanisuchus

Fish

Flora

Correlation

Early Cretaceous stratigraphy of Iberia

Ma	Age	Paleomap \ Basins	Cantabrian	Olanyà	Cameros	Maestrazgo	Oliete	Galve	Morella	South Iberian	Pre-betic	Lusitanian
100	Cenomanian		La Cabana	Sopeira	Utrillas		Mosquerela					Caranguejeira
			Altamira		Utrillas
			Eguino
125	Albian		Ullaga - Balmaseda	Lluçà						Traiguera
			Monte Grande		Escucha		Escucha			Jijona
			Itxina - Miono
	Aptian		Valmaseda - Tellamendi		Ol Gp. - Castrillo	Benassal		Benassal				Olhos
				Font	En Gp. - Leza	Morella/Oliete	Oliete	Villaroya	Morella	Capas Rojas		Almargem
			Patrocinio - Ernaga	Senyús	En Gp. - Jubela	Forcall				Villaroya	Upper Bedoulian	Figueira
	Barremian		Vega de Pas	Cabó	Abejar	Xert	Alacón	Xert		Huérguina		Assises
				Prada		Artoles				Collado	Moutonianum	Papo Seco
				Rúbies	Tera Gp. - Golmayo	Alacón/Blesa	Blesa	Camarillas	Mirambel
150	Hauterivian				Ur Gp. - Pinilla	Llacova		Castellar	Tera Gp. - Pinilla	Villares		Porto da Calada
							hiatus
						Huerva			Gaita
	Valanginian		Villaro		Ur Gp. - Larriba				Ped Gp. - Hortigüela
					Ped Gp. - Hortigüela				Ped Gp. - Piedrahita
					Peñacoba			Galve		Miravetes
	Berriasian		Cab Gp. - Arcera		Valdeprado	hiatus		Alfambra
					TdL Gp. - Rupelo			Arzobispo	hiatus	Tollo
					On Gp. - Huérteles Sierra Matute
	Tithonian		Lastres		Tera Gp. - Magaña		Higuereles			Tera Gp. - Magaña		Lourinhã
									Arzobispo
					Ágreda
Legend		Major fossiliferous, oofossiliferous, ichnofossiliferous, coproliferous, minor formation
Sources

See also

• Camadas de Alcobaça
• Camadas de Guimarota
• List of fossil sites
• Museu da Lourinhã
• List of dinosaur bearing rock formations

References

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2. ^ Araújo, R., Castanhinha R., Martins R. M. S., Mateus O., Hendrickx C., Beckmann F., Schell N., & Alves L. C. (2013). "Filling the gaps of dinosaur eggshell phylogeny: Late Jurassic Theropod clutch with embryos from Portugal" (PDF). Scientific Reports. 3: 1924. doi:10.1038/srep01924. PMC 3667465. PMID 23722524.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
3. Milàn, J; Christiansen, P; Mateus, O. "A three-dimensionally preserved sauropod manus impression from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal: implications for sauropod manus shape and locomotor mechanics". Kaupia. 14: 47–52.
4. ^ Mateus, O.; Dinis, J.; Cunha, P. P. (2017-09-28). "The Lourinhã Formation: the Upper Jurassic to lower most Cretaceous of the Lusitanian Basin, Portugal – landscapes where dinosaurs walked". Ciências da Terra / Earth Sciences Journal. 19 (1): 75–97. doi:10.21695/cterra/esj.v19i1.355. hdl:10316/79879. ISSN 2183-4431.
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6. Ogg, J. G. (2012-01-01), Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Schmitz, Mark D.; Ogg, Gabi M. (eds.), "Chapter 5 - Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale", The Geologic Time Scale, Boston: Elsevier, pp. 85–113, ISBN 978-0-444-59425-9, retrieved 2021-12-17
7. ^ Rotatori, Filippo Maria; Moreno-Azanza, Miguel; Mateus, Octávio (2020). "New information on ornithopod dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic of Portugal". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 65. doi:10.4202/app.00661.2019. hdl:10362/127574. ISSN 0567-7920.
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9. ^ Rotatori, Filippo Maria; Moreno-Azanza, Miguel; Mateus, Octávio (2022-05-07). "Reappraisal and new material of the holotype of Draconyx loureiroi (Ornithischia: Iguanodontia) provide insights on the tempo and modo of evolution of thumb-spiked dinosaurs". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 195 (1): 125–156. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab113. ISSN 0024-4082.
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16. ^ Costa, Francisco; Mateus, Octávio (2019-11-13). "Dacentrurine stegosaurs (Dinosauria): A new specimen of Miragaia longicollum from the Late Jurassic of Portugal resolves taxonomical validity and shows the occurrence of the clade in North America". PLOS ONE. 14 (11): e0224263. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1424263C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224263. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6853308. PMID 31721771.
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20. ^ Tschopp, E.; Mateus, O. V.; Benson, R. B. J. (2015). "A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)". PeerJ. 3: e857. doi:10.7717/peerj.857. PMC 4393826. PMID 25870766.
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29. ^ Allosauruseuropaeus. archosaur.us
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31. Malafaia, Elisabete; Ortega, Francisco; Escaso, Fernando; Silva, Bruno (2015-10-03). "New evidence of Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of the Lusitanian Basin, Portugal". Historical Biology. 27 (7): 938–946. doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.915820. S2CID 129349509.
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33. ^ Lourinhanosaurusantunesi. archosaur.us
34. ^ Hendrickx, Christophe; Mateus, Octávio (2014). "Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp., the Largest Terrestrial Predator from Europe, and a Proposed Terminology of the Maxilla Anatomy in Nonavian Theropods". PLOS ONE. 9 (3): e88905. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...988905H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088905. PMC 3943790. PMID 24598585.
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36. ^ Torvosaurusgurneyi. archosaur.us
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38. ^ Guillaume, Alexandre Renaud Daniel Microvertebrates of the Lourinhã Formation (Late Jurassic, Portugal) (2018) PhD thesis https://run.unl.pt/handle/10362/58236
39. Mateus (2010). "First records of crocodyle and pterosaur tracks in the Upper Jurassic of Portugal". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 51: 83–87.
40. Guillaume, Alexandre R. D.; Natário, Carlos; Mateus, Octávio; Moreno-Azanza, Miguel (2023-04-03). "Plasticity in the morphology of the fused frontals of Albanerpetontidae (Lissamphibia; Allocaudata)". Historical Biology. 35 (4): 537–554. doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2054712. ISSN 0891-2963.
41. ^ Guillaume, Alexandre R D; Moreno-Azanza, Miguel; Puértolas-Pascual, Eduardo; Mateus, Octávio (2020-06-11). "Palaeobiodiversity of crocodylomorphs from the Lourinhã Formation based on the tooth record: insights into the palaeoecology of the Late Jurassic of Portugal". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 189 (2): 549–583. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz112. ISSN 0024-4082.
42. Puértolas-Pascual, E; Mateus, O (2020-06-11). "A three-dimensional skeleton of Goniopholididae from the Late Jurassic of Portugal: implications for the Crocodylomorpha bracing system". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 189 (2): 521–548. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz102. ISSN 0024-4082.
43. Costa, B. L. P.; Camilo, B.; Antunes, Miguel Telles; Balbino, A. C. (2021). "The hybodontiform sharks (Chondrichthyes: Euselachii) from the Upper Jurassic of Torres Vedras, Portugal". Comunicações Geológicas. 108: 49–52. doi:10.34637/RX8A-5283. hdl:10400.9/3830.
44. J. Pais Upper Jurassic Plants from Cabo Mondego (Portugal) Separata do Boletim da Sociedade Geologica da Portugala, 19 (1974), pp. 19-45
45. ^ Gowland, Stuart; Taylor, Andrew M.; Martinius, Allard W. (February 2018). Fielding, Chris (ed.). "Integrated sedimentology and ichnology of Late Jurassic fluvial point-bars – facies architecture and colonization styles (Lourinhã Formation, Lusitanian Basin, western Portugal)". Sedimentology. 65 (2): 400–430. doi:10.1111/sed.12385. ISSN 0037-0746.

Bibliography

• Antunes, M.T. and Mateus, O. (2003). Dinosaurs of Portugal. C. R. Palevol, 2:77–95
• Mateus, O. (2006). "Late Jurassic dinosaurs from the Morrison Formation, the Lourinhã and Alcobaça Formations (Portugal), and the Tendaguru Beds (Tanzania): a comparison," in Foster, J.R. and Lucas, S. G. R.M., eds., 2006, "Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation." New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 36
• Mateus, O (2007). "Notes and review of the ornithischian dinosaurs of Portugal". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27: 1–182. doi:10.1080/02724634.2007.10010458.

External links

• Antunes & Mateus (2003)
• Mateus (2006)

• Lourinhã Formation
• Geologic formations of Portugal
• Jurassic System of Europe
• Sandstone formations
• Mudstone formations
• Conglomerate formations