Misplaced Pages

Latest revision as of 04:13, 26 December 2024

Porsche 911 (classic)
1970 Porsche 911E
Overview
Manufacturer	Porsche AG
Also called	Porsche 911 Carrera Porsche Carrera
Production	1964–1989
Assembly	West Germany: Stuttgart, Zuffenhausen
Designer	Ferdinand Alexander Porsche, Erwin Komenda
Body and chassis
Class	Sports car
Body style	2-door coupé 2-door Targa top (1966–89) 2-door convertible (1982–89)
Layout	Rear-engine, rear-wheel drive
Related	Porsche 912 Porsche 959 Porsche 930
Powertrain
Engine	2.0 L air-cooled H6 2.2 L air-cooled H6 2.4 L air-cooled H6 2.7 L air-cooled H6 3.0 L air-cooled H6 3.2 L air-cooled H6 3.0 L air-cooled turbo H6 3.3 L air-cooled turbo H6
Transmission	5-speed manual 4-speed semi-automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase	2,211–2,268 mm (87.0–89.3 in)
Length	4,290 mm (168.9 in)
Width	1,700–1,780 mm (66.9–70.1 in)
Height	1,300–1,310 mm (51.2–51.6 in)
Chronology
Predecessor	Porsche 356
Successor	Porsche 964

The original Porsche 911 (pronounced nine eleven, German: Neunelfer) is a luxury sports car made by Porsche AG of Stuttgart, Germany. A prototype of the famous, distinctive, and durable design was shown to the public in autumn 1963. Production began in September 1964 and continued through 1989. It was succeeded by a modified version, internally referred to as Porsche 964 but still sold as Porsche 911, as are current models.

Mechanically, the 911 was notable for being rear engined and air-cooled. From its inception, the 911 was modified both by private teams and the factory itself for racing, rallying and other types of automotive competition. The original 911 series is often cited as the most successful competition car ever, especially when its variations are included, mainly the powerful 911-derived 935 which won 24 Hours of Le Mans and other major sports cars races outright against prototypes.

Background

Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche GmbH, Konstruktionen und Beratungen für Motoren und Fahrzeugbau (construction and consulting for engines and vehicles), was founded in Stuttgart in April 1931. Its early work included electric hub motors for rolling stock, 16 cylinder P-Wagen, 1 to 32 cylinder diesel, petrol, two stroke and 4 stroke engines for water pumps, generators, airplanes, military tanks, farm tractors, etc. Several projects like the Auto Union cars (The P-Wagen project was purchased by Auto Union) and KdF-Wagen (Volkswagen, project included the design and town planning of Wolfsburg plant) received funding from the national budget. The first product under its own name was Porsche Junior -one cylinder, Porsche Standard Star -one and two cylinder, and Porsche Super -three cylinder, farm tractors with air-cooled diesel engines in 1948. The second product line of its own was Porsche 356, with the midship-engine Porsche 356/1 as the first completed prototype in 1949. The engineering design office expanded its motor racing activities from then on.

In May 1953, the ADAC 1000 km Nürburgring Eifelrennen, an endurance sports car racing event that counted towards the World Sportscar Championship for decades, was inaugurated and won by Porsche 550 on its debut race. Further, the Porsche factory team won the 1956 Targa Florio outright with a 1,498 cc Porsche 550A, and Porsche 718 RSK was introduced in 1957. RS60 with four-cylinder 1,587 cc Typ 547/3 won 1960 12 Hours of Sebring outright against 2.9L Maserati Birdcage and 3L Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa. By 1960, air-cooled 1,494 cc DOHC flat-eight fuel-injected desmodromic Porsche 753 engine was in development for Formula One, and the 356B was starting to show its limits after a 10-year product life.

Prototyping

To update the style and utility of the T5 body of 356B, Porsche 695 (also referred to as Porsche 754), also called the T7 body (design project led by Butzi Porsche) with modified style and 100mm longer wheelbase, based on 356B Karmann hardtop, was prototyped in 1959-1960 alongside the T6 body project (led by Erwin Komenda, including a bigger front trunk and rear engine compartment opening, and twin grilles on the engine lid) that debuted in 1962 as a facelift on 356B without the longer wheelbase or the 911-like front and rear style of the T7. The increase in body length was used on this T7 prototype for the rear '+2' passenger room making the body a full(er) four-seater, not for additional space for a six cylinder engine as it, as well as the T6, was meant to be a new 356 body style candidate.

Leopold Jäntschke led the team, including a young Hans Mezger and Ferdinand Piëch, to develop the 2 litre six cylinder engine that was numbered the Typ 745 with intake camshaft above, and exhaust camshaft below the crankshaft to operate pushrods. Ferry Porsche, having experiences on DOHC racing engines, did not like this arrangement in the air-cooled six cylinder wet-sump pushrod engine as it did not have sufficient benefit to justify the increase in the number of camshafts. Also, the new twin vertical (horizontal axis) fans on this "2.0 litre 6 cylinder prototype engine (Porsche type 745)". were found to suffice with only one vertical fan in the development, as this cast-aluminium 11-wing-blade design utilising a 12V AC alternator as the drive shaft (developed on racing engines with then-new fibre-glass shroud) was much more efficient than the Volkswagen-style flat-plate fabricated fin scirocco fan (in front of a DC generator) of Typ 502/506/508/527/528/531/532/546/557/589/616 engines for the 356.

So the 745 engine was abandoned and 2 Litre air-cooled SOHC(two camshafts on a flat six engine) wet-sump six cylinder boxer Typ 821 engine, with a single vertical fan, was drafted and prototyped. Although wet-sump was the norm for Porsche production engines, Ferdinand Piëch strongly argued for dry-sump that could give a lower center of gravity through lower position of the engine/crankshaft in the car as well as a straight adaptability to racing. Ferry Porsche agreed with this Piëch opinion and the dry-sump Typ 901 engine was born with a single intermediary shaft below the crankshaft (which also drives the oil scavenge and pressure pumps mounted inside the crankcase) that drives two single-stage single-row chains, in turn, driving a camshaft in each of the two cam-carriers on six cylinder-heads.

After the size and configuration of 80mm bore x 66mm stroke 1,991 cc Typ 901 engine with Solex 40PI carburettors were more or less finalised, Butzi Porsche led a team to merge the front and rear design of the T7 body with the requirements of the six cylinder dry-sump engine, as well as new components including Typ 901 five-speed transaxle, rack and pinion steering, McPherson strut front suspension, and semi-trailing arm rear suspension to come up with Typ 901 chassis/body, which ended up having a narrower width and longer length than the production T5/T6 body of the 356B/C, with a 111mm longer wheelbase.

This car was introduced to the world as "Porsche 901" at the 1963 Internationale Automobil-Ausstellung (Frankfurt Motor Show). However, Peugeot protested because it had exclusive rights in France to car names formed by three numbers with a zero in the middle. Instead of selling the new model with a different name in France, Porsche changed the car name to '911' for all markets, but the engine designation and parts number prefix remained '901'. A total of 82 cars (The factory retained chassis #01, 02 and 03. Chassis number 13 was skipped and became #14.) were built as '901' model before the production switched over to '911' insignia, and it went on sale as "Porsche 911" in 1964.

2.0-litre / O, A and B series (1964–1969)

The earliest editions of the 911 had an air-cooled, rear-mounted, 2.0 L (1,991 cc) 130 PS (96 kW; 128 hp) flat-six "boxer" engine, similar to the 356's four-cylinder 1.6 L unit. It was mated to a five-speed manual "Type 901" transmission. The car had 2+2 seating, though the rear was very small, also like the 356. The styling was largely by Ferdinand "Butzi" Porsche, son of Ferdinand "Ferry" Porsche. Erwin Komenda, the leader of the Porsche car body construction department, was also involved in the design.

When 356 production came to an end in 1965, there was still a market for a four-cylinder car, particularly in the USA. The Porsche 912, a slightly downscaled 911 fitted with the 356's 90 hp (67 kW) engine, was introduced the same year as its replacement.

In 1967, Porsche introduced the more powerful 160 PS (118 kW; 158 hp) 911S. Alloy wheels from Fuchs, in a distinctive 5-leaf design, were offered for the first time. A 210 PS (154 kW; 207 hp) racing version of the 911 engine was developed and used in the mid-engined Porsche 904 and Porsche 906 track cars.

The Targa version, with a stainless steel-clad roll bar, appeared the same year. Porsche had feared the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) would outlaw fully open convertibles, an important market for the 356. It was equipped with a removable roof panel and a removable plastic rear window (although a fixed glass version was offered alongside from 1968).

The name "Targa" – plate or plaque in Italian – came from the Targa Florio sports car road race in Sicily, in which Porsche had scored seven victories since 1956, with four more to come through 1973. This last in the subsequently discontinued event is especially notable as it was won with a 911 Carrera RS against prototypes entered by Italian factories of Ferrari and Alfa Romeo.

The 110 PS (81 kW; 108 hp) 911T, for "Touring", was also launched in October 1967, for the 1968 model year. The T effectively replaced the 912, while the staple 130 PS (96 kW; 128 hp) model was made slightly more upscale and renamed the 911L (for "Luxus"). The 911L was also fitted with the upgraded brakes from the S model and was the top version available in North America, where the 911S could not be made to meet emissions requirements. The 911R, a lightweight racing version with thin aluminium doors, a magnesium crankcase, twin-spark cylinder heads, and a power output of 210 PS (154 kW; 207 hp), had a very limited production of just 20 cars.

In 1969, the slightly lengthened B series was introduced. It moved the rear wheels on all 911 and 912 models 57 mm aft, increasing wheelbase from 2,211 to 2,268 mm (87.0 to 89.3 in) to remedy the car's nervous handling at the limit. Fuel injection arrived both for the 911S and a new middle model, the 911E, which replaced the short lived 911L. A semi-automatic (clutchless manual) Sportomatic model, composed of a torque converter, automatic clutch, and a conventional four-speed manual transmission, was added to the product lineup.

B17 (1969)

The 911 B17 is a concept designed by Pininfarina, which took a standard 911 and lengthened the wheelbase by 7.5 in (190 mm), resulting in a car that weighed almost 2,500 lb (1,100 kg).

2.2-litre / C and D series (1969–1971)

For MY 1970 the engines of all 911s were increased to 2,195 cc (2.195 L; 133.9 cu in). Power outputs were uprated to 125 PS (92 kW; 123 hp) in the 911T, 155 PS (114 kW; 153 hp) in the 911E, and 180 PS (130 kW; 180 hp) in the 911S. The 912 was discontinued, with the 914 taking its place as Porsche's entry model.

Despite the lower power output of the 911E compared to the 911S, the 911E was quicker during acceleration up to 160 km/h (99 mph).

C 20 (1970)

Vehicle Identification Number (Vin #) 9111120162 Cabriolet "A" Symmetrical Uni-Body (Length and Width) Designed by Erwin Komenda The 911 C 20 is a factory prototype based on the standard 911 but lengthened by 13.6 in (345 mm) over the stock car.

2.4-litre / E and F series (1971–1973)

The 1972–1973 model years consisted of the same models of 911— the entry level T, the midrange E and the top-of-the-line S. However, all models got a new, larger 2,341 cc (2.341 L; 142.9 cu in) engine. This is universally known as the "2.4L" engine, despite its displacement being closer to 2.3 litres— perhaps to emphasize the increase over the 2.2 L. The new power ratings for the T were 130 hp (97 kW; 132 PS) with Zenith 40TIN (911/57 engine) for the manual and 125 hp (93 kW; 127 PS) with Weber 40IDTP3 (911/67) for Sportomatic, or 140 hp (104 kW; 142 PS) (911/51) in the U.S. and Japan, 165 hp (123 kW; 167 PS) for the E (911/52) and 190 hp (142 kW; 193 PS) for the S (911/53).

The 911E and 911S used mechanical fuel injection (MFI) in all markets. The 911T was carbureted, except in the United States and Japan where it also used MFI, which accounts for the 10 hp (7 kW; 10 PS) power difference. In January 1973, U.S. 911Ts were transferred to the new K-Jetronic CIS (Continuous Fuel Injection) system from Bosch. These CIS-powered cars are usually referred to as "1973.5" models by enthusiasts in the US. The Japan-only 911T model (LHD, despite the traffic being on the left side, with Metric instruments) retained the MFI.

With the power and torque increase, the 2.4 L cars also received a newer, stronger transmission, identified by its Porsche type number 915. Derived from the transmission in the Porsche 908 race car. The 915 did away with the 901/911 transmissions' "dog-leg" style first gear arrangement, opting for a traditional H pattern with first gear up to the left, second gear underneath first, etcetera. Some say this was because the dog-leg shift to second gear was inconvenient for city driving, others say it was due to Porsche's desire to put 5th gear outside the main transmission housing where it could easily be changed for different races. Another significance of the 915 transmission is the differential gear axis line being closer to the engine to remedy the driveshafts having a rearward angle to accommodate the 57mm increase in wheelbase on the B, C, D, and E series. As a result, F series driveshafts (halfshafts) are at the right angles to the rear wheels when viewed from above (F-series cast semi-trailing arms have the lower damper attachment point moved rearward to clear the right-angle driveshaft). The moving rearward of differential gears gave more room for the gearbox part of the transaxle accommodating thicker drive/driven gear pairs for a higher torque rating. The Sportomatic transmission was still available but only as a special order.

In 1972 a tremendous effort was made to improve the handling of the 911. Due to the 911's unusual engine placement (rear-mounted, with most of the vehicle's weight concentrated over the rear axle), early 911s were prone to oversteer when driven at the limit, and could easily spin in the hands of an inexperienced driver. In an attempt to remedy this, Porsche relocated the oil tank from its position behind the right rear wheel to in front of it, at the expense of a hotter cabin in the Summer due to the tank's closer proximity to the right-rear passenger seat. This had the effect of moving the weight of almost 8.5 L (9 US quarts) of oil from outside the wheelbase to inside, improving weight distribution and thus, handling. To facilitate filling of the oil tank, Porsche installed an oil filler door (much like the fuel filler door on the left front fender) on the right rear quarter panel. Unfortunately, this unique design was scrapped after only one year, some say because inattentive gas station attendants were putting gasoline in the oil tank. The oil tank was subsequently relocated to its original position for the model year 1973, and remained there until it was relocated within the wheelbase for the 964 models.

911S models also gained a discreet spoiler under the front bumper to improve high-speed stability. With a weight of 1,050 kg (2,310 lb), these models are often regarded as the best classic mainstream 911s. For racing purposes, the 911 ST was produced in limited numbers (up to about 25). The production run for the ST only lasted from 1970 to 1972, with most cars being produced in 1972. The defining feature of the 911s/t was the introduction of flared fenders - a future staple of the 911. Mismatched front-Fuchs and rear-Minilite wheels came as a result of Fuchs/Porsche not having a Fuchs-style forged 9" wheel large enough for the rear 4.75/10-15 tires. The front wheels too were widened from the standard 6" to 7" with 4.30/11.3-15 tires. The cars were available with a choice of 2,195 cc, 2,466 cc, or 2,494 cc engines, with the largest unit (86.7mm bore x 70.4mm stroke, 911/70) producing 270 hp (201 kW; 274 PS) at 8,000 rpm. Weight was down to 960 kg (2,120 lb). Because the STs were produced to order for racing purposes, no two 911 s/t(ST) were the same; some used thinner gauge steel body panels and some used aluminum or fiberglass; some did not have the mismatched tires, or used different sizes depending on the circuit and availability. The cars had success at the Daytona 6 Hours, the Sebring 12 Hours, the 1000 km Nürburgring and the Targa Florio.

Carrera RS & RSR (1973 and 1974)

The Carrera RS models, valued by collectors, are considered by many to be the greatest classic 911s of all time. RS stands for Rennsport in German, meaning "racing sport". The Carrera name was reintroduced from the 356 Carrera which had itself been named after Porsche's victories in the Carrera Panamericana races in Mexico in the 1950s. The RS was built so that Porsche could enter racing formulae that demanded that a certain minimum number of production cars were made. Compared with a standard 911S, the Carrera 2.7 RS had a larger 2.7 L; 164.0 cu in (2,687 cc) boxer-6 engine with a bore x stroke of 90 mm × 70.4 mm (3.54 in × 2.77 in) developing 210 PS (154 kW; 207 hp) at 6,300 rpm and 255 N⋅m (188 lb⋅ft) of torque at 5,100 rpm with Bosch Mechanical fuel injection, revised and stiffened suspension, a "ducktail" rear spoiler, larger brakes, wider rear wheels and rear wings. In RS Touring form it weighed 1,075 kg (2,370 lb), in Sport Lightweight form it was about 100 kg (220 lb) lighter, the saving coming from the thin-gauge steel used for parts of the bodyshell and also the use of thinner glass. In total, 1,580 were made, comfortably exceeding the 500 that had to be made to qualify for the vital FIA Group 4 class. 49 Carrera RSR cars were built with 2.8 L; 171.4 cu in (2,808 cc) engines producing 300 PS (296 hp; 221 kW).

In 1974, Porsche created the Carrera RS 3.0 with mechanical fuel injection producing 230 PS (169 kW; 227 hp). It was almost twice as expensive as the 2.7 RS but offered a fair amount of racing capability for that price. The chassis was largely similar to that of the 1973 Carrera RSR and the brake system was from the Porsche 917. The use of thin metal plate panels and a spartan interior enabled the shipping weight to be reduced to around 900 kg (2,000 lb).

The Carrera RSR 3.0 and Carrera RSR Turbo (its 2.1 L engine due to a 1.4x equivalency formula) were made in low numbers for racing. The turbo car came in second at the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1974, a significant event in that its engine would form the basis of many future Porsche attempts in sports car racing, and can be regarded as the start of its commitment to turbocharging.

2.7-litre / G, H, I and J series (1974–1977)

The new impact bumper

MY 1974 was the introduction of impact bumpers to conform with low speed protection requirements of U.S. law, these bumpers being so successfully integrated into the design that they remained unchanged for 15 years. In 1974 the engine size was increased to 2,687 cc, giving an increase in torque. The use of K-Jetronic CIS Bosch fuel injection in two of the three models in the line up— the 911 and 911S models, retaining the narrow rear wings of the old 2.4, now had a detuned version of the RS engine producing 150 and 175 PS (110 and 129 kW; 148 and 173 hp) respectively.

Carrera 2.7 / G and H (1974-1975)

The Carrera 2.7 was mechanically similar to the 1973 RS, inheriting its 210 PS (154 kW; 207 hp) MFI engine and still weighed the same at 1075 kg (2370 lb). It had the wide RS rear wings and also the ducktail for the 1974 model (except for the German market). It was available either as a coupé or a Targa. For 1976 a special run of 113 coupés with MFI were made. In addition, 30 MFI Targas with narrow rear wings were made for the Belgian Police.

The US Carrera 2.7 was restricted to the 2.7 K-Jetronic engine as the MFI RS engine was banned on emission grounds. Power output was 175 hp (130 kW; 177 PS), though it was later reduced to 165 hp (123 kW; 167 PS) for the U.S. market as a whole, and to 160 bhp (119 kW; 162 PS) in California.

The well known problem of pulled cylinder head studs with the K-Jetronic 2.7 engine only occurred in hot climates. This emerged in 1975 in California where thermal reactors, aimed at reducing emissions, were fitted below the cylinder heads thus causing heat build up around the magnesium crankcase and then made worse by the lean running K-Jetronic CIS. The fitting of a five-blade engine fan instead of the usual 11-blade further compounded the situation. Bearing in mind Porsche's largest market being the US, the 930 Turbo, Carrera 3.0 and all subsequent models used aluminium alloy crankcases which were around 15 lb (7 kg) heavier.

The Bosch K-Jetronic CIS varied fuel pressure to the injectors dependent on the mass airflow. While this system was exceedingly reliable, it did not allow the use of as "hot" cams as MFI or carburettors allowed. Therefore, the 911S's horsepower decreased from 190 to 175 PS (140 to 129 kW; 187 to 173 hp) despite the displacement increase from 2.4 to 2.7 L. However, the engine did have increased drivability.

Also produced for the 1976 "model year", for the U.S. market, was the 912E, a four-cylinder version of the 911 like the 912 that had last been produced in 1969. It used the I-series chassis and the 2.0-liter Volkswagen engine from the Porsche 914. In all, 2099 units were produced. In 1976, the Porsche 924 took this car's place for the 1977 "model year" and beyond. The power was supplied by a four-cylinder high-performance fuel injection motor also used in the Volkswagen 411. Less than 3,000 were built.

Carrera 3.0 (1976–1977)

The Carrera 3.0 was given the same diecast aluminium crankcase as the 930 or ‘911 Turbo’. Its 3-litre engine had K-Jetronic CIS fuel injection. Power output was slightly down on the Carrera 2.7 at 200 PS (147 kW; 197 hp) although the 188 lb/ft of torque was now available at 4,200 rpm. Weight was up by 45 kg (99 lb) to 1,120 kg (2,469 lb).

During its two-year life span, only 3687 cars were built. Of these, 2,564 were coupés and 1,123 Targas.

Turbo (Type 930) (1974–1989)

In 1974 Porsche introduced the first production turbocharged 911. Although called simply Porsche 911 Turbo in Europe, it was marketed as the Porsche 930 (930 being its internal type number) in North America. The body shape is distinctive, thanks to wide wheel-arches to accommodate the wide tires, and a large rear spoiler often known as a "whale tail" on the early cars, and "tea-tray" on the later ones. Starting out with a 3.0 L engine producing 260 PS (191 kW; 256 hp), it rose to 3.3 L and 300 PS (221 kW; 296 hp) for 1978. The early cars are known for their exhilarating acceleration coupled with challenging handling characteristics and extreme turbo lag.

Production figures of the car soon qualified its racing version for FIA Group 4 competition as the Porsche 934 of 1976. Many participated at Le Mans and other races including some epic battles with the BMW 3.0 CSL "Batmobile". The wilder Porsche 935, a finer tuned car in FIA Group 5 that evolved from the 2.1 L RSR Turbo of 1974, was first campaigned in 1976 by the factory, and despite subsequent withdrawal of the official works team after 1978, it ultimately won Le Mans outright in 1979 in the hands of the private Kremer Racing team. Privateers continued to compete successfully with the car until well into the 1980s.

Due to stricter emissions regulations, the 930 was withheld from the US and Japanese markets from 1981 through 1985. It was re-introduced into the United States in 1986.

As demand for the Turbo soared in the late 1980s, Porsche introduced novelty variants including a slant-nose version (option M505/M506), while not significantly improving the range mechanically. Although these cars could be sold for extraordinary premiums over the standard models, the company's reluctance to invest in research and development of the entire 911 line at that time turned out to be an almost fatal decision not only for the 911, but for the company.

Only in 1989, its last year of production, was the 930 equipped with a five-speed gearbox. The 930 was replaced in 1990 with a 964 version featuring the same 3.3 L engine.

There have been turbocharged variants of each subsequent generation of 911.

SC / L, M, A, B, C and D series (1978–1983)

Starting in MY 1978, the new 3.0 L 911 SC (2,994 cc) was now the second generation basic 911 model. It was in effect a Carrera 3 (known as a 911S in the United States) detuned to provide 180 PS (130 kW; 180 hp). The "SC" designation was reintroduced by Porsche for the first time since the 356 SC (as distinguished from the race-engined 356 Carrera). No Carrera versions were produced and the 930 Turbo remaining at the top of the range. Porsche's engineers felt that the weight of the extra luxury, safety and emissions equipment on these cars was blunting performance compared to the earlier, lighter cars with the same power output, so in non-US cars, power was increased to 188 PS (138 kW; 185 hp) for 1980, then finally to 204 PS (150 kW; 201 hp). However, cars sold in the US market retained their lower-compression 180 hp (134 kW; 182 PS) engines throughout. This enabled them to be run on lower-octane fuel.

In model year 1980, Porsche offered a Weissach special edition version of the 911 SC, named after the town in Germany where Porsche has their research center. Designated M439, it was offered in two colors with the turbo whale tail & front chin spoiler, body color-matched Fuchs [de] alloy wheels and other convenience features as standard. 408 cars were built for North America. In 1982, a Ferry Porsche Edition was made and a total of 200 cars were sold with this cosmetic package.

SCs sold in the UK could be specified with the Sport Group Package (UK) which added stiffer suspension, the rear spoiler, front rubber lip and black Fuchs wheels [de].

In 1981, a Cabriolet concept car was shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show. Not only was the car a true convertible, but it also featured four-wheel drive, although this was dropped in the production version. The first 911 Cabriolet debuted in late 1982, as a 1983 model. This was Porsche's first cabriolet since the 356 of the mid-1960s. It proved very popular with 4,214 sold in its introductory year, despite its premium price relative to the open-top targa. Cabriolet versions of the 911 have been offered ever since.

It was during this time, that Porsche AG decided the long-term fate of the 911. In 1979 Porsche had made plans to replace the 911 with their new 928. Sales of the 911 remained so strong however, that Porsche revised its strategy and decided to inject new life into the 911 editions.

Peter W. Schutz (CEO Porsche AG 1981–1987) wrote:

“The decision to keep the 911 in the product line occurred one afternoon in the office of Dr Helmuth Bott de:Helmuth Bott, the Porsche operating board member responsible for all engineering and development. I noticed a chart on the wall of Professor Bott’s office. It depicted the ongoing development schedules for the three primary Porsche product lines: 944, 928 and 911. Two of them stretched far into the future, but the 911 program stopped at the end of 1981. I remember rising from my chair, walking over to the chart, taking a black marker pen, and extending the 911 program bar clean off the chart. I am sure I heard a silent cheer from Professor Bott, and I knew I had done the right thing. The Porsche 911, the company icon, had been saved, and I believe the company was saved with it.”

911 SC sales totaled 58,914 cars.

3.2 Carrera / E, F, G, H, I, J and K series (1984–1989)

With the 911's future ensured, 1983 saw the launch of a replacement for the successful SC series. It was the MY 1984 911 3.2 Carrera, reviving the Carrera name for the first time since 1977. The 911 3.2 Carrera was the second iteration of the 911 series, with all subsequent models featuring new body styling with new brake, electronic and suspension technologies.

A new, higher-displacement motor, a 3.2-liter version of Porsche's horizontally opposed flat-six, was utilized. At the time, Porsche claimed it was 80% new. The new swept volume of 3,164 cc was achieved using the 95 mm (3.7 in) bore (from the previous SC model) combined with the 1978 Turbo 3.3 crankshaft's 74.4 mm (2.9 in) stroke. In addition, higher domed pistons increased the compression ratio from 9.8 to 10.3:1 (although only 9.5:1 for the US market). New inlet manifold and exhaust systems were fitted. The 915 transmission was carried over from the SC series for the first three model years. In 1987, the Carrera got a new five-speed gearbox sourced from Getrag, model number G50 with proven Borg-Warner synchronizers. This slightly heavier version also featured a hydraulically operated clutch.

With the new engine, power was increased to 207 hp (154 kW; 210 PS) at 5,900 rpm for North American-delivered cars and to 231 PS (170 kW; 228 hp) at 5,900 rpm for most other markets. This version of the 911 accelerated from 0– 60 mph (97 km/h) in 5.4 seconds (Car & Driver tested 5.3 seconds for the US version) and had a top speed of 150 mph (240 km/h) as measured by Autocar. Factory times were more modest: 0-60 mph time of 6.3 seconds for the US version and 6.1 seconds for cars outside the American market.

The disc brakes were increased in size to aid in more effective heat dissipation and improved oil-fed chain tensioners were fitted to the engine. To improve oil cooling, a finned cooler replaced the serpentine lines in the front passenger fender well. This was further improved in 1987, with the addition of a thermostatically controlled fan.

Driving refinement and motor reliability were improved with an upgrade of the fuel and ignition control components to a L-Jetronic with Bosch Motronics 2 DME (Digital Motor Electronics system). An improvement in fuel-efficiency was due to the DME providing a petrol cut-off on the overrun. Changes in the fuel map & chip programming from October 1986, further improved the power to 217 hp (162 kW; 220 PS) at 5,900 rpm for North American delivered cars as well as for other markets requesting low emissions, like Germany. Custom-mapped chips remain a popular upgrade. The fuel relay that is mounted externally on the DME is known to be a weak point of the system.

Three basic models were available throughout the Carrera years – coupé, targa and cabriolet. When launched in 1984 in the United States, the prices of the 911 Carrera lineup were $31,950 for the coupé, $33,450 for the targa and $36,450 for the cabriolet. Almost indistinguishable from the SC, external clues are the front fog lights, which were integrated into the front valance in the Carrera. Very modest cosmetic changes were made throughout the lifespan of the Carrera, with a redesigned dash featuring larger air conditioning vents appearing in 1986.

Two special editions of the Carrera were produced – the "Commemorative Edition" in 1988 to commemorate 250,000 911s produced and an "Anniversary" edition in 1989 which was the model's 25th year of production. Both were cosmetic packages with limited production.

In 1984, Porsche also introduced the M491 option. Officially called the Supersport, it was commonly known as the "Turbo-look". It was a style that resembled the Porsche 930 Turbo with wide wheel arches and the distinctive "tea tray” tail. It featured the stiffer turbo suspension and the superior turbo braking system as well as the wider turbo wheels. Sales of the Supersport were particularly strong for its first two years in the United States because the desirable 930 Turbo was not available.

The 911 Speedster (option M503), a low-roof version of the Cabriolet which was evocative of the Porsche 356 Speedster of the 1950s, was produced in limited numbers (2,104) between January 1989 and July 1989 as both a narrow body car and a Turbo-look, which also featured 930 brakes, wheels, suspension, and front valence. 171 narrow body examples were built, and 823 examples were built for the US market. It started as a design under Helmuth Bott [de] in 1983 but was not manufactured until six years later, championed by Porsche's president, the German-American Peter Schutz. A prototype based in the 911SC was shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show in 1987, reworked by chief stylist Tony Lapine. It was a two-seat convertible that featured a low swept windshield and a pair of controversial 'camel hump' cowlings behind the seats that concealed the stowed-away manual hood.

In 1985, Porsche built a Club Sport prototype with the identification number WP0ZZZ91ZFS100848. Later on in that year, a Carrera Club Sport (RoW) with the identification number WP0ZZZ91ZFS101166 was special ordered after a Porsche driver was particularly inspired by the Club Sport prototype on the track. In 1987, Porsche decided to produce 340 units for their customers that wanted a track inspired road car, the Club Sport lost around 50 kg (110 lb) in weight by ditching non-essential equipment such as the radio, sunroof, A/C and the rear seats. By 1989, the Club Sport was no longer produced which makes it today a collectible with its blueprinted engine and low production numbers. Total production of the 911 3.2 Carrera series was 76,473 cars (35,670 coupé, 19,987 cabrio, 18,468 targa).

In late 1989, the 911 underwent a major evolution, with the introduction of the Type Porsche 964 (1989–1993).

Position vis-à-vis the Porsche 928

When 911 sales began to decline by the early 1970s, Porsche executives approved work on the Porsche 928 in 1971. Larger and featuring a front-mounted V8 engine considerably more powerful than the contemporary 911's flat six, the 928 was intended to be a comfortable grand tourer rather than a dedicated sports car. Capable of out-accelerating and even matching or exceeding the 911's cornering prowess in some model years, the 928 sold reasonably well from its introduction in 1977 until its discontinuation in 1995. In spite of its overall capability, the expensive company flagship never outsold the 911, and unlike its smaller, sportier sibling, and, as a large, heavy, front-engined grand tourer, achieved little success in racing.

Motorsport

The Porsche factory's first 911-based race car was a lightly modified 1964 Type 901. It finished fifth in the 1965 Monte Carlo Rally and is now housed in the Porsche Museum.

Porsche 911s dominated the Trans Am Series under two liter class in the sixties, winning the championship from 1967 to 1969. They would later go on to win the championship in 1973, 1974, and 1980. Despite Trans Am being a sedan championship in its early years, the Porsche 911 was a sports car. Its inclusion is likely due to its resemblance to a coupé.

A 1967 911, driven by Jack Ryan raced in NASCAR for a total of 13 races of the 1968 season.

References

1. Sales brochure 1035.20 for 2.7 litre "Porsche 911", "Porsche 911S" and "Porsche Carrera", VW-Porsche Vertriebsgesellschaft mbH, (circa 1973)
2. Kandell, Jonathan (28 March 1998). "Ferdinand Porsche, Creator of the Sports Car That Bore His Name, Is Dead at 88 (obituary)". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 February 2008.
3. "Porsche type 695, circa 1960". Porsche Club of America. Archived from the original on 1 October 2007.
4. Dellis, Nicolaos. . Stuttcars.Com.
5. Octane Magazine Japan. "自動車の歴史の中で最も尊敬に値するエンジン│ポルシェフラットシックス" [The most respected engine in the history of automobiles, Porsche Flat Six] (in Japanese). Octane Magazine, Japan.
6. ^ Dellis, Nicolaos. "Porsche 911 L 2.0 (1968)". Stuttcars.com. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022.
7. "Website for Sportomatic Porsche models". Sportomatic.org. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
8. ^ "Future: Porsche Panamera". Motortrend.com. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
9. Panait, Mircea (18 April 2016). "Ten of the coolest Porsche 911 models of all time". Autoevolution.com. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
10. D., Nick; Owen, Richard (24 April 2016). "1973 Porsche 911 Carrera RS 2.7 Lightweight". Supercars.net. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
11. P. 73 Paternie, P (2000). Porsche 911 Red Book 1965-1999 Motorbooks International. ISBN 0-7603-0723-7
12. ^ P. 77 Paternie, P (2000). Porsche 911 Red Book 1965-1999 Motorbooks International. ISBN 0-7603-0723-7
13. p. 6 Corlett, T (2005) Porsche 911 3.2 Carrera – The Last of the evolution Veloce Publishing ISBN 1-904788-65-3
14. p. 13 Corlett, T (2005) Porsche 911 3.2 Carrera – The Last of the evolution Veloce Publishing ISBN 1-904788-65-3
15. "Tested: 1984 Porsche 911 Carrera". 15 May 2020.
16. p. 145 Leffingwell, R (2002) Porsche 911 Buyers Guide MBI Publishing Co ISBN 0-7603-0947-7
17. Martin, Keith (24 April 2000). "The Market". AutoWeek. Vol. 5, no. 18. Crain Communications Inc. p. 24.
18. p. 45 Corlett, T. (2005) Porsche 911 3.2 Carrera – The Last of the evolution Veloce Publishing ISBN 1-904788-65-3
19. p. 74 Corlett, T (2005) Porsche 911 3.2 Carrera – The Last of the evolution Veloce Publishing ISBN 1-904788-65-3
20. Rusz, Joe (October 2011). "The Porsche 911: Born to Race". Road & Track. 63 (2): 59.
21. "Georgia driver Jack Ryan competed with the new NASCAR Grand Touring..." Getty Images. Retrieved 8 November 2023.

Explanatory Notes

1. Without having the 100-110C boiling point restriction of water-based coolant, air-cooled engines can keep the combustion chamber at a higher temperature. Provided a proper material/construction of the cylinderhead/piston/cylinder and sufficient lubrication and overall cooling, this results in theoretically better thermal/combustion efficiency for a higher output.
2. Instead of the 356's single camshaft below the crankshaft, operating both intake and exhaust valves via pushrods.
3. In racing conditions, oil pickup in a wet-sump pan often fails to scavenge oil due to a high side G in corners, resulting in no oil pressure and a broken engine. The same scavenge issue also happens in a dry-sump system, but the oil supply to the pressure pump is provided from a separate oil tank, ensuring uninterrupted oil pressure.

Further reading

• Frère, P (2006). Porsche 911 Story (eighth edition). J H Haynes & Co Ltd. ISBN 1-84425-301-5
• Meredith, L (2000). Porsche 911. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-2281-8.
• Morgan, P (1995). Original Porsche 911. MBI Publishing. ISBN 1-901432-16-5
• Wood, J (1997). Porsche: The Legend. Parragon. ISBN 0-7525-2072-5.
• Raby, P (2005) "Porsche 911 Identification Guide". Herridge & Son. ISBN 0-9541063-8-5
• Wilkinson, Stephan (2005) "The Gold-Plated Porsche". The Lyons Press. ISBN 1-59228-792-1, rebuilding a 911.

External links

• 1965 Porsche 911 ‘545’ Sports Purpose (in English)
• Porsche 911 turbo - the first and second generation (in English)
• Radio List for Porsche (1974-1989)

• Porsche vehicles
• Cars introduced in 1964
• Cars discontinued in 1989
• 1970s cars
• 1980s cars
• 1990s cars
• 2000s cars
• Cars powered by boxer engines
• Convertibles
• Coupés
• Group B cars
• Rally cars
• Rear-engined vehicles
• Sports cars