| Revision as of 18:05, 24 August 2021 edit24.89.24.220 (talk) →External links: dead link← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 19:02, 1 July 2024 edit undoPhotocyte (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users1,787 editsm Add CAS for ammonium salt | ||
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| | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | ||
| | CASNo = 51276-47-2 | | CASNo = 51276-47-2 | ||
| | CASNo1_Ref = {{cascite|changed|CAS}} | |||
| | CASNo1 = 77182-82-2 | |||
| | CASNo1_Comment = (monoammonium salt) | |||
| | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | ||
| | UNII = C8W4FP6BTY | | UNII = C8W4FP6BTY | ||
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| '''Glufosinate''' (also known as '''phosphinothricin''' and often sold as an ]) is a naturally occurring broad-spectrum ] produced by several species of '']'' soil bacteria. Glufosinate is a non-selective, contact herbicide, with some systemic action.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/372.htm |title=glufosinate-ammonium |website=PPDB: Pesticide Properties DataBase |access-date= |
'''Glufosinate''' (also known as '''phosphinothricin''' and often sold as an ]) is a naturally occurring broad-spectrum ] produced by several species of '']'' soil bacteria. Glufosinate is a non-selective, contact herbicide, with some systemic action.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/Reports/372.htm |title=glufosinate-ammonium |website=PPDB: Pesticide Properties DataBase |access-date= }}</ref> Plants may also metabolize ] and ], other naturally occurring herbicides, directly into glufosinate.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1128/AEM.70.12.7093-7102.2004 | pmid=15574905 | volume=70 | issue=12 | title=Biosynthetic Gene Cluster of the Herbicide Phosphinothricin Tripeptide from Streptomyces viridochromogenes Tu494 | journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology | pages=7093–7102| pmc=535184 | year=2004 | last1=Schwartz | first1=D. | last2=Berger | first2=S. | last3=Heinzelmann | first3=E. | last4=Muschko | first4=K. | last5=Welzel | first5=K. | last6=Wohlleben | first6=W. | bibcode=2004ApEnM..70.7093S }}</ref> The compound irreversibly inhibits ], an enzyme necessary for the production of glutamine and for ammonia detoxification, giving it ], ] and herbicidal properties. Application of glufosinate to plants leads to reduced ] and elevated ] levels in tissues, halting ] and resulting in plant death.<ref name=PAN>{{cite web |url = http://www.pan-uk.org/pestnews/Actives/glufosin.htm |title = Glufosinate ammonium fact sheet |date = December 1998 |access-date = |publisher = Pesticides News No.42 |last = Topsy Jewell for Friends of the Earth |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150701084024/http://www.pan-uk.org/pestnews/Actives/glufosin.htm |archive-date = 2015-07-01 |url-status = dead }}</ref> | ||
| ==Discovery== | ==Discovery== | ||
| In the 1960s and early 1970s, scientists at ] and at the ] independently discovered that species of '']'' bacteria produce a tripeptide they called ] that inhibits bacteria; it consists of two ] residues and a unique ] that is an analog of ] that they named "phosphinothricin".<ref name=Donn/>{{rp|90}} They determined that phosphinothricin irreversibly inhibits ].<ref name=Donn/>{{rp|90}} Phosphinothricin was first synthesized by scientists at ] in the 1970s as a ] mixture; this racemic mixture is called glufosinate and is the commercially relevant version of the chemical.<ref name=Donn>Donn, G and Köcher, H. Inhibitors of Glutamine Synthetase. Chapter 4 in Herbicide Classes in Development: Mode of Action, Targets, Genetic Engineering, Chemistry. Eds Peter Böger, Ko Wakabayashi, Kenji Hirai. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012 {{ISBN|9783642594168}}</ref>{{rp|91–92}} | In the 1960s and early 1970s, scientists at ] and at the ] independently discovered that species of '']'' bacteria produce a tripeptide they called ] that inhibits bacteria; it consists of two ] residues and a unique ] that is an analog of ] that they named "phosphinothricin".<ref name=Donn/>{{rp|90}} They determined that phosphinothricin irreversibly inhibits ].<ref name=Donn/>{{rp|90}} Phosphinothricin was first synthesized by scientists at ] in the 1970s as a ] mixture; this racemic mixture is called glufosinate and is the commercially relevant version of the chemical.<ref name=Donn>Donn, G and Köcher, H. Inhibitors of Glutamine Synthetase. Chapter 4 in Herbicide Classes in Development: Mode of Action, Targets, Genetic Engineering, Chemistry. Eds Peter Böger, Ko Wakabayashi, Kenji Hirai. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012 {{ISBN|9783642594168}}</ref>{{rp|91–92}} | ||
| In the late 1980s scientists discovered enzymes in these ''Streptomyces'' species that selectively inactivate free phosphinothricin; the gene encoding the enzyme that was isolated from '']'' was called the "bialaphos resistance" or "bar" gene, and the gene encoding the enzyme in '']'' was called "]" or "pat".<ref name=Donn/>{{rp|98}} The two genes and their proteins have 80% homology on the DNA level and 86% amino acid homology, and are each 158 amino acids long.<ref name=Donn/>{{rp|98}} | In the late 1980s scientists discovered enzymes in these ''Streptomyces'' species that selectively inactivate free phosphinothricin; the gene encoding the enzyme that was isolated from '']'' was called the "bialaphos resistance" or "bar" gene, and the gene encoding the enzyme in '']'' was called "]" or "pat".<ref name=Donn/>{{rp|98}} The two genes and their proteins have 80% homology on the DNA level and 86% amino acid homology, and are each 158 amino acids long.<ref name=Donn/>{{rp|98}} | ||
| ==Use== | ==Use== | ||
| ] | |||
| ⚫ | Glufosinate is a broad-spectrum herbicide that is used to control important weeds such as ], hemp sesbania (]), Pennsylvania smartweed (]) and ] similar to ]. It is applied to young plants during early development for full effectiveness.<ref name=PAN/> It is sold in formulations under brands including Basta, Rely, Finale, Challenge and Liberty.<ref name=PAN/> | ||
| ⚫ | Glufosinate is a broad-spectrum herbicide that is used to control important weeds such as ], hemp sesbania (]), Pennsylvania smartweed (]) and ] similar to ]. It is applied to young plants during early development for full effectiveness.<ref name=PAN/> It is sold in formulations under brands including Basta, Rely, Finale, Challenge and Liberty.<ref name=PAN/> | ||
| Glufosinate is typically used in three situations as an herbicide: | Glufosinate is typically used in three situations as an herbicide: | ||
| *directed sprays for weed control, including in ] | *directed sprays for weed control, including in ] | ||
| *use as a ] to facilitate harvesting<ref name=moneuro>{{cite web | url=http://www.monsanto.com/products/Documents/glyphosate-background-materials/Agronomic%20benefits%20of%20glyphosate%20in%20Europe.pdf | title=The agronomic benefits of glyphosate in Europe | publisher=] Europe SA | date=February 2010 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117143642/http://www.monsanto.com/products/Documents/glyphosate-background-materials/Agronomic%20benefits%20of%20glyphosate%20in%20Europe.pdf | archive-date=2012-01-17 }}</ref> | *use as a ] to facilitate harvesting<ref name=moneuro>{{cite web | url=http://www.monsanto.com/products/Documents/glyphosate-background-materials/Agronomic%20benefits%20of%20glyphosate%20in%20Europe.pdf | title=The agronomic benefits of glyphosate in Europe | publisher=] Europe SA | date=February 2010 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117143642/http://www.monsanto.com/products/Documents/glyphosate-background-materials/Agronomic%20benefits%20of%20glyphosate%20in%20Europe.pdf | archive-date=2012-01-17 }}</ref> | ||
| ] | |||
| Glufosinate also has shown to provide some protection against various plant diseases, as it also acts to kill fungi and bacteria on contact.<ref name=Duke>Duke, SO. Biotechnology: Herbicide Resistant Crops. In Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems, 2nd edition. Ed. Neal K. Van Alfen. Elsevier, 2014. {{ISBN|9780080931395}}. </ref> | Glufosinate also has shown to provide some protection against various plant diseases, as it also acts to kill fungi and bacteria on contact.<ref name=Duke>Duke, SO. Biotechnology: Herbicide Resistant Crops. In Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems, 2nd edition. Ed. Neal K. Van Alfen. Elsevier, 2014. {{ISBN|9780080931395}}. </ref> | ||
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| ===Exposure to humans in foods=== | ===Exposure to humans in foods=== | ||
| As glufosinate is often used as a pre-harvest ], |
As glufosinate is often used as a pre-harvest ], it can be found in foods that humans ingest. Such foods include potatoes, peas, beans, corn, wheat, and barley. In addition, the chemical can be passed to humans through animals who are fed contaminated straw. Flour processed from wheat grain that contained traces of glufosinate was found to retain 10-100% of the chemicals' residues.<ref name=monograph>{{cite web|last1=Watts|first1=Meriel|title=Glufosinate Ammonium Monograph|url=http://www.pananz.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Glufosinate-monograph-12-Dec-2008.pdf|publisher=] Asia and the Pacific|access-date=20 April 2015}}</ref> | ||
| The herbicide is also persistent; it has been found to be prevalent in spinach, radishes, wheat and carrots that were planted 120 days after the treatment of the herbicide.<ref name=PAN/> Its persistent nature can also be observed by its ] which varies from 3 to 70 days depending on the soil type and organic matter content.<ref name=PAN/> Residues can remain in frozen food for up to two years and the chemical is not easily destroyed by cooking the food item in boiling water.<ref name=monograph /> The EPA classifies the chemical as 'persistent' and 'mobile' based on its lack of degradation and ease of transport through soil. | The herbicide is also persistent; it has been found to be prevalent in spinach, radishes, wheat and carrots that were planted 120 days after the treatment of the herbicide.<ref name=PAN/> Its persistent nature can also be observed by its ] which varies from 3 to 70 days depending on the soil type and organic matter content.<ref name=PAN/> Residues can remain in frozen food for up to two years and the chemical is not easily destroyed by cooking the food item in boiling water.<ref name=monograph /> The EPA classifies the chemical as 'persistent' and 'mobile' based on its lack of degradation and ease of transport through soil. | ||
| A study |
A study revealed the presence of circulating PAGMF in women with and without pregnancy, paving the way for a new field in reproductive toxicology including nutrition and utero-placental toxicities<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.02.004 | title=Maternal and fetal exposure to pesticides associated to genetically modified foods in Eastern Townships of Quebec, Canada | year=2011 | last1=Aris | first1=Aziz | last2=Leblanc | first2=Samuel | journal=Reproductive Toxicology | volume=31 | issue=4 | pages=528–533 | pmid=21338670 | s2cid=16144327 }}</ref> | ||
| ===Exposure limits=== | ===Exposure limits=== | ||
| There are no exposure limits established by the ] or the ].<ref name="phytotechlab.com">{{cite web|url=http://phytotechlab.com/media/downloads/7382/P679MSDS.pdf |title=Chemical Identification and Company Information : DL-Phosphinothricin, Monoammonium Salt |publisher=Phytotechlab.com |access-date=2015-04-25 |
There are no exposure limits established by the ] or the ].<ref name="phytotechlab.com">{{cite web|url=http://phytotechlab.com/media/downloads/7382/P679MSDS.pdf |title=Chemical Identification and Company Information : DL-Phosphinothricin, Monoammonium Salt |publisher=Phytotechlab.com |access-date=2015-04-25 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093237/http://phytotechlab.com/media/downloads/7382/P679MSDS.pdf | archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> The WHO/FAO recommended acceptable daily intake (ADI) for glufosinate is 0.02 mg/kg.<ref name=monograph /> The European Food Safety Authority has set an ADI of 0.021 mg/kg. The Acute reference dose (ARfD) for child-bearing women is 0.021 mg/kg.<ref name=monograph /> | ||
| ==Regulation== | ==Regulation== | ||
| Glufosinate is a ] EPA registered chemical. It is also a California registered chemical. It is not banned in the country and it is not a ].<ref> |
Glufosinate is a ] EPA registered chemical. It is also a California registered chemical. It is not banned in the country and it is not a ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://croplife.org/crop-protection/regulatory/product-management/prior-informed-consent/ |title=The Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent (PIC) |access-date=2015-08-07 |archive-date=2021-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924070647/https://croplife.org/crop-protection/regulatory/product-management/prior-informed-consent/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> There are no exposure limits established by OSHA or the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.<ref name="phytotechlab.com"/> | ||
| Glufosinate is |
Glufosinate is not approved for use as an herbicide in Europe; it was last reviewed in 2007 and that registration expired in 2018.<ref>European Commission. Page accessed August 7, 2015</ref> It has been withdrawn from the French market since October 24, 2017 by the ] due to its classification as a possible ] chemical (R1b).<ref>Anses. Page accessed October 26, 2017</ref> | ||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| Line 93: | Line 96: | ||
| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| * | * | ||
| * |
* {{cite web | url=http://www.bayercropscience.com.au/resources/uploads/TechGuide/file7787.pdf | title=Basta technical guide | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327160206/http://www.bayercropscience.com.au/resources/uploads/TechGuide/file7787.pdf | archive-date=2016-03-27}} | ||
| * {{PPDB|1540|Name=Glufosinate}} | * {{PPDB|1540|Name=Glufosinate}} | ||
| * {{PPDB|372|Name=Glufosinate-ammonium}} | * {{PPDB|372|Name=Glufosinate-ammonium}} | ||
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| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
Latest revision as of 19:02, 1 July 2024
Broad-spectrum herbicide Not to be confused with Glyphosate.
| |
| |
| Names | |
|---|---|
| Preferred IUPAC name 2-Amino-4-butanoic acid | |
| Other names Phosphinothricin | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |
|
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.051.893 
|
| EC Number |
|
| KEGG | |
| PubChem CID | |
| UNII | |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
InChI
| |
SMILES
| |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C5H12NO4P |
| Molar mass | 181.128 g·mol |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
 Y verify (what is ?)
Infobox references
| |
Glufosinate (also known as phosphinothricin and often sold as an ammonium salt) is a naturally occurring broad-spectrum herbicide produced by several species of Streptomyces soil bacteria. Glufosinate is a non-selective, contact herbicide, with some systemic action. Plants may also metabolize bialaphos and phosalacine, other naturally occurring herbicides, directly into glufosinate. The compound irreversibly inhibits glutamine synthetase, an enzyme necessary for the production of glutamine and for ammonia detoxification, giving it antibacterial, antifungal and herbicidal properties. Application of glufosinate to plants leads to reduced glutamine and elevated ammonia levels in tissues, halting photosynthesis and resulting in plant death.
Discovery
In the 1960s and early 1970s, scientists at University of Tübingen and at the Meiji Seika Kaisha Company independently discovered that species of Streptomyces bacteria produce a tripeptide they called bialaphos that inhibits bacteria; it consists of two alanine residues and a unique amino acid that is an analog of glutamate that they named "phosphinothricin". They determined that phosphinothricin irreversibly inhibits glutamine synthetase. Phosphinothricin was first synthesized by scientists at Hoechst in the 1970s as a racemic mixture; this racemic mixture is called glufosinate and is the commercially relevant version of the chemical.
In the late 1980s scientists discovered enzymes in these Streptomyces species that selectively inactivate free phosphinothricin; the gene encoding the enzyme that was isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus was called the "bialaphos resistance" or "bar" gene, and the gene encoding the enzyme in Streptomyces viridochromogenes was called "phosphinothricin acetyltransferase" or "pat". The two genes and their proteins have 80% homology on the DNA level and 86% amino acid homology, and are each 158 amino acids long.
Use
Glufosinate is a broad-spectrum herbicide that is used to control important weeds such as morning glories, hemp sesbania (Sesbania bispinosa), Pennsylvania smartweed (Polygonum pensylvanicum) and yellow nutsedge similar to glyphosate. It is applied to young plants during early development for full effectiveness. It is sold in formulations under brands including Basta, Rely, Finale, Challenge and Liberty. Glufosinate is typically used in three situations as an herbicide:
- directed sprays for weed control, including in genetically modified crops
- use as a crop desiccation to facilitate harvesting
Glufosinate also has shown to provide some protection against various plant diseases, as it also acts to kill fungi and bacteria on contact.
Genetically modified crops
Genetically modified crops resistant to glufosinate were created by genetically engineering the bar or pat genes from streptomyces into the relevant crop seeds. In 1995 the first glufosinate-resistant crop, canola, was brought to market, and it was followed by corn in 1997, cotton in 2004, and soybeans in 2011.
Mode of action
Phosphinothricin is a glutamine synthetase inhibitor that binds to the glutamate site. Glufosinate-treated plants die due to a buildup of ammonia in the thylakoid lumen, leading to the uncoupling of photophosphorylation. The uncoupling of photophosphorylation causes the production of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and membrane destruction.
Elevated levels of ammonia are detectable within one hour after application of phosphinothricin.
Toxicity
Exposure to humans in foods
As glufosinate is often used as a pre-harvest desiccant, it can be found in foods that humans ingest. Such foods include potatoes, peas, beans, corn, wheat, and barley. In addition, the chemical can be passed to humans through animals who are fed contaminated straw. Flour processed from wheat grain that contained traces of glufosinate was found to retain 10-100% of the chemicals' residues.
The herbicide is also persistent; it has been found to be prevalent in spinach, radishes, wheat and carrots that were planted 120 days after the treatment of the herbicide. Its persistent nature can also be observed by its half-life which varies from 3 to 70 days depending on the soil type and organic matter content. Residues can remain in frozen food for up to two years and the chemical is not easily destroyed by cooking the food item in boiling water. The EPA classifies the chemical as 'persistent' and 'mobile' based on its lack of degradation and ease of transport through soil. A study revealed the presence of circulating PAGMF in women with and without pregnancy, paving the way for a new field in reproductive toxicology including nutrition and utero-placental toxicities
Exposure limits
There are no exposure limits established by the Occupational Safety & Health Administration or the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. The WHO/FAO recommended acceptable daily intake (ADI) for glufosinate is 0.02 mg/kg. The European Food Safety Authority has set an ADI of 0.021 mg/kg. The Acute reference dose (ARfD) for child-bearing women is 0.021 mg/kg.
Regulation
Glufosinate is a United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA registered chemical. It is also a California registered chemical. It is not banned in the country and it is not a PIC pesticide. There are no exposure limits established by OSHA or the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
Glufosinate is not approved for use as an herbicide in Europe; it was last reviewed in 2007 and that registration expired in 2018. It has been withdrawn from the French market since October 24, 2017 by the Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail due to its classification as a possible reprotoxic chemical (R1b).
References
- "glufosinate-ammonium". PPDB: Pesticide Properties DataBase.
- Schwartz, D.; Berger, S.; Heinzelmann, E.; Muschko, K.; Welzel, K.; Wohlleben, W. (2004). "Biosynthetic Gene Cluster of the Herbicide Phosphinothricin Tripeptide from Streptomyces viridochromogenes Tu494". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 70 (12): 7093–7102. Bibcode:2004ApEnM..70.7093S. doi:10.1128/AEM.70.12.7093-7102.2004. PMC 535184. PMID 15574905.
- ^ Topsy Jewell for Friends of the Earth (December 1998). "Glufosinate ammonium fact sheet". Pesticides News No.42. Archived from the original on 2015-07-01.
- ^ Donn, G and Köcher, H. Inhibitors of Glutamine Synthetase. Chapter 4 in Herbicide Classes in Development: Mode of Action, Targets, Genetic Engineering, Chemistry. Eds Peter Böger, Ko Wakabayashi, Kenji Hirai. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012 ISBN 9783642594168
- "The agronomic benefits of glyphosate in Europe" (PDF). Monsanto Europe SA. February 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-17.
- ^ Duke, SO. Biotechnology: Herbicide Resistant Crops. In Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems, 2nd edition. Ed. Neal K. Van Alfen. Elsevier, 2014. ISBN 9780080931395. Page 97
- ^ Green JM and Castle LA. Transitioning from Single to Multiple Herbicide-resistant Crops. Chapter 4 in Glyphosate Resistance in Crops and Weeds: History, Development, and Management. Editor, Vijay K. Nandula. John Wiley & Sons, 2010 ISBN 9781118043547 Page 112
- Summary of Herbicide Mechanism of Action, HRAC and WSSA
- ^ Watts, Meriel. "Glufosinate Ammonium Monograph" (PDF). Pesticide Action Network Asia and the Pacific. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
- Aris, Aziz; Leblanc, Samuel (2011). "Maternal and fetal exposure to pesticides associated to genetically modified foods in Eastern Townships of Quebec, Canada". Reproductive Toxicology. 31 (4): 528–533. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.02.004. PMID 21338670. S2CID 16144327.
- ^ "Chemical Identification and Company Information : DL-Phosphinothricin, Monoammonium Salt" (PDF). Phytotechlab.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-04-25.
- "The Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent (PIC)". Archived from the original on 2021-09-24. Retrieved 2015-08-07.
- European Commission. Glufosinate in EU Pesticides Database Page accessed August 7, 2015
- Anses. L’Anses procède au retrait de l’autorisation de mise sur le marché du Basta F1, un produit phytopharmaceutique à base de glufosinate Page accessed October 26, 2017
External links
- BASF's site of LibertyLink crops
- "Basta technical guide" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-27.
- Glufosinate in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB)
- Glufosinate-ammonium in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB)
- Glufosinate-P in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB)
| Glutamate metabolism and transport modulators | |||||||||||||
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| Enzyme |
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| See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators • Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators • GABA metabolism and transport modulators | |||||||||||||