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Xukurú (Xucurú, Shukurú, Ichikile) is an indigenous language of Brazil. It is also known as Ichikile. It is known only from a few word lists and a sketch by Geraldo Lapenda (1962).

It was originally spoken in the Serra de São José and on the Meio River, Capibaribe River and Taperoa River in the states of Pernambuco and Paraíba. Loukotka (1968) reports the most recent locations as the Serra Ararobá and Cimbres.

Classification

Loukotka (1968) considers Xukurú to form a small family with Paratió and Garanhus.

Distribution

Geraldo Lapenda (1962) reported that the Xukuru people can be found primarily in the settlements of Canabrava and Brejinho in the aldeia of Cimbres, Pesqueira municipality. They can also be found in the settlements of Cajueiro, Ipanema Velho, Caldeirão, Jitó, Lagoa, Machado, Sitio do Meio, Riacho dos Afetos, Trincheiras, Bem-te-vi, Santana, and São José. Although the Xukuru traditionally occupied the Serra do Ororobá, they could also be found in other municipalities of Pernambuco, namely Caruaru, Brejo da Madre de Deus, Belo Jardim, Sanharó, Poção, Pesqueira, and Arcoverde.

Phonology

Consonants

Xukuru consonants:

Vowels

Xukuru vowels:

Xukuru also has nasalized vowels. Lapenda (1962) transcribes nasalized vowels as Vn (orthographic vowel followed by n).

Morphology

Common suffixes in Xukuru include -go, which forms verbs, adjectives, and nouns, and -men, of uncertain meaning.

Vocabulary

Pompeu (1958)

Xucurú vocabulary from Pompeu (1958), cited from Kurt Nimuendajú:

Portuguese gloss (original)	English gloss (translated)	Xucurú
homem	man	xenúpre
mulher	woman	moéla
fogo	fire	intôa
água	water	teu
pedra	stone	kébra
cabeça	head	kreká
orelha	ear	bandulak
bôca	mouth	mãz
nariz	nose	korõzá
língua	tongue	izarágo
dente	tooth	ciladê
mão	hand	kereké
pé	foot	poyá
casa	house	sek
olho (olha)	eye (see)	pigó

These word lists of language varieties from the Serra do Urubá (also known as the Serra do Arorobá or Serra do Ororubá, located in the municipality of Pesqueira, Pernambuco) are reproduced from Pompeu Sobrinho (1958).

Below is a vocabulary collected by Domingos Cruz in Pesqueira, Pernambuco from his informant Rodrigues de Mendonça, who was originally from the Serra do Urubá:

Portuguese gloss (original)	English gloss (translated)	"Serra do Urubá"
cabeça	head	kreká, kri, ká
cabeça de vaca	cow head	kreká memêngo
chapéu	hat	kriákugo, kriá
chuva	rain	kraxixi
comida	food	kringó
comida boa	good food	kringó konengo
cachaça	cachaça (liquor)	irínka
bom, boa	good	konengo
chefe, mais velho	boss, older	taióp
deus	God	tupá
faca grande	big knife	xaníko
faca pequena	small knife	saquarék
homem	man	xiakrók
homem branco	white man	karé
homem índio	Indian man	xenunpe
homem defeituoso	deformed man	jajú
fome	hunger	xurák
inimigo	enemy	aredirí
ir embora	go away	nuntógo
mulher	woman	krippó
milho	corn	xigó
nevoeiro	fog	batukin
lua	moon	limolago
sol	sun	oraci
pedra	stone	krá
pedra (em cima da terra)	stone (on top of the earth)	krá xixí
pé	foot	poiá
defeito	defect	guxú
pé defeituoso	defective foot	poiá guxú
ruim	bad	aguá, pigó
homem branco ruim	bad white man	karé aguá
homem branco bom	good white man	karé konengo
O inimigo vem aí.	The enemy is coming.	arediri arediri

Vocabulary collected by Domingos Cruz from his informant Pedro Rodrigues, who was originally from the sitio of Gitó in the Serra do Urubá:

Portuguese gloss (original)	English gloss (translated)	Gitó variety
aguardente	aguardente (liquor)	orinka
aldeiamento	village	taiopo maritáro
arco (arma)	bow (weapon)	tamaingú, temaigú
carne	meat	inxi, ixi
fome	hunger	xurák
negro (homem)	black (man)	taká
cabra	goat	krexkuák jãtarinta
negra	black	taká jipu
onça	jaguar	jetôme
raça, tribo	race, tribe	xekurú
marinheiro (estrangeiro)	sailor (foreigner)	karé irut
carne	meat	inxin
comedor de carne	meat eater	inzin aragogú
mentiroso	liar	jupegúgo
lua	moon	limolágo
sol	sun	orací
deus	God	tupá
Nossa Senhora	Our Lady (Virgin Mary)	Tamaipí

Vocabulary collected by José Joaquim in Rio Branco, Pernambuco of a language spoken in the Serra do Urubá:

Portuguese gloss (original)	English gloss (translated)	"Serra do Urubá"
bom dia	good morning	degómen
cacete	club	kirí, quirí
cabeça	head	krêkió
batata	potato	baká, koxó
altar	altar	oiô
canela (tíbia)	shin; tibia	gatí
canela fina	fine shin	gatirí
cachaça	cachaça (liquor)	urínka
?	?	urinka karóba
mão	hand	kêerakê
dedo	finger	atirí, tirí
nariz	nose	korõzó
espiga (milho)	ear (of corn)	tók, tóque
fumo, tabaco	smoke, tobacco	mãjá
Como vai?	How are you?	adeusá
livro	book	quatirá
fino	thin	irí
longe	far	tigí
ir embora	go away	ombêira
livrar-se	get rid of	muntógo
feijão	bean	jejá
cara, rosto	face	nãí
cara feia	ugly face	naiogo
negro (homem)	black (man)	taka
olhar	look	antiá
pano	cloth	mití (?)
pano velho (farrapo)	old cloth (rag)	takó
mandioca ou macaxeira	cassava or manioc	xaká
milho	corn	xigó
vertir	pour, spill	tadí
roupa	clothes	kunãgo
roupa nova	new clothes	tiliká
roupa velha	old clothes	takó
girau	turned	koiá
livro	book	katirá, quatirá
tamboeira (de milho)	poorly sprouted corn	boró tiga
espiga de milho	corn cob	tiga gugá

Meader (1978)

Xukuru is also known from a word list elicited in 1961 by Paul Wagner from Antônio Caetano do Nascimento, the chief of Brazinho village in the Serra Urubu of Pesqueira, Pernambuco State. The list is reproduced below, with English translations also given.

Lapenda (1962)

The following Xucuru words are from Geraldo Lapenda (1962). The data was collected by Raimundo Dantas Carneiro and Cícero Cavalcanti. (Xukuru also has nasalized vowels. Lapenda (1962) transcribes nasalized vowels as Vn (orthographic vowel followed by n).)

Loukotka (1949)

The following Shukurú words are from Loukotka (1949). The data is from a 137-word manuscript list collected by Curt Nimuendajú in 1934 from 4 elderly semi-speakers in Pernambuco. The list was obtained by Loukotka in 1940.

French gloss (original)	English gloss (translated)	Shukurú
chien	dog	ʒebrégo
dent	tooth	tʃilodé
eau	water	téu
femme	woman	moéla
feu	fire	intóa
hache	axe	tilóa
homme	man	ʃenũprĕ
jaguar	jaguar	lamprémp
langue	tongue	ĩʃ-arágŏ
main	hand	koreké
maïs	maize	ʃígŭ
maison	house	ʃek
manioc	cassava	ʃakurarágŭ
manger	eat	kreŋgô
oreille	har	bandalák
pied	foot	poyá
pierre	stone	kéiba
pot	pot	koréka
serpent	snake	saŋsála
tabac	tobacco	mãʒé
tête	head	kreká

Sentences

To conclude, I transcribe the sentences that Cicero Cavalcanti collected and which, I repeat, are syntactically artificial (LAPENDA - 1962, pg 21).

References

1. Cite error: The named reference e25 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
2. ^ Lapenda, Geraldo Calábria. 1962. O dialecto Xucuru. Doxa (Revista Oficial do Departamento de Cultura do Diretório Acadêmico da Faculdade de Filosofia de Pernambuco da Universidade do Recife), ano X, n. 10, p. 11-23.
3. ^ Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
4. ^ Pompeu Sobrinho, Thomaz. 1958. Línguas Tapuias desconhecidas do Nordeste: Alguns vocabulários inéditos. Boletim de Antropologia (Fortaleza-Ceará) 2. 3-19.
5. Nimuendajú, Kurt. “Revista do Instituto Arqueológico, Histórico e Geográfico Pernambucano”. ns. 155, 158.
6. Meader, Robert E. (1978). Indios do Nordeste: Levantamento sobre os remanescentes tribais do nordeste brasileiro (in Portuguese). Brasilia: SIL International.
7. Loukotka, Čestmír (1949). "Sur quelques langues inconnues de l'Amérique du Sud". Lingua Posnaniensis (in French). 1: 53–82.

• Lapenda, Geraldo Calábria. 1962. O dialecto Xucuru. Doxa (Revista Oficial do Departamento de Cultura do Diretório Acadêmico da Faculdade de Filosofia de Pernambuco da Universidade do Recife), ano X, n. 10, p. 11-23. Biblioteca Digital Curt Nimuendaju.

External links

• Xukuru vocabulary
• Tarairiú Language

• Language isolates of South America
• Extinct languages of South America
• Xukuruan languages
• Indigenous languages of Northeastern Brazil