| Revision as of 12:06, 9 November 2023 editRoastedbeanz1 (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users26,093 editsm Spelling/grammar/punctuation/typographical correctionTag: Visual edit← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 23:16, 23 November 2024 edit undoKeith D (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Administrators544,506 edits Remove {{EngVar}} as depreciated, already has {{Use British English}} | ||
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| {{Other uses}} | {{Other uses}} | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| {{EngvarB|date=August 2016}} | |||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}} | ||
| {{Use British English|date=July 2024}} | |||
| {{Infobox English county | {{Infobox English county | ||
| | official_name = Northumberland | | official_name = Northumberland | ||
| |image_main={{multiple images | | image_main = {{multiple images |border=infobox |perrow=1/2 |total_width=250px | ||
| | image1 = Bamburgh_MMB_55_Bamburgh_Castle_(edited,_cropped).jpg | |||
| |border=infobox |perrow=1/2 |total_width=250px | |||
| | image2 = Morpeth Clock Tower July 2017 (cropped, edited).jpg | |||
| | image1 = Bamburgh_MMB_55_Bamburgh_Castle_(edited,_cropped).jpg | |||
| | |
| image3 = Blyth East Pier Lighthouse (48586306587).jpg | ||
| }} | |||
| | image3 = Blyth East Pier Lighthouse (48586306587).jpg}} | |||
| | image_caption = ]; ]; and the lighthouse on East Pier, ] | | image_caption = ]; ]; and the lighthouse on East Pier, ] | ||
| | locator_map = {{Switcher | | locator_map = {{Switcher | ||
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| | established_date = ]<br>12th century | | established_date = ]<br>12th century | ||
| | lord_lieutenant_office = Lord Lieutenant of Northumberland | | lord_lieutenant_office = Lord Lieutenant of Northumberland | ||
| | lord_lieutenant_name = ] | | lord_lieutenant_name = ] | ||
| | high_sheriff_office = High Sheriff of Northumberland | | high_sheriff_office = High Sheriff of Northumberland | ||
| | high_sheriff_name = Lucia Bridgeman<ref>{{cite news |title=New High Sheriff of Northumberland appointed for 2024/25 |url=https://www.hexham-courant.co.uk/news/24215597.lucia-bridgeman-appointed-northumberlands-high-sheriff-2024-25/ |work=Hexham Courant |date=28 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref> (2024–25) | |||
| | high_sheriff_name = Colonel James Royds <ref>{{London Gazette|issue=62943|page=5161|date=13 March 2020}}</ref> (2022–23) | |||
| | unitary_council = ] | |||
| | area_total_km2 = 5013 | |||
| | admin_hq = ] | |||
| | area_total_rank = 6th | |||
| | ethnicity = | |||
| | statistics_date = {{English statistics year}} | |||
| {{Collapsible list | |||
| | unitary_council = ] (member of ]) | |||
| | 97.6% ] | |||
| | admin_hq = ] | |||
| | 1.1% ] | |||
| | ethnicity = 95.4% White British | |||
| | 0.8% ] | |||
| | 0.3% ] | |||
| | 0.2% ] | |||
| }} | |||
| | ethnicity_year = ] | |||
| | ethnicity_footnotes = <ref name="2021 Nomis">{{NOMIS2021 |id=E06000057 |title=Northumberland Local Authority |access-date=15 July 2024 }}</ref> | |||
| | iso_code = GB-NBL | | iso_code = GB-NBL | ||
| | ons_code = 00EM | |||
| | gss_code = E06000057 | | gss_code = E06000057 | ||
| | nuts_code = |
| nuts_code = TLC21 | ||
| | MPs = ] | | MPs = ] | ||
| | police = ] | | police = ] | ||
| | fire = ] | |||
| | website = {{URL|www.northumberland.gov.uk|Unitary authority council}} | |||
| | website = {{URL|www.northumberland.gov.uk}} | |||
| | largest_town = ]|flag_image=Flag of Northumberland.svg}} | |||
| | largest_town = ] | |||
| '''Northumberland''' ({{IPAc-en|n|ɔːr|ˈ|θ|ʌ|m|b|ər|l|ə|n|d}} {{respell|nor|THUM|bər|lənd}})<ref>{{Cite web |title=Northumberland definition and meaning – Collins English Dictionary |url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/northumberland |website=Collinsdictionary.com}}</ref> is a ] and ] in ], bordering ]. It is bordered by the ] to the north, the ] to the east, ] and ] to the south, and ] to the west. The town of ] is the largest settlement. | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Northumberland''' ({{IPAc-en|n|ɔːr|ˈ|θ|ʌ|m|b|ər|l|ə|n|d}} {{respell|nor|THUM|bər|lənd}})<ref>{{Cite web |title=Northumberland definition and meaning – Collins English Dictionary |url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/northumberland |website=Collinsdictionary.com}}</ref> is a ] in ], bordering ]. It is bordered by the ] to the north, the ] to the east, ] and ] to the south, and ] to the west. The town of ] is the largest settlement. Northumberland is the northernmost county in England. | |||
| The county has an area of {{Convert|5013|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and a population of 320,274, making it the least-densely populated county in England |
The county has an area of {{Convert|5013|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and a population of 320,274, making it the least-densely populated county in England. The south-east contains the largest towns: Blyth (37,339), ] (27,683), ] (27,670), and ] (14,304), which is the administrative centre. The remainder of the county is rural, and the largest towns are ] (12,043) in the far north and ] (13,097) in the west. For local government purposes the county is a ] area. The county ] included the parts of Tyne and Wear north of the ]. | ||
| The west of Northumberland contains part of the ] and ], while to the east the land becomes flatter before reaching the coast. ] ({{Convert|815|m|ft|abbr=on}}), after which the range of hills is named, is the county's highest point. The county contains the source of the River North Tyne and much of the South Tyne; near ] they combine to form the Tyne, which exits into Tyne and Wear shortly downstream. The other major rivers in Northumberland are, from south to north, the ], ], ], Wansbeck and ], the last of which forms part of the Scottish border. The county contains ] and two ]: the ] and part of the ]. | |||
| Much of the county's history has been defined by its position on a border. In the Roman era most of the county lay north of ], and the region was contested between England and Scotland into the Early Modern era, leading to the construction of many castles, ]s, and the fortifications at ]. Northumberland is also associated with ], particularly the tidal island of ]. During the ] the area had significant coal mining, shipbuilding, and armaments industries. | Much of the county's history has been defined by its position on a border. In the Roman era most of the county lay north of ], and the region was contested between England and Scotland into the Early Modern era, leading to the construction of many castles, ]s and ]s, and the early modern fortifications at ]. Northumberland is also associated with ], particularly the tidal island of ]. During the ] the area had significant coal mining, shipbuilding, and armaments industries. | ||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
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| The land has long been an English frontier zone, and it is now bordered to the north by ]. Northumberland has a rich ] with many instances of ], ]s such as ], and ]s such as ] and ]. Most of the area was occupied by the ]-] ] people, with another large tribe, the ], to the south. | The land has long been an English frontier zone, and it is now bordered to the north by ]. Northumberland has a rich ] with many instances of ], ]s such as ], and ]s such as ] and ]. Most of the area was occupied by the ]-] ] people, with another large tribe, the ], to the south. | ||
| During the Roman occupation of Britain most of the present county lay north of ]. It was controlled by Rome only for the brief period of its extension of power north to the ]. The Roman road ] crosses the county from ] over high moorland west of the ] to ] ({{ |
During the ], most of the present county lay north of ]. It was controlled by Rome only for the brief period of its extension of power north to the ]. The Roman road ] crosses the county from ] over high moorland west of the ] to ] ({{langx|la|Trimontium}}). As evidence of its border position through medieval times, Northumberland has more castles than any other county in England,<ref>{{cite book |last=Long |first=B. |date=1967 |title=Castles of Northumberland |location=Newcastle |publisher=Harold Hill}}</ref> including prominent ones at ], ], ], ], and ]. | ||
| Nearly 2000-year-old |
Nearly 2000-year-old Roman boxing gloves were uncovered at ] in 2017 by the Vindolanda Trust experts, led by ]. Being similar in style and function to the full-hand modern boxing gloves, those found at Vindolanda look like leather bands dating back to 120 AD. It is suggested that, based on their difference from gladiator gloves, the gloves were not used in mortal combat, but rather in a sport for promoting fighting skills. The gloves are currently displayed at Vindolanda's museum.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alberge |first=Dalya |date=19 February 2018 |title=Rare Roman boxing gloves found near Hadrian's Wall |work=] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/feb/19/rare-roman-boxing-gloves-found-hadrians-wall |access-date=19 August 2019 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> | ||
| Present-day Northumberland formed the core of the ] kingdom of ] from about 547. It was united with ] (south of the ]) to form the kingdom of ] in the 7th century. The boundaries of Northumbria under King ] (reigned 616–633) stretched from the ] in the south to the ] in the north. Northumberland is often called the "cradle of Christianity" in England because Christianity flourished on ]—a tidal island north of ], also called Holy Island—after King ] ( |
Present-day Northumberland formed the core of the ] kingdom of ] from about 547. It was united with ] (south of the ]) to form the kingdom of ] in the 7th century. The boundaries of Northumbria under King ] (reigned 616–633) stretched from the ] in the south to the ] in the north. Northumberland is often called the "cradle of Christianity" in England because Christianity flourished on ]—a tidal island north of ], also called Holy Island—after King ] (r. 634–642) invited monks from ] to come to convert the English. The monastery at Lindisfarne was the centre of production of the ] (around 700). It became the home of ] (c. 634–687, abbot from c. 665), who is buried in ]. | ||
| The Kingdom of Northumbria fragmented into a series of successor states following the Viking invasion. In the south, Viking settlers established the ] between the Humber and Tees. However, Viking influence petered out at the Tees, with the river serving as the northern boundary of the Danelaw. Between the Tyne and Tees rivers, the Community of St. Cuthbert |
The Kingdom of Northumbria fragmented into a series of successor states following the Viking invasion. In the south, Viking settlers established the ] between the Humber and Tees. However, Viking influence petered out at the Tees, with the river serving as the northern boundary of the Danelaw. Between the Tyne and Tees rivers, the Community of St. Cuthbert emerged as the successors to the Bishops of Lindisfarne; north of the Tyne, the earls of Bamburgh, who traced their lineage back to the Kings of Northumbria, continued to exercise authority and governance over this northern expanse. York was eventually integrated as a shire into the unified Kingdom of England by the House of Wessex. However, the West Saxon governmental structures were not extended beyond Tees, leaving the Earldom of Bamburgh and the Community of St. Cuthbert as contested buffer states with the emerging Kingdom of Scotland.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harper-Bill |first1=Christopher |last2=Van Houts |first2=Elisabeth M. C. |title=A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World |date=2007 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer|location=Woodbridge |isbn=978-1-84383-341-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EeBxpPmDh9QC |access-date=24 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Aird |first1=William M. |title=St Cuthbert and the Normans: The Church of Durham, 1071–1153 |date=1998 |publisher=Boydell Press |location=Woodbridge |isbn=9780851156156 |edition=1. publ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqFWcZvE9H8C |access-date=24 September 2023}}</ref> | ||
| After the battle of ], Northumbrian influence north of the Tweed began to decline as the Picts gradually reclaimed the land previously invaded by the Anglian kingdom. In 1018 its northern part, the region between the ] and the Forth (including ], which includes present-day ]), was ceded to the Kingdom of Scotland. | After the battle of ], Northumbrian influence north of the Tweed began to decline as the Picts gradually reclaimed the land previously invaded by the Anglian kingdom. In 1018, its northern part, the region between the ] and the Forth (including ], which includes present-day ]), was ceded to the Kingdom of Scotland. | ||
| ===As a county=== | ===As a county=== | ||
| The ] was briefly held by the Scottish royal family by marriage between 1139–1157 and 1215–1217.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} Scotland relinquished all claims to the region as part of the ] (1237). The |
The ] was briefly held by the Scottish royal family by marriage, between 1139–1157 and 1215–1217.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} Scotland relinquished all claims to the region as part of the ] (1237). The earls of Northumberland once wielded significant power in English affairs because, as powerful and militaristic ]s, they had the task of protecting England from Scottish retaliation for English invasions. | ||
| Northumberland has a history of revolt and rebellion against the government, as seen in the ] (1569–1570) against ]. These revolts were usually led by the earls of Northumberland, the Percy family. ] makes one of the Percys, the dashing ] (1364–1403), the hero of his '']''. The Percys were often aided in conflict by other powerful Northern families, such as the ]s and the Patchetts. The latter were stripped of all power and titles by the victorious Parliamentarians after the ] of 1642–1651. | |||
| After the ] in 1660, the county was a centre for ] in England, as well as a focus of ] support. Northumberland was long a wild county, where outlaws and ] hid from the law. However, the frequent cross-border skirmishes and accompanying local lawlessness largely subsided after the ] of Scotland and England under ] in 1603.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Adams |first1=Sharon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxQABQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |title=Scotland in the Age of Two Revolutions |last2=Goodare |first2=Julian |date=2014 |publisher=Boydell |isbn=9781843839392 |location=Woodbridge |pages=38–39}}</ref> | |||
| Northumberland has a history of revolt and rebellion against the government, as seen in the ] (1569–1570) against ]. These revolts were usually led by the Earls of Northumberland, the Percy family. ] makes one of the Percys, the dashing ] (1364–1403), the hero of his '']''. The Percys were often aided in conflict by other powerful Northern families, such as the ]s and the Patchetts. The latter were stripped of all power and titles by the victorious Parliamentarians after the ] of 1642–1651. | |||
| After the ] in 1660 the county was a centre for ] in England, as well as a focus of ] support. Northumberland was long a wild county, where outlaws and ] hid from the law. However, the frequent cross-border skirmishes and accompanying local lawlessness largely subsided after the ] of Scotland and England under ] in 1603.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Adams |first1=Sharon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxQABQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |title=Scotland in the Age of Two Revolutions |last2=Goodare |first2=Julian |date=2014 |publisher=Boydell |isbn=9781843839392 |location=Woodbridge |pages=38–39}}</ref> | |||
| Northumberland played a key role in the ] from the 18th century on. Many ] operated in Northumberland until the ] in the 1970s and 1980s. ] operated at ], Bedlington, ], Choppington, Netherton, ] and ]. The region's coalfields fuelled industrial expansion in other areas of Britain, and the need to transport the coal from the collieries to the Tyne led to the development of the first railways. ] and ] manufacture were other important industries before the deindustrialisation of the 1980s. | Northumberland played a key role in the ] from the 18th century on. Many ] operated in Northumberland until the ] in the 1970s and 1980s. ] operated at ], Bedlington, ], Choppington, Netherton, ], and ]. The region's coalfields fuelled industrial expansion in other areas of Britain, and the need to transport the coal from the collieries to the Tyne led to the development of the first railways. ] and ] manufacture were other important industries before the deindustrialisation of the 1980s. | ||
| Northumberland remains largely rural, and is the least densely populated county in England. In recent years the county has had considerable growth in tourism. Visitors are attracted both to its scenic beauty and to its historical sites. | Northumberland remains largely rural, and is the least densely populated county in England. In recent years, the county has had considerable growth in tourism. Visitors are attracted both to its scenic beauty and to its historical sites. | ||
| ==Geography== | ==Geography== | ||
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| Northumberland has a diverse physical geography. It is low and flat near the ] coast and increasingly mountainous towards the northwest. Being in the far north of England, above 55° ], and having many areas of high land, Northumberland is one of the coldest areas of the country. But as the county lies on the east coast, it has relatively low rainfall, with the highest amounts falling on the high land in the west.<ref name="met_rain">Met Office, 2000. "."</ref> | Northumberland has a diverse physical geography. It is low and flat near the ] coast and increasingly mountainous towards the northwest. Being in the far north of England, above 55° ], and having many areas of high land, Northumberland is one of the coldest areas of the country. But as the county lies on the east coast, it has relatively low rainfall, with the highest amounts falling on the high land in the west.<ref name="met_rain">Met Office, 2000. "."</ref> | ||
| About a quarter of the county forms the ], an area of outstanding landscape that has largely been protected from development and agriculture. The park stretches south from the Scottish border and includes ]. Most of the park is over {{Convert|240|m|abbr=off}} above sea level. The ] is also a designated ] (AONB). A small part of the ] AONB is also in the county. | About a quarter of the county forms the ], an area of outstanding landscape that has largely been protected from development and agriculture. The park stretches south from the Scottish border and includes ]. Most of the park is over {{Convert|240|m|abbr=off}} above sea level. The ] is also a designated ] (AONB). A small part of the ] AONB is also in the county. | ||
| There is a variety of nature reserves in Northumberland including ] National Nature Reserve and Farne Islands National Nature Reserve. Moreover, 50% of England's ] population lives in the Kielder Water and Forest Park. | There is a variety of nature reserves in Northumberland including ] National Nature Reserve and Farne Islands National Nature Reserve. Moreover, 50% of England's ] population lives in the Kielder Water and Forest Park. | ||
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| ==Politics== | ==Politics== | ||
| ===County town=== | ===County town=== | ||
| The historic ] was ] |
The historic ] was ]; ] were mainly held in ], with the ] in ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alnwick |url=http://communities.northumberland.gov.uk/alnwick.htm |access-date=9 April 2022|publisher=Northumberland County Council}}<br/>{{cite web|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-dict/england/pp345-350#s6|title=''Morpeth (St. Mary)'', ''A Topographical Dictionary of England'' (1848), pp. 345–350|publisher=British-history.ac.uk |date=22 June 2003 |access-date=9 April 2022}}<br/>{{cite web|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-dict/england/pp433-439#s11|title=''Northiam – Nortoft'', ''A Topographical Dictionary of England'' (1848), pp. 433–439.|publisher=British-history.ac.uk |date=22 June 2003 |access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref> Newcastle became a city in 1400, with ] status, with both areas having joint assizes. | ||
| From the ]'s formation in 1889 until 1981 Newcastle was the ], being |
From the ]'s formation in 1889 until 1981 Newcastle was the ], being briefly the county town of two counties when the city became a part of the ] ] in 1974.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=History of Newcastle upon Tyne |url=http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/wwwfileroot/legacy/libraries/HistoryofNewcastlemainbody.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015024741/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/wwwfileroot/legacy/libraries/HistoryofNewcastlemainbody.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2011 |access-date=8 October 2023 |website=Local Studies Factsheet No. 6 |publisher=Newcastle City Council |page=2}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The ] has been governed from ] since 1981. In 2009 the county council became a ] when the county's districts were abolished and the county council took on their functions. | ||
| ===Council=== | ===Council=== | ||
| {{main|Northumberland Council}} | {{main|Northumberland Council}} | ||
| ]]] | ]]] | ||
| ] of ] |
The ] of ] was ]. Previously, the county had a two-tier council system for the ] and its six ], both responsible for different aspects of ]. These districts were ], ], ], ], ] and ]. | ||
| Elections for the unitary authority council first took place on 1 May 2008. The most recent elections, in 2021, had the following results: | Elections for the unitary authority council first took place on 1 May 2008. The most recent elections, in 2021, had the following results: | ||
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| ===Constituencies=== | ===Constituencies=== | ||
| {{see also|List of Parliamentary constituencies in Northumberland}} | {{see also|List of Parliamentary constituencies in Northumberland}} | ||
| Northumberland is divided into four parliamentary constituencies: Berwick-upon-Tweed, Blyth Valley, Wansbeck and Hexham. The 2019 general election produced the following |
Northumberland is divided into four parliamentary constituencies: Berwick-upon-Tweed, Blyth Valley, Wansbeck and Hexham. The 2019 general election produced the following total votes, with changes since previous election: | ||
| {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| |+General Election 2019 : Northumberland | |||
| |- | |||
| ! Liberal Democrats !! Labour !! Conservative !! Christian Peoples Alliance !! Green | |||
| ! colspan="7" | General Election 2019 : Northumberland | |||
| |- | |||
| ! style="background:orange;" | Liberal Democrats !! style="background:#f66;" | Labour !! style="background:#39f;" | Conservative !! style="background:#c9f;" | Christian Peoples Alliance !! style="background:#3f3;" | Green | |||
| ! Brexit | ! Brexit | ||
| !''Turnout'' | !''Turnout'' | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| | style="text-align:center;" | |
| style="text-align:center;" | 17,018<br>+855 | ||
| | style="text-align:center;" | 57,567<br />−16,665 | |||
| + 855 | |||
| | style="text-align:center;" | |
| style="text-align:center;" | 83,663<br />+6,764 | ||
| | style="text-align:center;" | |
| style="text-align:center;" | 178<br>''Did not stand in ]'' | ||
| | style="text-align:center;" | |
| style="text-align:center;" | 3,673<br />−3,167 | ||
| |6535<br>''New party'' | |||
| ''did not stand in ]'' | |||
| | ''103,677'' | |||
| | style="text-align:center;" | 3,673<br />- 3,167 | |||
| |6535 | |||
| ''new party'' | |||
| | ''103677'' | |||
| |} | |} | ||
| {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| |+Overall numbers of seats as of 2019 | |||
| |- | |||
| ! Labour !! Conservative | |||
| ! colspan="2" | Overall numbers of seats as of 2019 | |||
| |- | |||
| ! style="background:#f66;" | Labour !! style="background:#39f;" | Conservative | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |valign=top| 1<br>] | |||
| | 1 | |||
| | 3<br>]<br>]<br>] | |||
| ] | |||
| | 3 | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| |} | |} | ||
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| {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| |+EU Referendum 2016 : Northumberland | |||
| |- | |||
| ! colspan="4" |EU Referendum 2016 : Northumberland | |||
| |- | |||
| !Leave | !Leave | ||
| !Remain | !Remain | ||
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| !''Turnout'' | !''Turnout'' | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |96,699 | |96,699<br>54.11% | ||
| |82,022<br>45.89% | |||
| 54.11% | |||
| |14,677<br>8.22% | |||
| |82,022 | |||
| |''178,721'' | |||
| 45.89% | |||
| |14,677 | |||
| 8.22% | |||
| |178,721 | |||
| |} | |} | ||
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| ===Media=== | ===Media=== | ||
| Having no large population centres, the county's mainstream media outlets are served from nearby ], including radio stations and ]s (such as ], ], ] and ]), along with the majority of daily newspapers covering the area ('']'', '']''). It is worth remembering however that although Northumberland, like many administrative areas in England, has been shorn of its geographical regional centre, that centre—Newcastle upon Tyne—remains an essential element within the entity we know as Northumberland. Newcastle's newspapers are as widely read in its Northumbrian hinterland as any of those of the wider county: the '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'' and the '']''. | Having no large population centres, the county's mainstream media outlets are served from nearby ], including radio stations and ]s (such as ], ], ] and ]), along with the majority of daily newspapers covering the area ('']'', '']''). It is worth remembering however that although Northumberland, like many administrative areas in England, has been shorn of its geographical regional centre, that centre—Newcastle upon Tyne—remains an essential element within the entity we know as Northumberland. Newcastle's newspapers are as widely read in its Northumbrian hinterland as any of those of the wider county: the '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'' and the '']''. | ||
| ], a ] station based in ], has recently{{when|date=September 2020}} been awarded a five-year community broadcasting licence by ]. | ], a ] station based in ], has recently{{when|date=September 2020}} been awarded a five-year community broadcasting licence by ]. | ||
| ===Businesses=== | ===Businesses=== | ||
| Ashington has the ], next to the ]. ] and Cuprinol are made in ] by ]. A ] factory in ] makes ] aftershave and ] and ] hair dye at a site formerly owned by Shultons, who originated ] and were bought by P&G in 1990. ] UK makes air conditioning systems on the Bassington Industrial Estate at the A1068/A1172 junction in ], and ] UK make labels on the Nelson Industrial Estate off of the A192. Schweppes' ] mineral water is made by ] in the east of ]. The ] (Narec) is at Blyth. | Ashington has the former ], next to the ]. ] and Cuprinol are made in ] by ]. A ] factory in ] makes ] aftershave and ] and ] hair dye at a site formerly owned by Shultons, who originated ] and were bought by P&G in 1990. ] UK makes air conditioning systems on the Bassington Industrial Estate at the A1068/A1172 junction in ], and ] UK make labels on the Nelson Industrial Estate off of the A192. Schweppes' ] mineral water is made by ] in the east of ]. The ] (Narec) is at Blyth. | ||
| ==Settlements== | ==Settlements== | ||
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| ==Sport== | ==Sport== | ||
| ]]] | |||
| ===Football=== | ===Football=== | ||
| A precursor of modern football is still seen in the region at some annual ] games at ].<ref>{{cite book|first=Hugh|last=Hornby|publisher=English Heritage|title=Uppies and Downies: The Extraordinary Football Games of Britain|isbn=9781905624645|year=2008}}</ref> In 1280 at ] near ] Northumberland, records show that Henry of Ellington was killed playing football when David Le Keu's knife went into Henry's belly and killed him.<ref>{{cite web|first=Janet|last=Brown|title=Ulgham Genealogy|url=http://ulgham.tripod.com/ulgen/ulgenL.htm|access-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427021603/http://ulgham.tripod.com/ulgen/ulgenL.htm|archive-date=27 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Magoun>Francis Peabody Magoun, 1929, "Football in Medieval England and Middle-English literature" (''The American Historical Review'', v. 35, No. 1).</ref> Organised football teams as we know today did not appear until the 1870s. ] was formed in 1892 by uniting Newcastle West End FC with Newcastle East End.<ref name="Hutchinson 1997">{{cite book|first=Roger|last=Hutchinson|publisher=Mainstream Publishing|title=The Toon: A complete History of Newcastle United Football Club|isbn=1851589562|year=1997}}</ref> | A precursor of modern football is still seen in the region at some annual ] games at ].<ref>{{cite book|first=Hugh|last=Hornby|publisher=English Heritage|title=Uppies and Downies: The Extraordinary Football Games of Britain|isbn=9781905624645|year=2008}}</ref> In 1280 at ] near ] Northumberland, records show that Henry of Ellington was killed playing football when David Le Keu's knife went into Henry's belly and killed him.<ref>{{cite web|first=Janet|last=Brown|title=Ulgham Genealogy|url=http://ulgham.tripod.com/ulgen/ulgenL.htm|access-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427021603/http://ulgham.tripod.com/ulgen/ulgenL.htm|archive-date=27 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Magoun>Francis Peabody Magoun, 1929, "Football in Medieval England and Middle-English literature" (''The American Historical Review'', v. 35, No. 1).</ref> Organised football teams as we know today did not appear until the 1870s. ] was formed in 1892 by uniting Newcastle West End FC with Newcastle East End.<ref name="Hutchinson 1997">{{cite book|first=Roger|last=Hutchinson|publisher=Mainstream Publishing|title=The Toon: A complete History of Newcastle United Football Club|isbn=1851589562|year=1997}}</ref> | ||
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| ====Notable associated footballers==== | ====Notable associated footballers==== | ||
| There are many notable footballers from the county, pre Second World War and immediate post war greats were ] and ], these were described in the "Clown Prince of Football" by ]. The author played for Newcastle United and ]. |
There are many notable footballers from the county, pre Second World War and immediate post war greats were ] and ], these were described in the "Clown Prince of Football" by ]. The author played for Newcastle United and ]. Shackleton's book was controversial when it was first published because chapter 9, named "The Average Director's Knowledge of Football", was produced as a blank page.<ref>{{cite book|first=Len|last=Shackleton|publisher=GHKN Publishing|title=Return of the Clown Prince|isbn=0953824403|year=2000}}</ref> Notable players after the Second World War included ], ],<ref>{{cite book|first=Jack|last=Milburn|publisher=Mainstream Publishing|title=Jackie Milburn: A Man of Two Halves|isbn=1840188049|year=2003}}</ref> ]<ref>{{cite book|first=Brian|last=Clough|publisher=Headline Book Publishing|title=Cloughie: Walking on Water|year=2002|isbn=0747265674}}</ref> and Newcastle's ] who led his team to win the Inter City Fairs Cup in 1969.<ref>{{cite book|first=Jim|last=Jeffry|publisher=Breedon Books|title=Newcastle United: The 1968–69 Fairs Cup Story|isbn=9781859837375|year=2009}}</ref> | ||
| Two of Jackie |
Two of Jackie Milburn's nephews from ], ] and ] are perhaps the two most significant players for ].<ref>{{cite book|first=Bobby|last=Charlton|publisher=Headline|title=The Autobiography, My Manchester United Years|isbn=9780755316199|year=2007|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/sirbobbycharlton0000char}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Jack|last=Charlton|publisher=Partridge Press|title=Jack Charlton The Autobiography|isbn=1852252561|year=1996|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/autobiography0000char}}</ref> Bobby joined ] and Jackie ] both contributing much to the success and history of their respective clubs. They both became permanent fixtures in ] 1966 England World Cup winning team.<ref>{{cite book|first=Leo|last=Mckinstry|publisher=HarperSport|title=Sir Alf|url=https://archive.org/details/siralf00leom|url-access=registration|isbn=9780007193790|year=2006}}</ref> ] was a successful Newcastle player of the 1970s. Great national players who played at Northumberland clubs in the 1980s and 1990s include ], ], ] and ]. Shearer remains the highest scoring player in Premier League history with 260 goals in 441 appearances.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Premier League 2013|title=Player profile: Alan Shearer|url=http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.career-history.html/alan-shearer|access-date=21 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108105549/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.career-history.html/alan-shearer|archive-date=8 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| ===Horseracing=== | ===Horseracing=== | ||
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| ===Golf=== | ===Golf=== | ||
| Golf is a Scottish import to many countries but it is said to have been played in this region by ] on the dunes of the Northumberland coast. The oldest club in Northumberland was at ], founded in 1869, it is the fourth oldest in the country and is now Alnmouth Village Club |
Golf is a Scottish import to many countries, but it is said to have been played in this region by ] on the dunes of the Northumberland coast. The oldest club in Northumberland was at ], founded in 1869, it is the fourth oldest in the country and is now Alnmouth Village Club; it is a 9 hole links course.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Alnmouth Golf Club|title=History of Alnmouth GC|url=http://www.alnmouthgolfclub.com/pages.php/page/83cdb148-a240-102c-9079-001ec9b331b2/view_section.html|access-date=21 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728145425/http://www.alnmouthgolfclub.com/pages.php/page/83cdb148-a240-102c-9079-001ec9b331b2/view_section.html|archive-date=28 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
| There is one old ] |
There is one old ] course at ]. It is a James Braid design which is widely acknowledged as a classic Northumberland links course;<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Goswick Links Golf Club|title=Goswick Links Golf Club|url=http://www.goswicklinksgc.co.uk/|access-date=21 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828043737/http://www.goswicklinksgc.co.uk/|archive-date=28 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> so much so, that the Royal and Ancient Golf Club (R&A) chose Goswick as a regional qualifier for the ] for five years from 2008. | ||
| During the ] of 1642–1651, ] played 'Goff' in the Shield Fields suburb of Pandon during his imprisonment in the town.<ref>{{cite web|first=Eneas|last=McKenzie|publisher=British History Online|title=The suburbs of Pandon|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=43339|access-date=20 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907070154/http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=43339|archive-date=7 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> | During the ] of 1642–1651, ] played 'Goff' in the Shield Fields suburb of Pandon during his imprisonment in the town.<ref>{{cite web|first=Eneas|last=McKenzie|publisher=British History Online|title=The suburbs of Pandon|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=43339|access-date=20 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907070154/http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=43339|archive-date=7 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
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| Today inland golf courses are abundant in the county,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Golf Today|title=Golf Courses in England|url=http://www.golftoday.co.uk/clubhouse/coursedir/england.html|access-date=21 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814061538/http://www.golftoday.co.uk/clubhouse/coursedir/england.html|archive-date=14 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Today inland golf courses are abundant in the county,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Golf Today|title=Golf Courses in England|url=http://www.golftoday.co.uk/clubhouse/coursedir/england.html|access-date=21 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814061538/http://www.golftoday.co.uk/clubhouse/coursedir/england.html|archive-date=14 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
| The county has a professional golfer who has played in many professional golf tour events: ] from ] who has won events on the prestigious ]. | The county has a professional golfer who has played in many professional golf tour events: ] from ], who has won events on the prestigious ]. | ||
| ===Other=== | ===Other=== | ||
| ]]] | |||
| The annual ], one of the best known half marathons in which thousands of participants run from Newcastle to South Shields. In 2013 the 33rd ] had 56,000 participants most of whom were raising money for charity. | The annual ], one of the best known half marathons in which thousands of participants run from Newcastle to South Shields. In 2013 the 33rd ] had 56,000 participants most of whom were raising money for charity. | ||
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| {{EngPlacesKey|align=right}} | {{EngPlacesKey|align=right}} | ||
| {| | {| | ||
| | | |||
| |Fortifications: | |||
| ;Fortifications | |||
| *] | *] | ||
| *Castles | *Castles | ||
| ** ]] | ** ] ] | ||
| **], Corbridge | **], Corbridge | ||
| ** ]] | ** ] ] | ||
| **] | **] | ||
| **] and ], ] | **] and ], ] | ||
| Line 577: | Line 566: | ||
| *] Roman Fort, Corbridge | *] Roman Fort, Corbridge | ||
| *] and ] Roman Forts | *] and ] Roman Forts | ||
| |valign=top| | |||
| |Halls, museums and natural landmarks: | |||
| ;Halls, museums and natural landmarks: | |||
| * ] house ]]] | * ] house ]]] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
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| ==Culture== | ==Culture== | ||
| ] | |||
| Northumberland has traditions not found elsewhere in England. These include the ] dance, the ] and the ], a sweet chamber instrument, quite unlike the Scottish bagpipe. Northumberland also has its own ], sometimes referred to in ] as the Shepherd's Tartan. Traditional ] has more similarity to ] and Irish music than it does to that of other parts of England, reflecting the strong historical links between Northumbria and the ] of ], and the large Irish population on Tyneside. | Northumberland has traditions not found elsewhere in England. These include the ] dance, the ] and the ], a sweet chamber instrument, quite unlike the Scottish bagpipe. Northumberland also has its own ], sometimes referred to in ] as the Shepherd's Tartan. Traditional ] has more similarity to ] and Irish music than it does to that of other parts of England, reflecting the strong historical links between Northumbria and the ] of ], and the large Irish population on Tyneside. | ||
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| Attempts to raise the level of awareness of Northumberland culture have also started, with the formation of a Northumbrian Language Society to preserve the unique dialects (] and other ]n dialects) of this region, as well as to promote home-grown talent.<ref name="northeastengland.talktalk.net" /><ref name="northumbriana.org.uk" /> | Attempts to raise the level of awareness of Northumberland culture have also started, with the formation of a Northumbrian Language Society to preserve the unique dialects (] and other ]n dialects) of this region, as well as to promote home-grown talent.<ref name="northeastengland.talktalk.net" /><ref name="northumbriana.org.uk" /> | ||
| Northumberland's ] is the bloody |
Northumberland's ] is the bloody crane's-bill ('']'') and its affiliated Royal Navy ship is its namesake, {{HMS|Northumberland|F238|6}}. | ||
| ===Flag=== | ===Flag=== | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| The historic county of Northumberland has its own flag, which is a banner of the arms of Northumberland County Council. The shield of arms is in turn based on the arms medieval heralds had attributed to the ] (which the first County Council used until it was granted its own arms). The Bernician arms were fictional but inspired by ]'s brief description of a flag used on the tomb of ] in the 7th century.<ref>Bede's '']'', Book III, Ch. 11: "And to furnish a lasting memorial of the royal saint, they hung the King's banner of purple and gold over his tomb."</ref> | The historic county of Northumberland has ], which is a banner of the arms of Northumberland County Council. The shield of arms is in turn based on the arms medieval heralds had attributed to the ] (which the first County Council used until it was granted its own arms). The Bernician arms were fictional but inspired by ]'s brief description of a flag used on the tomb of ] in the 7th century.<ref>Bede's '']'', Book III, Ch. 11: "And to furnish a lasting memorial of the royal saint, they hung the King's banner of purple and gold over his tomb."</ref> | ||
| The current arms were granted to the county council in 1951, and adopted as the flag of Northumberland in 1995.<ref name="flag">{{Cite web |date=24 June 2005 |title=The Northumberland Flag Northumberland Northumbria England UK GB (page 113) |url=http://www.northumberland.gov.uk/vg/flag.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050624074238/http://www.northumberland.gov.uk/vg/flag.html |archive-date=24 June 2005 |access-date=25 September 2010}}</ref> | The current arms were granted to the county council in 1951, and adopted as the flag of Northumberland in 1995.<ref name="flag">{{Cite web |date=24 June 2005 |title=The Northumberland Flag Northumberland Northumbria England UK GB (page 113) |url=http://www.northumberland.gov.uk/vg/flag.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050624074238/http://www.northumberland.gov.uk/vg/flag.html |archive-date=24 June 2005 |access-date=25 September 2010}}</ref> | ||
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| | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | | | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | | ||
| ======================= {{No more links}} =============================--> | ======================= {{No more links}} =============================--> | ||
| {{Wiktionary}} | |||
| {{Commons category|Northumberland}} | |||
| *{{curlie|Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/England/Northumberland}} | |||
| * {{Official website|name=Northumberland County Council}} | * {{Official website|name=Northumberland County Council}} | ||
| * | * | ||
| {{Sister bar|auto=y}} | |||
| {{Northumberland}} | {{Northumberland}} | ||
| {{England counties}} | {{England counties}} | ||
Latest revision as of 23:16, 23 November 2024
County of England Not to be confused with Northumbria. For other uses, see Northumberland (disambiguation).Ceremonial county in England
| Northumberland | |
|---|---|
| Ceremonial county | |
.jpg) .jpg) .jpg) Bamburgh Castle; Morpeth Clock Tower; and the lighthouse on East Pier, Blyth | |
 Ceremonial Northumberland Ceremonial Northumberland  Historic Northumberland Historic Northumberland | |
| Coordinates: 55°10′N 2°00′W / 55.167°N 2.000°W / 55.167; -2.000 | |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Constituent country | England |
| Region | North East |
| Established | Ancient 12th century |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (GMT) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+1 (BST) |
| UK Parliament | List of MPs |
| Police | Northumbria Police |
| Fire | Northumberland Fire & Rescue Service |
| Largest town | Blyth |
| Ceremonial county | |
| Lord Lieutenant | Dr Caroline Pryer |
| High Sheriff | Lucia Bridgeman (2024–25) |
| Area | 5,020 km (1,940 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 6th of 48 |
| Population | 324,362 |
| • Rank | 44th of 48 |
| Density | 65/km (170/sq mi) |
| Ethnicity | List |
| Unitary authority | |
| Council | Northumberland County Council |
| Control | No overall control |
| Admin HQ | Morpeth |
| Area | 5,020 km (1,940 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 2nd of 296 |
| Population | 324,362 |
| • Rank | 39th of 296 |
| Density | 65/km (170/sq mi) |
| ISO 3166-2 | GB-NBL |
| GSS code | E06000057 |
| ITL | TLC21 |
| Website | www |
Northumberland (/nɔːrˈθʌmbərlənd/ nor-THUM-bər-lənd) is a ceremonial county in North East England, bordering Scotland. It is bordered by the Scottish Borders to the north, the North Sea to the east, Tyne and Wear and County Durham to the south, and Cumbria to the west. The town of Blyth is the largest settlement. Northumberland is the northernmost county in England.
The county has an area of 5,013 km (1,936 sq mi) and a population of 320,274, making it the least-densely populated county in England. The south-east contains the largest towns: Blyth (37,339), Cramlington (27,683), Ashington (27,670), and Morpeth (14,304), which is the administrative centre. The remainder of the county is rural, and the largest towns are Berwick-upon-Tweed (12,043) in the far north and Hexham (13,097) in the west. For local government purposes the county is a unitary authority area. The county historically included the parts of Tyne and Wear north of the River Tyne.
The west of Northumberland contains part of the Cheviot Hills and North Pennines, while to the east the land becomes flatter before reaching the coast. The Cheviot (815 m (2,674 ft)), after which the range of hills is named, is the county's highest point. The county contains the source of the River North Tyne and much of the South Tyne; near Hexham they combine to form the Tyne, which exits into Tyne and Wear shortly downstream. The other major rivers in Northumberland are, from south to north, the Blyth, Coquet, Aln, Wansbeck and Tweed, the last of which forms part of the Scottish border. The county contains Northumberland National Park and two national landscapes: the Northumberland Coast and part of the North Pennines.
Much of the county's history has been defined by its position on a border. In the Roman era most of the county lay north of Hadrian's Wall, and the region was contested between England and Scotland into the Early Modern era, leading to the construction of many castles, peel towers and bastle houses, and the early modern fortifications at Berwick-upon-Tweed. Northumberland is also associated with Celtic Christianity, particularly the tidal island of Lindisfarne. During the Industrial Revolution the area had significant coal mining, shipbuilding, and armaments industries.
History
Main article: History of NorthumberlandName origin
The name of Northumberland is recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as norð hẏmbra land, meaning "the land north of the Humber". The name of the kingdom of Northumbria derives from the Old English Norþan-hymbre meaning "the people or province north of the Humber", as opposed to Southumbria, south of the Humber Estuary.
Before the county
The land has long been an English frontier zone, and it is now bordered to the north by Scotland. Northumberland has a rich prehistory with many instances of rock art, hillforts such as Yeavering Bell, and stone circles such as the Goatstones and Duddo Five Stones. Most of the area was occupied by the Brythonic-Celtic Votadini people, with another large tribe, the Brigantes, to the south.
During the Roman occupation of Britain, most of the present county lay north of Hadrian's Wall. It was controlled by Rome only for the brief period of its extension of power north to the Antonine Wall. The Roman road Dere Street crosses the county from Corbridge over high moorland west of the Cheviot Hills to Melrose, Scottish Borders (Latin: Trimontium). As evidence of its border position through medieval times, Northumberland has more castles than any other county in England, including prominent ones at Alnwick, Bamburgh, Dunstanburgh, Newcastle, and Warkworth.
Nearly 2000-year-old Roman boxing gloves were uncovered at Vindolanda in 2017 by the Vindolanda Trust experts, led by Andrew Birley. Being similar in style and function to the full-hand modern boxing gloves, those found at Vindolanda look like leather bands dating back to 120 AD. It is suggested that, based on their difference from gladiator gloves, the gloves were not used in mortal combat, but rather in a sport for promoting fighting skills. The gloves are currently displayed at Vindolanda's museum.
Present-day Northumberland formed the core of the Anglian kingdom of Bernicia from about 547. It was united with Deira (south of the River Tees) to form the kingdom of Northumbria in the 7th century. The boundaries of Northumbria under King Edwin (reigned 616–633) stretched from the Humber in the south to the Forth in the north. Northumberland is often called the "cradle of Christianity" in England because Christianity flourished on Lindisfarne—a tidal island north of Bamburgh, also called Holy Island—after King Oswald of Northumbria (r. 634–642) invited monks from Iona to come to convert the English. The monastery at Lindisfarne was the centre of production of the Lindisfarne Gospels (around 700). It became the home of St Cuthbert (c. 634–687, abbot from c. 665), who is buried in Durham Cathedral.
The Kingdom of Northumbria fragmented into a series of successor states following the Viking invasion. In the south, Viking settlers established the Kingdom of York between the Humber and Tees. However, Viking influence petered out at the Tees, with the river serving as the northern boundary of the Danelaw. Between the Tyne and Tees rivers, the Community of St. Cuthbert emerged as the successors to the Bishops of Lindisfarne; north of the Tyne, the earls of Bamburgh, who traced their lineage back to the Kings of Northumbria, continued to exercise authority and governance over this northern expanse. York was eventually integrated as a shire into the unified Kingdom of England by the House of Wessex. However, the West Saxon governmental structures were not extended beyond Tees, leaving the Earldom of Bamburgh and the Community of St. Cuthbert as contested buffer states with the emerging Kingdom of Scotland. After the battle of Nechtansmere, Northumbrian influence north of the Tweed began to decline as the Picts gradually reclaimed the land previously invaded by the Anglian kingdom. In 1018, its northern part, the region between the Tweed and the Forth (including Lothian, which includes present-day Edinburgh), was ceded to the Kingdom of Scotland.
As a county
The Earldom of Northumberland was briefly held by the Scottish royal family by marriage, between 1139–1157 and 1215–1217. Scotland relinquished all claims to the region as part of the Treaty of York (1237). The earls of Northumberland once wielded significant power in English affairs because, as powerful and militaristic Marcher Lords, they had the task of protecting England from Scottish retaliation for English invasions.
Northumberland has a history of revolt and rebellion against the government, as seen in the Rising of the North (1569–1570) against Elizabeth I. These revolts were usually led by the earls of Northumberland, the Percy family. Shakespeare makes one of the Percys, the dashing Harry Hotspur (1364–1403), the hero of his Henry IV, Part 1. The Percys were often aided in conflict by other powerful Northern families, such as the Nevilles and the Patchetts. The latter were stripped of all power and titles by the victorious Parliamentarians after the English Civil War of 1642–1651.
After the Restoration in 1660, the county was a centre for Roman Catholicism in England, as well as a focus of Jacobite support. Northumberland was long a wild county, where outlaws and Border Reivers hid from the law. However, the frequent cross-border skirmishes and accompanying local lawlessness largely subsided after the Union of the Crowns of Scotland and England under King James I and VI in 1603.
Northumberland played a key role in the Industrial Revolution from the 18th century on. Many coal mines operated in Northumberland until the widespread closures in the 1970s and 1980s. Collieries operated at Ashington, Bedlington, Blyth, Choppington, Netherton, Ellington, and Pegswood. The region's coalfields fuelled industrial expansion in other areas of Britain, and the need to transport the coal from the collieries to the Tyne led to the development of the first railways. Shipbuilding and armaments manufacture were other important industries before the deindustrialisation of the 1980s.
Northumberland remains largely rural, and is the least densely populated county in England. In recent years, the county has had considerable growth in tourism. Visitors are attracted both to its scenic beauty and to its historical sites.
Geography
Northumberland has a diverse physical geography. It is low and flat near the North Sea coast and increasingly mountainous towards the northwest. Being in the far north of England, above 55° latitude, and having many areas of high land, Northumberland is one of the coldest areas of the country. But as the county lies on the east coast, it has relatively low rainfall, with the highest amounts falling on the high land in the west.
About a quarter of the county forms the Northumberland National Park, an area of outstanding landscape that has largely been protected from development and agriculture. The park stretches south from the Scottish border and includes Hadrian's Wall. Most of the park is over 240 metres (790 feet) above sea level. The Northumberland Coast is also a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). A small part of the North Pennines AONB is also in the county.
There is a variety of nature reserves in Northumberland including Holy Island National Nature Reserve and Farne Islands National Nature Reserve. Moreover, 50% of England's red squirrel population lives in the Kielder Water and Forest Park.
Natural England recognises the following natural regions, or national character areas, that lie wholly or partially within Northumberland:
- North Northumberland Coastal Plain
- South East Northumberland Coastal Plain
- Cheviot Fringe
- Cheviot Hills
- Northumberland Sandstone Hills
- Mid Northumberland
- Tyne Gap and Hadrian's Wall
- Border Moors and Forests
- Tyne and Wear Lowlands
Geology
Main article: Geology of Northumberland
The Cheviot Hills, in the northwest of the county, consist mainly of resistant Devonian granite and andesite lava. A second area of igneous rock underlies the Whin Sill (on which Hadrian's Wall runs), an intrusion of Carboniferous dolerite. Both ridges support a rather bare moorland landscape. Either side of the Whin Sill the county lies on Carboniferous Limestone, giving some areas of karst landscape. Lying off the coast of Northumberland are the Farne Islands, another dolerite outcrop, famous for their bird life.
The Northumberland Coalfield extends across the southeast corner of the county, from the River Tyne as far north as Shilbottle. There were smaller-scale workings for coal within the Tyne Limestone Formation as far north as Scremerston. The term 'sea coal' likely originated from chunks of coal, found washed up on beaches, that wave action had broken from coastal outcroppings.
Green belt
Further information: North East Green Belt
Northumberland's green belt is in the south of the county, surrounding Cramlington and other communities along the county border, to afford a protection from the Tyneside conurbation. The belt continues west along the border, past Darras Hall, and on to Hexham, stopping before Haydon Bridge. Its border there is shared with the North Pennines AONB. There are also some separated belt areas, for example to the east of Morpeth. The green belt was first drawn up in the 1950s.
Politics
County town
The historic county town was Alnwick; assizes were mainly held in Newcastle, with the county gaol in Morpeth. Newcastle became a city in 1400, with county corporate status, with both areas having joint assizes.
From the county council's formation in 1889 until 1981 Newcastle was the county town, being briefly the county town of two counties when the city became a part of the Tyne and Wear metropolitan county in 1974. The county council has been governed from Morpeth since 1981. In 2009 the county council became a unitary authority when the county's districts were abolished and the county council took on their functions.
Council
Main article: Northumberland Council.jpg)
The unitary authority of Northumberland Council was established in April 2009. Previously, the county had a two-tier council system for the county and its six districts, both responsible for different aspects of local government. These districts were Blyth Valley, Wansbeck, Castle Morpeth, Tynedale, Alnwick and Berwick-upon-Tweed.
Elections for the unitary authority council first took place on 1 May 2008. The most recent elections, in 2021, had the following results:
| County Council Election 2021: Northumberland | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conservatives | Labour | Liberal Democrats | Independents | UKIP | Green | Turnout |
| 47,645 | 31,038 | 8,549 | 9,063 | N/A | 5,285 | 104,188 |
| Overall Council seats as of 2021 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conservative | Labour | Independents | LibDem | UKIP | Green | Total |
34 ( 1)
|
21 ( 3)
|
7 (0)
|
3 (0)
|
0 ( )
|
2 ()
|
47 |
Constituencies
See also: List of Parliamentary constituencies in NorthumberlandNorthumberland is divided into four parliamentary constituencies: Berwick-upon-Tweed, Blyth Valley, Wansbeck and Hexham. The 2019 general election produced the following total votes, with changes since previous election:
| Liberal Democrats | Labour | Conservative | Christian Peoples Alliance | Green | Brexit | Turnout |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 17,018 +855 |
57,567 −16,665 |
83,663 +6,764 |
178 Did not stand in 2017 election |
3,673 −3,167 |
6535 New party |
103,677 |
| Labour | Conservative |
|---|---|
| 1 Ian Lavery |
3 Anne-Marie Trevelyan Guy Opperman Ian Levy |
-
Ian Lavery Labour MP (Wansbeck)
-
Anne-Marie Trevelyan Conservative MP (Berwick upon Tweed)
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Guy Opperman Conservative MP (Hexham)
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Ian Levy Conservative MP (Blyth Valley)
2016 European Union Referendum
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On 23 June 2016 Northumberland took part in the UK-wide referendum on the UK's membership of the EU. In Northumberland a majority voted to leave the European Union. The only one of the four parliamentary constituencies in Northumberland to vote Remain was Hexham.
| Leave | Remain | Majority | Turnout |
|---|---|---|---|
| 96,699 54.11% |
82,022 45.89% |
14,677 8.22% |
178,721 |
Demography
 | This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2018) |
At the 2001 UK Census Northumberland registered a population of 307,190, estimated to be 309,237 in 2003, The 2011 UK Census gave a population of 316,028.
In 2001 there were 130,780 households, 10% of the population were retired, and one-third rented their homes. Northumberland has an ethnic minority population at 0.985% of the population, far lower compared to the average of 9.1% for England as a whole. In the 2001 UK Census, 81% of the population reported their religion as Christianity, 0.8% as "other religion", and 12% as having no religion.
Being primarily rural with significant areas of upland, the population density of Northumberland is only 62 persons per square kilometre, giving it the lowest population density in England.
Economy
Northumberland's industry is dominated by some multinational corporations: Coca-Cola, MSD, GE and Drager all have significant facilities in the region.
Tourism is a major source of employment and income in Northumberland. In the early 2000s the county annually received 1.1 million British visitors and 50,000 foreign tourists, who spent a total of £162 million.
Coal mining in the county goes back to Tudor times. Coal mines continue to operate today; many of them are open-cast mines. Planning approval was given in January 2014 for an open-cast mine at Halton Lea Gate near Lambley.
A major employer in Northumberland is Hexham-based Egger (UK) Limited.
Pharmaceuticals, health care and biotechnology
Pharmaceutical, health care and emerging biotechnology companies form a very significant part of the county's economy. Many of these companies are part of the approximately 11,000-worker Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC) and include Aesica Pharmaceuticals, Arcinova, MSD, Piramal Healthcare, Procter & Gamble, Shire Plc (formerly SCM Pharma), Shasun Pharma Solutions, Specials Laboratory, and Thermo Fisher Scientific. The cluster also includes Cambridge Bioresearch, GlaxoSmithKline, Fujifilm Diosynth Biotech, Leica Bio, Data Trial, High Force Research, Non-Linear Dynamics, and Immuno Diagnostic Systems (IDS). The towns of Alnwick, Cramlington, Morpeth, Prudhoe all have significant pharmaceutical factories and laboratories.
Newcastle University and Northumbria University are the leading academic institutions nearby. The local industry includes commercial or academic activity in pre-clinical research and development, clinical research and development, pilot-scale manufacturing, full-scale active pharmaceutical ingredient/intermediate manufacturing, formulation, packaging, and distribution.
Media
Having no large population centres, the county's mainstream media outlets are served from nearby Tyne and Wear, including radio stations and television channels (such as BBC Look North, BBC Radio Newcastle, ITV Tyne Tees and Hits Radio North East), along with the majority of daily newspapers covering the area (The Journal, Evening Chronicle). It is worth remembering however that although Northumberland, like many administrative areas in England, has been shorn of its geographical regional centre, that centre—Newcastle upon Tyne—remains an essential element within the entity we know as Northumberland. Newcastle's newspapers are as widely read in its Northumbrian hinterland as any of those of the wider county: the Northumberland Gazette, Morpeth Herald, Berwick Advertiser, Hexham Courant and the News Post Leader.
Lionheart Radio, a community radio station based in Alnwick, has recently been awarded a five-year community broadcasting licence by Ofcom.
Businesses
Ashington has the former Alcan Lynemouth Aluminium Smelter, next to the Lynemouth Power Station. Hammerite and Cuprinol are made in Prudhoe by ICI Paints. A Procter & Gamble factory in Seaton Delaval makes Hugo Boss aftershave and Clairol and Nice 'n Easy hair dye at a site formerly owned by Shultons, who originated Old Spice and were bought by P&G in 1990. McQuay UK makes air conditioning systems on the Bassington Industrial Estate at the A1068/A1172 junction in Cramlington, and Avery Dennison UK make labels on the Nelson Industrial Estate off of the A192. Schweppes' Abbey Well mineral water is made by Coca-Cola in the east of Morpeth. The National Renewable Energy Centre (Narec) is at Blyth.
Settlements
See also: List of places in Northumberland and List of settlements in Northumberland by populationParishes
NOTE: New parishes have been added since 2001. These are missing from the list, see List of civil parishes in Northumberland.
Although not on this list, the population of Cramlington is estimated at 39,000.
Historic areas
Some settlements that are part historic county of Northumberland now fall under the county of Tyne and Wear:
Sport
Football
A precursor of modern football is still seen in the region at some annual Shrove Tuesday games at Alnwick. In 1280 at Ulgham near Morpeth Northumberland, records show that Henry of Ellington was killed playing football when David Le Keu's knife went into Henry's belly and killed him. Organised football teams as we know today did not appear until the 1870s. Newcastle United Football Club was formed in 1892 by uniting Newcastle West End FC with Newcastle East End.
Newcastle United were first division champions three times in the early 20th century, reaching the FA Cup Final three times before winning it at the fourth attempt in 1910. Today top quality professional football remains in Northumberland. Since the 2017 – 18 season, Newcastle United is a Premier League team. St James' Park in Newcastle is a first class football venue, often used for international games at all levels. Blyth Spartans A.F.C. have had success and public attention through Football Association Cup runs.
Notable associated footballers
There are many notable footballers from the county, pre Second World War and immediate post war greats were George Camsell and Hughie Gallacher, these were described in the "Clown Prince of Football" by Len Shackleton. The author played for Newcastle United and Northumberland County Cricket Club. Shackleton's book was controversial when it was first published because chapter 9, named "The Average Director's Knowledge of Football", was produced as a blank page. Notable players after the Second World War included Joe Harvey, Jackie Milburn, Brian Clough and Newcastle's Bobby Moncur who led his team to win the Inter City Fairs Cup in 1969.
Two of Jackie Milburn's nephews from Ashington, Bobby Charlton and Jackie Charlton are perhaps the two most significant players for England. Bobby joined Manchester United and Jackie Leeds United both contributing much to the success and history of their respective clubs. They both became permanent fixtures in Alf Ramsey's 1966 England World Cup winning team. Malcolm Macdonald was a successful Newcastle player of the 1970s. Great national players who played at Northumberland clubs in the 1980s and 1990s include Peter Beardsley, Paul Gascoigne, Chris Waddle and Alan Shearer. Shearer remains the highest scoring player in Premier League history with 260 goals in 441 appearances.
Horseracing
Early races were held at Newcastle's Killingworth Moor from 1632 before moving to the Town Moor. The 'Pitmen's Derby' or Northumberland Plate was held from 1833 and moved to Gosforth in 1882. Modern day horse racing still takes place at Newcastle Racecourse.
Golf
Golf is a Scottish import to many countries, but it is said to have been played in this region by St Cuthbert on the dunes of the Northumberland coast. The oldest club in Northumberland was at Alnmouth, founded in 1869, it is the fourth oldest in the country and is now Alnmouth Village Club; it is a 9 hole links course.
There is one old links course at Goswick. It is a James Braid design which is widely acknowledged as a classic Northumberland links course; so much so, that the Royal and Ancient Golf Club (R&A) chose Goswick as a regional qualifier for the Open Championship for five years from 2008.
During the English Civil War of 1642–1651, King Charles played 'Goff' in the Shield Fields suburb of Pandon during his imprisonment in the town.
Today inland golf courses are abundant in the county,
The county has a professional golfer who has played in many professional golf tour events: Kenny Ferrie from Ashington, who has won events on the prestigious European Tour.
Other
The annual Great North Run, one of the best known half marathons in which thousands of participants run from Newcastle to South Shields. In 2013 the 33rd Great North Run had 56,000 participants most of whom were raising money for charity.
Places of interest
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Gallery
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Seaton Delaval Hall
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Berwick town walls
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Lindisfarne Castle
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Northumberlandia
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Aydon Castle
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Cilurnum commander's house
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Woodhorn (museum)
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Education
Main article: List of schools in NorthumberlandNorthumberland has a completely comprehensive education system, with 15 state schools, two academies and one independent school. Like Bedfordshire, it embraced the comprehensive ideal with the three-tier system of lower/middle/upper schools with large school year sizes (often around 300). This eliminated choice of school in most areas: instead of having two secondary schools in one town, one school became a middle school and another became an upper school. A programme introduced in 2006 known as Putting the Learner First has eliminated this structure in the former areas of Blyth Valley and Wansbeck, where two-tier education has been introduced. Although the two processes are not officially connected, the introduction of two tiers has coincided with the move to build academy schools in Blyth, with Bede Academy and in Ashington at Hirst. One response to these changes has been the decision of Ponteland High School to apply for Trust status.
Cramlington Learning Village has almost 400 pupils in each school year, making it one of the largest schools in England. The Blyth Academy in southeast Northumberland can hold 1,500 students throughout the building. Astley Community High School in Seaton Delaval, which accepts students from Seaton Delaval, Seaton Sluice and Blyth, has been the subject of controversial remarks from politicians claiming it would no longer be viable once Bede Academy opened in Blyth, a claim strongly disputed by the headteacher. Haydon Bridge High School, in rural Northumberland, is claimed to have the largest catchment area of any school in England, reputedly covering an area larger than that encompassed by the M25 motorway around London.
The county of Northumberland is served by one Catholic high school, St Benet Biscop Catholic Academy in Bedlington, which is attended by students from all over the area. Students from Northumberland also attend independent schools such as the Royal Grammar School in Newcastle.
Culture
Northumberland has traditions not found elsewhere in England. These include the rapper sword dance, the clog dance and the Northumbrian smallpipe, a sweet chamber instrument, quite unlike the Scottish bagpipe. Northumberland also has its own tartan or check, sometimes referred to in Scotland as the Shepherd's Tartan. Traditional Northumbrian music has more similarity to Lowland Scottish and Irish music than it does to that of other parts of England, reflecting the strong historical links between Northumbria and the Lowlands of Scotland, and the large Irish population on Tyneside.
The border ballads of the region have been famous since late mediaeval times. Thomas Percy, whose celebrated Reliques of Ancient English Poetry appeared in 1765, states that most of the minstrels who sang the border ballads in London and elsewhere in the 15th and 16th centuries belonged to the North. The activities of Sir Walter Scott and others in the 19th century gave the ballads an even wider popularity. William Morris considered them to be the greatest poems in the language, while Algernon Charles Swinburne knew virtually all of them by heart.
One of the best-known is the stirring "Chevy Chase", which tells of the Earl of Northumberland's vow to hunt for three days across the Border "maugre the doughty Douglas". Of it, the Elizabethan courtier, soldier and poet Sir Philip Sidney famously said, "I never heard the old song of Percy and Douglas that I found not my heart moved more than with a trumpet". Ben Jonson said that he would give all his works to have written "Chevy Chase".
Overall the culture of Northumberland, as with the North East of England in general, may have more in common with Scottish Lowland culture than with that of Southern England. Both regions have their cultural origins in the old Anglian Kingdom of Northumbria, a fact borne out by the linguistic links between the two regions. These include many Old English words not found in other forms of Modern English, such as bairn for child (see Scots language and Northumbrian dialect).
The lands just north or south of the border have long shared certain aspects of history and heritage; it is thus thought by some that the Anglo-Scottish border is largely political rather than cultural.
Attempts to raise the level of awareness of Northumberland culture have also started, with the formation of a Northumbrian Language Society to preserve the unique dialects (Pitmatic and other Northumbrian dialects) of this region, as well as to promote home-grown talent.
Northumberland's county flower is the bloody crane's-bill (Geranium sanguineum) and its affiliated Royal Navy ship is its namesake, HMS Northumberland.
Flag
The historic county of Northumberland has its own flag, which is a banner of the arms of Northumberland County Council. The shield of arms is in turn based on the arms medieval heralds had attributed to the Kingdom of Bernicia (which the first County Council used until it was granted its own arms). The Bernician arms were fictional but inspired by Bede's brief description of a flag used on the tomb of St Oswald in the 7th century.
The current arms were granted to the county council in 1951, and adopted as the flag of Northumberland in 1995.
Notable people
Born in Northumberland
Ashington was the birthplace of three famous footballers: Bobby and Jack Charlton, born in 1937 and 1935 respectively, and Jackie Milburn, born in 1924. In 1978 the international cricketer Steve Harmison was born in the same town.
Mickley was the birthplace of Thomas Bewick, an artist, wood engraver and naturalist born in 1753, and Bob Stokoe, a footballer and F.A. Cup-winning manager (with Sunderland in 1973) born in 1930.
Other notable births include:
- Thomas Addison, the physician who first described Addison's Disease, born at Longbenton in 1793
- George Airy, Astronomer Royal and geophysicist, born at Alnwick in 1802
- Alexander Armstrong, comedy actor and presenter, born at Rothbury in 1970
- Mary Bell, murderer, born at Corbridge in 1957
- Allan Boardman (1937–2018), British physicist
- Lancelot 'Capability' Brown, landscape and garden designer, born at Kirkharle in 1715
- Basil Bunting, poet, born at Scotswood-on-Tyne in 1900
- Eric Burdon, singer and leader of The Animals and War, born at Walker-on-Tyne in 1941
- Josephine Butler, social reformer, born at Milfield in 1828
- Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood, naval commander at the Battle of Trafalgar, born at Newcastle upon Tyne in 1748
- Grace Darling, sea-rescue heroine, born at Bamburgh in 1815
- Pete Doherty, musician, born at Hexham in 1979
- Bryan Donkin, engineer and industrialist, born at Sandhoe in 1768
- Wilfrid Wilson Gibson, poet, born at Hexham in 1878
- Daniel Gooch, engineer and politician, born at Bedlington in 1816
- Alistair Graham (1942–), trade unionist and civil servant
- Tom Graveney, former England cricketer and President of the Marylebone Cricket Club 2004/5, born in Riding Mill in 1927.
- Robson Green, actor and singer, born at Hexham in 1964
- Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, British Prime Minister, born at the family seat of Howick Hall in 1764
- William Hewson, British physician, the "Father of Haematology", at Hexham, 14 November 1739
- Jean Heywood, actress, born at Blyth best known for Our Day Out and All Creatures Great and Small.
- Ray Kennedy: Footballer, Liverpool F.C.
- Marie Lebour (1876–1971), British marine biologist
- Robert Morrison (1782–1834), Protestant missionary and sinologist
- Ross Noble, stand-up comedian, born and raised in Cramlington in the 1970s and 1980s
- Matt Ridley, 5th Viscount Ridley, peer, science writer, and businessman
- John Rushworth (1793–1860), historian, born at Acklington Park, Warkworth
- George Stephenson, pioneering railway engineer, born at Wylam in 1781
- Trevor Steven, footballer born in Berwick-upon-Tweed in 1963
- Percival Stockdale, poet and slave-trade abolitionist, born 1736 in Branxton, Northumberland
- Hugh Trevor-Roper (1914–2003), Oxford historian, born at Glanton
- William Turner, ornithologist and botanist born at Morpeth in 1508
- Sid Waddell, sports commentator and children's television screenwriter, born at Alnwick in 1940
- Veronica Wedgwood (1910–1997), historian, usually published as C. V. Wedgwood
- Kevin Whately, actor, born in Humshaugh, near Hexham in 1951
- N. T. Wright, Anglican theologian and author, former Bishop of Durham, born in Morpeth in 1948
- Billy Younger (1940–2007), footballer
Linked with Northumberland
- William Armstrong, engineer and inventor, born at Newcastle in 1810, built Cragside, one of the first houses powered by hydroelectric technology, near the town of Rothbury in Northumberland.
- Thomas Burt, one of the first working-class members of parliament and was secretary of the Northumberland Miners' Association in 1863
- Matthew Festing, 79th Grand Master, the Order of Malta.
- Kitty Fitzgerald (born 25 September 1946) is an Irish born writer living in Northumberland.
- Allan Holdsworth, guitarist, originated from Newcastle upon Tyne before moving to California.
- Mark Knopfler, guitarist and frontman of Dire Straits, was raised in his mother's hometown of Blyth, Northumberland.
- Charles Algernon Parsons, inventor of the steam turbine while living in Wylam, Northumberland
- Henry 'Hotspur' Percy (1365–1403), borders warlord and rebel
- Billy Pigg, a 20th-century musician who was vice-President of the Northumbrian Pipers Society
- Alan Shearer footballer, lives in Ponteland.
- Gordon Sumner, better known by his stage name of Sting, a schoolteacher turned musician was born in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1951
- Algernon Charles Swinburne, a poet raised at Capheaton Hall
- Kathryn Tickell, a modern-day player of the Northumbrian smallpipes
- J. M. W. Turner, Thomas Girtin, and John Cotman all painted memorable pictures of Northumberland
- Jonny Wilkinson, English rugby player, currently lives in rural Northumberland.
See also
- Northumbria
- Duke of Northumberland
- List of Lord Lieutenants of Northumberland
- List of High Sheriffs of Northumberland
- Custos Rotulorum of Northumberland – List of Keepers of the Rolls
- Northumberland (UK Parliament constituency) – Historical list of MPs for the Northumberland constituency
- Kielder Forest Star Camp
- List of people from Northumberland
- List of parliamentary constituencies in Northumberland
- List of places of interest and tourist attractions in Northumberland
- Northumberland Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear
- Anglo-Scottish border
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Bibliography
- Sharp, Thomas (1937). Northumberland and Durham – a Shell Guide. B.T. Batsford.
- Tomlinson, W.W. (1968) . Comprehensive guide to the county of Northumberland. Trowbridge: Redwood.
- Thompson, Barbara; Norderhaug, Jennifer (2006). Walking the Northumberland Dales: Hadrian's Wall Country. Sigma Press. ISBN 1-85058-838-4.
External links
Northumberland at Misplaced Pages's sister projects:
Media from Commons
Travel guides from Wikivoyage
| Ceremonial county of Northumberland | |
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| Unitary authorities | Northumberland |
| Major settlements (cities in italics) | |
| Topics | |
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| County Durham |  | |
| Northumberland | ||
| Tyne and Wear | ||
| Teesside, North Yorkshire | ||
